PUBLIC SPEAKING MODULE

Public Speaking Module

Preface

This module was intentionally created to provide convenience for communication science students.
to understand Public Speaking. Public Speaking is the ability to communicate effectively.
speaking in front of many people with the aim of conveying information clearly, efficiently, and
should be easily accepted by its audience. Public Speaking can take the form of speeches, presentations, lectures,
and so on. Public speaking has become one of the skills that
plays a role in a person's self-development. Not everyone can do Public Speaking.
well, but this skill can be learned and mastered through study and practice.
Continuously. Being a Public Speaker requires paying attention to several things so that the delivery
Messages or information can be delivered effectively. Some of them include intonation.
mastery of material, stage presence, emotional control, body language, characteristics and
the needs of the audience. If one can master these aspects, a Public Speaker can
gaining more attention from its listeners.

Public speaking skills are currently very much needed for both students and professionals.
Students with public speaking skills will help in presentations and life.
being organized. In organizational life, mastering Public Speaking techniques becomes important so that
should express opinions well. For professionals, mastering Public skills
Speaking can open opportunities to advance your career and build relationships with various parties.
In addition, there are various other benefits that can be gained by having public speaking skills.
Speaking well. Some of them include boosting self-esteem, especially in front of others.
public, building critical and systematic thinking patterns, opening opportunities to establish relationships that
broader, nurturing leadership skills, developing careers, and much more.
Finally, I must not forget to extend my sincere thanks to all parties who have
providing encouragement, support, and the opportunity to study and create this module. I as
the author realizes that there are still many shortcomings in this module, both in terms of
various materials or their delivery and any attachments that may need to be included
to complete the information.

Table of Contents

Module Description

Understanding Public Speaking

Developing Self-Confidence in Public Speaking

Characteristics of Public Speaking

Talking to You: A Systematic and Targeted Communication Method

Preparation of Training Presentation Techniques

Art of Delivering a Speech Purpose of the Speech Art of Being an MC

Things to Pay Attention to in Public Speaking Presentation

Audience Analysis in Public Speaking activities

The use of correct words and sentences in public speaking

 MODULE DESCRIPTION
This module explains the development of theories and the benefits of the ability to perform
Public speaking. In general, the definition of public speaking refers to the ability
public speaking. The ability to speak in public is more of
skills, so this ability is more determined based on practice,
experience and practice. The skills acquired from reading and theory are only
just supporting, but good theoretical knowledge will accelerate and support
mastering public speaking well, so mastering theory is also important.
The ability of public speaking should be possessed by someone who often
relating and interacting with other people. For example, a Head of Office,
TV/Radio Presenter, Doctor, especially a Prosecutor or whatever profession they have
he often interacts with others. The ability to convey
verbal communication is emphasized/prioritized in mastering public material
speaking.
2. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. Goal Activity Learning :

After studying this material, it is hoped that students will be able to understand

1. Development of public speaking theory

2. Identifying the relevance and benefits of public speaking for users.
3. Understanding the relationship between public speaking and the audience

2. Description of Learning Material:

Studying the theory and practice of public speaking extensively, not just within the internal scope,
but rather a wider scope, utilizing sophisticated technology and media
social in order to build the self-confidence of the students.

I. Understanding Public Speaking

a. Definition of Public Speaking

Many people acknowledge that public speaking is a skill that

important in daily life as well as in work. Interviews with several practitioners
Public Relations show that they consider speaking in public
is a skill that must be owned by a Public Relations. However, many
a person who feels less confident to speak in public.

In fact, public speaking is just like other subjects; it can be learned and practiced.
because public speaking is a skill. The more we do it, the more we
more skilled and confident. The awareness of the importance of public speaking itself has
known in human civilization for centuries. History records that
public speaking activities were conducted in Ancient Greece and Rome in the form of rhetoric.
especially when the democratic political system is implemented there. Public speaking skills
taught in schools because it is needed during political meetings and court proceedings.
that time.

Contemporary rhetorical figures:

James A. Winans in his book "public speaking" (1917) uses the psychology of
Williams James and E.B. Titchener, Public Speaking Textbook 7 according to James' theory
determined attention, Winans defines persuasion as 'the process of fostering'
Attention. The importance of evoking emotions through psychological motifs such as needs.
personal, social obligations, and religious obligations. Winans is the founder of Speech Communication.
Association of America (1950)

Charles Henry Woolbert, who is also the founder of the Speech Communication Association of America.
The influencing psychology is behaviorism from John B. Watson. Woolbert views
Speech Communication as a behavioral science. A speech is an expression of personality.
Logic is the main foundation of persuasion. In preparing a speech, it must be considered.
the following matters: (1) Analyze the objective, (2) Know the audience and the situation, (3) Determine
propositions that are suitable for the audience and the situation, (4) choose the sentences that
logically directed. Its book, The Fundamental of Speech.

3. William Noorwood Brigance. Unlike Woolbert, who emphasized logic,

Brigance emphasizes the factor of desire as the basis of persuasion. Persuasion encompasses ...
unsur: (1) Rebut perhatan pendengar, (2) Usahakan pendengar untuk mempercayai
your abilities and characteristics, (3) Base your thoughts on desires, and (4)
Develop each idea according to the audience's attitude.

4. Alan H. Monroe in his book, Principles and types of speech. Mid-1920s

Monroe and his staff researched the process of motivation. Services, Monroe, ways to organize messages.
According to Monroe, messages must be structured based on the human thinking process he referred to.
motivated sequence

b. Benefits of mastering public speaking

Public speaking is the ability to speak in front of many people, delivering a message.
that can be understood and trusted by the public audience. PS can play an external role.
common in our lives, among others (Hamilton, 2003: 3):

1. Developing personal self

When we can do PS, we don't need to be afraid every time we face possibilities.
asked to speak in front of a large audience, whether in the workplace or in the family environment.
We can also convey our ideas to others more effectively to provide
the satisfaction that our ideas are accepted or implemented.

Currently, many companies are asking job applicants to create program proposals.
the work that will be done and then present it. The idea that has been poured into a
The proposal will sound interesting or not depending on how the speaker presents it.
to present it. It can be assured that the applicant who can present their idea
with well that will be accepted to work. The more we practice, the better we become.
presenting ideas in front of others. We will also become more confident because of our ideas
more often heard and accepted by people.

2. Influence world around we

The changes that occur in society often start from the idea of one person who
transmitted to other people. If we have PS skills, we will
easier to influence others to accept and
implementing our ideas, which resulted in changes in the group. On a scale
small changes can take the form of ideas to rally the local community to
conduct cleaning activities together. On a larger scale, change can
occurred in a larger community.
3. Improving career
The ability to influence others, including superiors, can enhance our work.
to be better. Even when colleagues and superiors see us skilled
talking to other people, they will see us as people who have
credibility and more promotion opportunities

wide open. PS skills are skills that have the power to change
our world in a simple way, without violence. Having PS skills will also
making us superior to others. An example that we often see in the media,
especially on television, showing the PS in a political situation. For example during the campaign
presidential and vice presidential elections or parliamentary meetings. However, in fact, PS is used in
all areas of life, not just in politics. For example, in the field of health when we
acting as a Posyandu cadre explaining how to monitor mosquito larvae
dengue fever, or in the field of environmental issues when we act as activists who
inviting students to use double-sided paper to save usage
paper. Imagine if we could convey messages so well that our suggestions...
implemented, residents will be protected from dengue fever and the number of trees that must
cut down to make paper can be reduced, then we have changed the world into
better

II. DEVELOPING SELF-CONFIDENCE IN PUBLIC SPEAKING

One of the things that the speakers pay attention to is stage fright. A person
who speaks very fluently in everyday conversation can suddenly become fearful
when you have to stand and speak in front of the public. If you feel the same way,
Know that Andatdak is not alone.

Stage fright is normal

Nervousness is something we usually feel before doing something important, including when we...
You have to do public speaking. Stage fright is a normal feeling.
When we are stressed or under pressure, our body responds by producing hormones.
excessive adrenaline.

The adrenaline rush triggers different reactions in each person, and of course that
We can anticipate and address this, among other things:

a. The heart beats faster than usual. We need to be aware of when our heart
pulsing faster, only we feel it, while the public does not see it
This. We must remain calm and think positively by making peace with ourselves through words.
positive words like 'this is just stage fright, stay calm.' Believe in yourself with concentration on
The message we want to convey is that our heartbeat will soon return to normal.

b. Excessive sweating in certain parts of the body such as the palms, face, or armpits.
When excessive sweat comes out on the palms, we can grip something or wipe it.
hands, no need to wipe hands too often until seen by the public. If sweating
a lot appears on the face, for example on the forehead or around the nose, we can cover it with makeup.
or a handkerchief occasionally but preferably not too often. The more often we do it
the movements of wiping sweat then increasingly reveal to the public the nervousness

us. If we are included among the people who will sweat a lot in the armpit area.
During stage fright, it is best to wear inner clothing so that sweat is not visible.
in the clothes.

c. The hands start to tremble. Stage fright seems to be visible to the public. To address that,
by holding a small note paper or by bringing notes
with a sufficiently thick paper base, so that the vibrations are not too visible. But
usually by shifting concentration to the material to be conveyed, hand vibrations
It will go away on its own after we talk for a while.

d. The knees feel weak to the point of not being able to support the body to stand.
It usually happens because we sit too much before speaking. Overcome it by doing
physical relaxation or walking and standing so that our knees can support the body well.

e. The throat feels constricted causing the voice to become hoarse, or worse: loss of voice
can come out. When adrenaline surges, one of the effects that can be felt in some
the production of mucus in the throat increases. To address this, we can
Keep food and especially drinks before we talk. Avoid sticky drinks.
syrup, or sweet tea. Because such drinks will soothe the throat.
We are sticky combined with the amount of mucus produced by the body, then our voice
so it gets choked or hoarse.

f. The stomach feels painful and there's a feeling like needing to have a bowel movement. Address it with a good diet.
before talking. Thus, when our stomach feels we know that it is just a result
it's from stage fright, not actually a stomach ache.

g. Wanting to urinate excessively. If this happens, stay calm and go immediately to

behind. But it may not stop the conversation,

It is better to withstand by diverting concentration to activities, surely that desire will fade away.
We can also cope by reducing the amount of water we drink. We can drink when
the house but the quantity is slightly reduced

h. Cannot remember what was meant to be conveyed even though it was prepared beforehand.
Address by bringing notes or using visual aids such as PowerPoint. If
The notes are already in hand, read them. This usually happens at the beginning of the conversation, then we
will speak fluently. Common mistakes occur, the speaker is already aware
The downside is that he often forgets what he wants to convey during stage fright.
overwhelming. Then she brought a small note as a 'cheat sheet'. However, when the time came
Speaking of the notes that he had brought earlier, they were not read, only held, while he...
trying to compose sentences and remember what has been prepared earlier.
As a result, he speaks irregularly and unclearly about what he wants to convey.
the opening words must be ensured to be interesting and the body presentation also becomes
does not match the content that has been prepared.

The reactions above are examples of stage fright reactions that we often experience before
public speaking. Stage fright is usually caused by anxiety that arises
during public speaking. Factors that can cause anxiety include:

1) Concerns that the topics and information provided do not meet public expectations.

2) Cemastdak can answer questions posed by the public. Usually, this fear
attacking the credibility of the speaker.

3) Concern about mistakes in delivery. This usually happens when the script/material is prepared by
others or when the speaker lacks mastery of the material they want to convey.

4) Fear of performing poorly and embarrassing oneself.

5) Concern that the audio-visual equipment does not function perfectly, which reduces
The quality of appearance can even mess everything up. If we pay attention to things that
causes anxiety above, we can conclude that there is a form of anxiety that can
overcome with good and perfect preparation, but there is also a feeling of anxiety that can only be
overcome it with a lot of practice. We can even harness that feeling of anxiety to
to bring forth an extraordinary presentation. Let that anxiety work for us. In fact,
if you don’t feel nervous at all before public speaking, it can be assured that
the audience will listen to a boring presentation.

III. Characteristics of Public Speaking

a. Characteristics of Public Speaking

To make it easier to distinguish between public speaking and not, then some
The following characteristics of public speaking can be used to identify public speaking.
or not. The characteristics of public speaking are formal, always planned, always
used to convey certain ideas held by the speaker, and there are
a specific audience that is the target of the communication that is carried out. Public speaking
having certain communication functions that may differ from other communications.
3. Components of Public Speaking Public Speaking has certain components
just like other communication.

As for communication public to have component as here.

a. Stimulus, which is an initial stimulus as a form of seeking psychological attention.
for the audience faced by a speaker.
b. Speaker, that is, the person who speaks in front of the public who builds the message based on
based on the experience possessed, emotional-psychological condition, goals of the speaker, and others
as such. Speakers usually hope to achieve certain goals by delivering a message.
certainly on a group listener.
c. Message, which is what is conveyed by the speaker, either verbal messages or messages.
nonverbal.
d. Channel, which is the communication channel used by the speaker and the listener to
sailing communicate.
e. Audience, which is a group of people gathered to listen to a speaker.
f. Context, which is the situation surrounding public communication.

g. Impact, which refers to the consequences or effects that will occur after communication
done by speaker
h. Feedback, namely bait return audience on speaker.
i. Disruption, which is anything that interferes with the flow of communication.

j. Communication among audience members, which is the communication that occurs within the group of the audience.
when the speaker speaks.

b. Breathing Technique
To be able to speak in public, it is necessary to strive not to be too
excessive so that it can later prevent shortness of breath or be able to
controlling one's own breath. Therefore, we can train ourselves to be able to breathe.
long and also capable of managing and controlling it.

The method is to blow out the lit candle from a distance of 1 meter.
Repeat that at least 10 times, then take a deep breath.
breathe in through the nose, then exhale slowly through the mouth while hissing.

Hal yang should done:

a. Tarik breath release slowly through mouth (5-10x).
b. Inhale, hold briefly, then exhale slowly through the mouth (5-10 times)

c. The basic theory to start and end public speaking is through stages as
following:

Start

This is the ability to open, break, and lighten the mood to start.
Speaking. The essence is how we ignite the fire so that the listeners remain focused.
your attention to our discussion. Can

through the breakthrough of the salute Merdeka! while raising and clenching a fist. It can be through
opening with a funny story, etc. The main point emphasized here is to take
listener attention.

2. Build a bridge

Before we dive into the main material, we need to introduce it with an analogy,
current stories in society that are hot, attracting more attention for further
as an intermediary material for the main topic we will discuss. Art
the challenge is how we create a conversation bridge from the opening
with a breakthrough towards the main material that will be conveyed.

For instance

The main material is explained and discussed in this section. The delivery of the material will also be
It is better to convey it with real examples, that's why this part
referred to as for instance means concrete examples. The ability to master
material, the breadth of knowledge, empathetic ability determines in this part.

So What
 To conclude a conversation, it is usually closed with steps for further action.
It can be in the form of a message, hope, important points, and a conclusion. Thus, it becomes a discussion.
ended perfectly. There is an opening and there is a closing.

IV. The Art of Speaking

Words reflect a person's true state. We can immediately know

Can someone be considered logical or not just by talking briefly with them.
Therefore, speaking that demonstrates a logical mindset must be trained.
A logical person in anything will always be logical. We will not find illogicality.
in his thoughts or in the sentences and expressions in conveying his thoughts
Conversely, we will not be able to find the parts that belong to those who do not.
logistics in any matter.

a. TRAINING SPEAKING LOGIC

Provide the Right Reason for Your Argument

We are always taught to express the reasons behind our opinions when writing an essay.
Likewise with greetings. In everyday conversation, we may often forget it.
This is because we are used to applying a mindset in our daily activities.

The difference between well-founded opinions and unfounded ones is like the earth and the sky.

2. Avoid Logical Jumps

In Japanese proverb, there is a saying 'When the wind blows, the pottery store will prosper.'
the wind blows, a lot of dust is flying around so people will go to the bathhouse
in general, but because there are few public baths, the reservation for the bathtub will
to become many. Although it sounds reasonable, we know that the relationship between
The wind blows and this bakery shop is very busy.

3. Consistent in Attitude

When our argument conditions are weak, we will fall into contradictions and positions that
confusing, because we will present a new argument that is different from what
previously we expressed. Therefore, we must have a consistent attitude with
our opinion from the beginning to the end.

4. Use Simple Words

There are people who like to use English, Mandarin characters, or high-level terms.
who only knows himself as if he knows everything best. Instead of
help in expressing their opinion, this will actually make them accept
rejection from the interlocutor. Remember that difficult-to-understand speech is an obstacle.
communication.

5. Stay Calm

We can find sentimental people when talking during debate events on television.
They often throw out words that are not related to the topic.
conversation. For example, looking for mistakes to attack personally. This arises
because the situation is annoying. Remember, annoyance is something that is forbidden because it will
creating illogical conversations and maintaining a calm demeanor is very much needed in
such a situation.

c. Challenges in Public Speaking

Overcoming fear: the courage to speak is the initial capital of a speaker. With bravery
Appearing in public, it is easy for us to speak and express ideas and opinions.

Creating an enthusiastic and interested audience with the topic being discussed: several speakers
can only keep the audience engaged for 15 minutes, after that one by one they fall off and
wander into the realm of dreams. This means that something is wrong with the speaker, is it possible that the topic cannot be discussed?

delivered well, a monotonous tone of voice, a flat facial mimic or gesture

flat.

Making the audience remember what is conveyed: the next challenge is bias.
making the audience remember the points conveyed. Making the audience take action.
What is conveyed: this is the highest level of the four levels of challenge. The audience does not only
understanding and comprehending the message conveyed, but also consciously deciding
do what we say

V. Method Delivery yang Systematic dan Exact Target

Know the background of the communicator, including their culture, ethnicity, education, and occupation.
his hobbies, social status, interests, and things that seemingly have no meaning.
Eliminate/close the gaps by changing oneself, following the 'flow' but
not yet 'drifting' and eventually slowly affecting the 'current'.
Create a supportive atmosphere, depending on the communicator we are facing, at
Generally, they appreciate the hospitality / friendliness and the openness that does not go too far.
stage mix affair person lain.
Determine the meaning and purpose of our conversation; just a time filler / light chat, discussion,
brainstorming, information, negotiation, or influencing others.
Direct the subject matter and use strategies according to the purpose of the conversation.
has been determined.
Use words that do not create ambiguous meanings to avoid confusion.
Use logical thinking. Try to be critical, creative, develop a logical mindset, and
systematic. Get used to asking why, how, if only. Continuously evaluate consciously.

a. Public Speaking Preparation

Make good preparations, Presentation and Mastery of Material as well as Technical closure
Good preparation for public speaking allows us to deliver presentations better.
Never just have material as it is and speak without mastering what
delivered.

We can use the 5W+1H formula in preparation: a. Who is my public? Who and
how many people from the public will talk to me or who will

present? Understanding the public will help us in preparing the material.

Understanding the public will determine the style of language we use, the way we convey.
the messages we convey, the examples we provide, even the way we dress when
public speaking

b. What is my topic about? What will I convey? Not only learning the content
the presentation we provide, also study things related to the material for
broadening our understanding. Knowledge about many things on the topic makes us more
Self-confidence makes us more assured when giving examples or answering questions.
public. We can even repeat the message with different sentences if we see
a questioning or confused look on the audience's face when we deliver our presentation.

c. Why should I talk about it? Knowing the reasons why the topic should
conveyed/discussed. Don't stop at one question 'why, try to dig deeper
more deeply the reasons why we speak to find the issues.
thus we can better understand what we want to convey. Concerns about
The questions that the public may ask will also decrease because we have
thinking about the possibility of that question arising.

d. When? When do I speak and how much time do I have? By knowing

when we talk, we can prepare everything ahead of time. Also, you
have time for practice. Also know the amount of time allotted for speaking
important so that we can convey the message effectively within the given time frame.
When we have material that requires 20 minutes for presentation but we
with only 5 minutes, we risk not being able to convey the message completely and
draw an impressive conclusion for the public.

e. Where? Where do I speak? Speak in the environment we are already used to, of course.
more comfortable compared to talking in a place we are visiting for the first time.
Know where and how the atmosphere and arrangement of the space where we are speaking.
knowing the place beforehand at least makes us feel calmer. If we
If asked to speak in a place whose location we do not yet know, it is best to find out how to get there.
the place until we can reach the public speaking location right on time.

f. Finally, How? How to make my presentation/speech interesting? With

Considering the above factors, we can conduct research and gather information.
that can support our presentation and knowledge about the material. After that, we can
organize an interesting and easy-to-understand presentation for the public. Use tools
Visual aids needed to support the overall presentation and provide
Examples and interesting illustrations make our presentation easier to understand.
For example, we can insert film clips or photos that can strengthen the narrative.
we will discuss a matter. We can also insert images or tables to strengthen
the statistics that we convey.

VI. Training Preparation

a. Opening
Starting from the opening to warm up the atmosphere, content, and ending. Practice before public speaking.
will produce quality public speaking.
b. For difficult matters, it is best to practice by speaking, not just practicing in your mind.
Often when we talk in our hearts, it feels fluent and possible, but when faced with...
Often in public, we become nervous and mispronounce. Therefore, practice with
to express the words that need to be conveyed, especially long words such as ‘personification’ or
in language lain sepert deliverability.
c. Lath how to use the visual aids that will be used, for example, if we prepare the tools
demonstrate, say the sentence while showing the teaching aid or doing a demo.
d. Conduct a Q&A session. Study all possible questions that may arise and practice how to
responding politely. Use the power of self-visualization. Visualization is closely related to
self-confidence because it seems to create a mental strength that represents ourselves
as we

want. Imagine ourselves on stage or on a podium, looking at all the audience who
present, using appropriate body movement and expression, speaking in a clear voice. Feel it
Our confidence continues to grow and we can finish the conversation very well.
When we create a self-image in our minds, try to be realistic but remain focused on the things that
positive. Just like we practice physically every time before presenting, this mental practice
it must also be done repeatedly.

e. Know that grogitdak is not visible Many speakers are anxious about what they feel is visible to
public, then try to cover it up. It is very difficult for us to speak calmly and kindly when we
My seat is comfortable. Don't worry, even people who have often appeared in public still
feels stage fright. Even Afgan, the very famous young singer, admitted that he
usually experience stage fright before singing in public.

Due to his nervousness, he often bites his fingernails. However, we cannot see it.
his nervousness every time we watched him sing in public. When before speaking
coincidentally we shake hands with someone and our hands feel very cold or sweaty, then
that person asked if we were nervous, just admit it, say with a smile 'Yes, I feel
"stage fright". Covering up the feeling of stage fright with lies only adds to the burden and
not solving the problem. Often, this admission will make people like us even more,
feel sympathetic seeing the effort we make even though we have stage fright.

f. Do your best, not perfect. One of the mistakes people make when giving presentations,
Speaking or giving a speech, they perceive it as a display rather than an art.
in communication. Once we think that what we do is an art then it can be
delivered in our way and will sound beautiful. A small mistake that may occur is
humane.

g. Don't compare yourself to others Comparing yourself to others and trying

imitating their style, especially those who already have high public speaking experience, will only
providing additional mental burden.

b. Preparation, Mastery of Material, and Conclusion of Public Speaking Preparation:

a. Key success Public Speaking is PREPARATION besides PRACTICE!

b. Prepare the material, note down important points (outline), prepare a 'cheat sheet' if there are difficult materials.
memorized (local or foreign term).
c. Minimal should be before appearing, do not consume oily and sweet food/drinks.
sweet. Just drink 'clear water'.
d. Arrive early at the location. Get to know the committee and some attendees. Familiarize yourself with the space, look around,
the corners, the decorations, the position of the podium, the position of the 'important person'

e. TOILET! Yes, take a moment to go to the toilet, relieve yourself, look in the mirror, comb your hair, tidy your clothes, and take your time.

mouth exercise

c. Preparation/Technique Mastery Material:

a. Memorize. Memorizing speech material. Worst!

b. Script reading. Writing down the entire content of the conversation, creating a speech script, and reading it. Bad!
c. Using Visual Aids as Note. Take infocus/power point. Good!
d. Using Note. Listing important points, systematics, or an outline.

e. Technique Opening Public Speaking

f. Tarik breath deep deep.
g. A friendly smile, gaze at the audience for just a moment (not too long), then say the basmalah and greeting.
After greeting, start with a low and soft tone. Start slow and low...!

d. Tips Opening:
a. After greeting and addressing the audience (honored audience....!), choose one technique to open.
the speech (Public Speaking) below.
b. Directly State the Topic: 'I will talk about --canaries. What are their advantages?'
compared to other birds, what is the price range, and how to take care of it.
c. Ask provocative/rhetorical questions: "Why do people like to keep birds? Isn't it...
Is keeping birds the same as imprisoning them? Taking away their freedom?
d. Present unique or astonishing facts: "One male canary can mate with 3-20
the strongest muscle in our body is
The tongue. However strong the tongue, no human can lick the elbow of their own hand...

e. Convey humor: "United we stand, divided we are the tiger trio"; "For some circles, diligence is
source wealth that is Diligent Stopover, Kaya
f. Convey the quote -- theory, expression, proverb, words of experts: 'Humans are inherently flawed and
In one of his books, Professor Anu said that such and such should not be taken lightly...

g. Share stories, tales, history, or experiences that are relevant to the topic.

VII. Delivery Technique of Material:

a. The following tga type technique delivery subjects;

a. Induction > Deduction. Facts, data, ke theory.
b. Chronology > Sequence of events or materials (definition, issues, solutions)
c. Flash Back > Past events (history), then linked to current issues.

Hour Presentation Materi :

a. Eye Contact. Gaze at the audience, not at the wall!
b. Gesture. Sign language.
c. Body Language. Use appropriate and proportional body language.
d. Hand Position: Start, next to it, then 'perform' in gestures/body language! e. Insert
humor. Don ’t take it too seriously, nor be 'over' like a stand-up comedian!
f. Vocal Techniques (See the subheading above: "Vocal Techniques for Public Speaking").

b. Technique Closing Public Speaking

a. Is there nothing else to talk about or is the time up? Stop immediately. Don't

lamalama!
b. Beri sinyal! e.q. Kesimpulannya adalah....; Yang terakhir....; Sebagai penutup....; Akan saya
final speech this with saying....;
c. To conclude material conversation.
d. Repeating return point main.
e. Inviting audience to act something (appeal or call for acton
f. Ending with climax, nothing tall!
g. Deliver proverb poem or terminate
Thank you, I apologize, and greetings...!

b. Improving Skills Public Speaking

In addition to several techniques in public speaking, you also need to pay attention to several
principles for improving skills in public speaking, and the following are tips
public speaking among others:
The first is to reduce the pause sound, in other words, you need to reduce the pause sound.
separate hmm...., and the others. Some of those pause sounds should be replaced with
a moment of silence, because it will be better that way. Besides, speak more slowly.
It can also make the way of conveying information more relaxed and easier.
received by the audience.

b. Then the second is to also pay attention to voice intonation, in public speaking,
Voice intonation indeed plays a very important role in discerning how much
the importance of the intensity of the material to be delivered. In addition, a flat intonation of voice
It will make the audience become more bored because the material presented is considered
It's not important, so you have to be clever in terms of voice intonation.

c. Then you also need to maintain eye contact while speaking in front.
In general, eye contact becomes a way to enhance closeness between
speakers and also the audience. You can also feel it when you were still sitting in your seat
school. Similarly in public speaking because eye contact can indeed
creating an intimacy. Therefore, make sure that all the audience gets
consistent eye contact from you.

d. You also need to use expressions and body language, very much in the presentation.
Boring is a presentation where the speaker just stands upright and speaks monotonously.
You can try to move your body to strengthen what you are currently doing.

Convey. You can make use of the space by walking a little or moving around.
place. In addition, if facial expressions and hand gestures are indeed needed
unique, so you can convey it without hesitation. Thus, of course
people will be able to receive the information you convey more easily, and that
The audience does not easily get bored, so it's not just about the sound.

e. In addition, you also need to keep training until you are trained and stable, if indeed
You have an idol in the field of public speaking, so you can learn from them.
how to convey it, but do not plagiarize. You just need to study it.
show and use in your own style

VIII. THE ELDER DELIVERS A SPEECH

[Link] Speech
One of the public speaking activities that is often done is giving a speech. The speech is delivered
by a leader, whether a community leader or a religious leader. The speech itself
has many types depending on the situation of the event being held. Just like activities
public speaking and speeches also have different characteristics. Speeches
defined as an activity of speaking in public to convey ideas,
thoughts or information, as well as the speaker's objectives to others (audience) in a way
tongue.
A speech can also be interpreted as the art of persuasion, meaning it is an art.
persuade/influence. Speeches are usually used by a leader to
to convey his ideas, views, or vision to the general public.

b. The Function of Speech

A speech is the way and the right moment for a leader to meet with
the people he leads. In this regard, speeches are very important for continuity
the leadership that is being undertaken. The speech is also an opportunity to
communicate for the people being led. This serves as a guide in
to give a speech, so that we know what path we are currently on.

The function of a speech is: a) To facilitate communication between superiors and subordinates in
an organization.

b) Facilitate communication among members of the organization.

c) Creating a conducive situation where only one person is needed to do it

the speech.

Influencing others to willingly follow our wishes.

a comprehension or information to another person.

f) Making others happy with entertaining speeches so that others feel good and
satisfied with the words we convey.

g) Facilitate communication from leaders or state officials in order to

the creation of a democratic state.

h) Calming the crowd. Usually, a leader or a person who

Those who are influential are required to master the theory of speech.

c. Method Speech
There are four methods in public speaking. Briefly, the methods of public speaking are as follows
the following:
1. Direct method. Referred to as the impromptu method, which is speaking directly.
by relying on abilities, skills, and knowledge. Carried out in preparation
yang sufficient.
2. Script method. Speaking in public with the help of a script or written text that
has been prepared. We can find it in state speeches, television broadcasts or events
official.
3. Memorization method. Delivering a speech by memorizing a prepared script or text.
especially in usage language.
4. Variational method. Combining the previous methods. Conducted directly.
by paying attention to the order of speeches and supported by the preparation of the script or
speech framework. The use of language and chosen words is relatively free, but the content
script-oriented discussion.

Type – type Speech

In speeches, there are various types of speeches. The types of speeches are intended for
distinguishing the content of the speech itself. With this division, we will understand
It's easy to know what type of speech the speaker is delivering or what we will deliver.
bring it. Based on the nature of the content of the speech, speeches can be categorized into:
a. Opening speech The opening speech is a brief speech delivered by the host.
an event or MC to start or open an event. This speech is intended to
bring meaning audience and in a process event.
b. Direction Speech This speech provides a complete picture of an event that
is currently being held. This is intended so that all attendees are aware of the flow of the event.
that is being followed so that one can prepare oneself to focus on the entire series
event.
c. Welcome speech A welcome speech is a speech that is usually delivered at an event.
an event or specific occurrence that can be carried out by several people who have
events in event that.
d. Inaugural speech An inaugural speech is a speech delivered by someone who
influential for inaugurating something. This speech is one of the important speeches
some event.
e. Report speech A report speech is a speech that contains a report on a task or
specific activities. This speech is a report on an event that occurred.
f. Accountability

A accountability speech is a speech that contains a report of accountability.

regarding a task that has been carried out within a certain period.
Basic elements of public speaking After you have understood the meaning, purpose
methods, types and principles of speech, another important thing for you to know is
basic elements of public speaking. In this section, we will discuss the entirety
performance on stage. These include:

a. Initial Appearance • Before approaching the podium, stretch yourself and give yourself a moment.
Audience to pay attention to us. • Unite ourselves with the material of the speech, do not let it go.
Only the mouth speaks, but make sure our whole body also speaks. • The speech will
It happens on its own. • Speak louder than usual, but do not shout.
and don't be too quick.

b. What we want as speakers • To be a speaker who is remembered. Be yourself

Be yourself. Never wish to be someone else. Appear with confidence and sincerity.
doing it by striving to present optimally. In this case, as a speaker must
having a strong mentality. • Making thorough preparations. Allocate special time for
self-preparation before performing. Especially for beginners. Practice and use practice time.
do your best. After reading the script several times, it could be ten or fifteen times.
until we are familiar with the structure and meaning of the speech - then say it directly, not
reading. Just assume we are already in front of the public. • Able to use language
The body with optimal. The body speaks more clearly than words. Strive for language
Our body supports the speech we deliver. Avoid body language that does not support it.
for example: scratching the body, likes to adjust accessories, likes to adjust clothes that
being appointed. • Becoming a speaker

who can stand firm before their audience. If we can

If we do it, surely everyone will listen to our words seriously. Do not
make strange movements. During the speech at certain points, say with full confidence
Here. Channel the weight carried by the neck and shoulders towards the body. Channel the weight of the arms.
flow into hands and fingers. Do it with full awareness. • Can end
captivate with your speech. Before ending the speech, pause for a moment. Remain silent,
Close your mouth for a moment. Let the atmosphere be silent. Everyone is watching us. Waiting for the
a confused facial expression. Once all the attention is focused on us, continue the speech.
Next, conclude by summarizing our speech.

[Link] Smart To bring Speech Moonlight Ordinary

The ability to speak in public is a skill that can be learned. The more
If someone practices often, their abilities will continue to improve. The following will
presented seven step smart in to bring one speech:
1. Determining the Purpose of the Speech The purpose is similar to focusing on a lens

Camera. The right focus will make the image appear clear. In a speech made.
by first determining the purpose of the speech that will be delivered. However, before
Determining the goals first allows us to see the various types of speeches.

Various types goal speech that namely:

a. Informative/instructional An informative speech aims to provide a report of knowledge or
something interesting for the audience. The topic presented is a light and easy topic.
For example, understanding the topic 'how to grow using hydroponics'.

b. Persuasive A persuasive speech contains efforts to encourage, convince, and invite.

audience to do something. This type of speech is evident in political oration when
campaign.
c. Argumentative The purpose of an argumentative speech is to persuade the audience. The right topic
sepert“pentngnya perkembangan pariwisata” dan “ pupuk buatan meningkatkan pendapatan
farmer.

d. Descriptive Speech descriptive aims to describe/ depict a situation.

e. Recreational The purpose of a recreational speech is to delight/entertain the audience. Usually
found in gatherings, parties, celebrations, celebrations.
f. Edukatf seeks to emphasize aspects of education, for example, the importance of
healthy living, family planning, living in harmony among religious communities, and others.
g. Entertain

Aiming to provide a refreshment to the audience in a more relaxed manner.

2. Creating a Speech Framework After reviewing the different types of speeches, the second important step
is to create an outline. The outline contains a comprehensive description of the content of the speech.
Kerangka pidato berisikan bagian-bagian berikut. a. Pendahuluan Pembukaan berisi salam
introduction. This opening greeting serves to guide towards the main issues that will be addressed.
discussed and as an effort to prepare the audience's mindset. The opening of the speech is
an important part and plays a role for the speaker, because this part can provide
first impression for the audience.

3. There are several ways a speaker can open their speech: a.

Introducing oneself; b. Opening the speech with humor; c. Opening the speech with
introduction in general. b. The content of the speech should be as brief and easy to understand as possible.
Always try to focus on the chosen friends. The main topic that becomes the theme of the speech.
presented by first stating the background of the problem. Main
The discussion is presented in such a way that its relation to...
the audience's attention. Inform what we are going to say; say it and inform.
They are what we have said. Use short sentences to wrap up all the messages.
What is important. Use some repetition (but not too often). Capture attention.
with surprises and suddenness. Insert humor to lighten the message. Consider everything
listeners know as much as we know. Avoid things that raise questions.

IX. Purpose of the Speech

The purpose of the speech, as mentioned in the previous chapter, is divided into 3 types, namely
speech informative persuasive and recreational.
[Link] Informative
The purpose is to convey information, so that the audience is expected to know and understand.
receiving that information. This type of speech is an effort to instill understanding.
Because overall, an informative speech must be clear, logical, and systematic. The arrangement
message. According to Monroe's theory, as expressed by Jalalludin Rakhmat (2000-ct.6), informative speech
has the following stages: - Attention stage: there are 4 things that must be noted,
attracting attention; presenting topic; connecting topic with the audience with
building credibility, and outlining the structure of the talk (like an agenda)
Stage of needs: there are 4 ways, namely statements on how the audience knows more about the topic.
discussion; illustration provide several examples that highlight the needs of the audience; affirmation
present facts, figures, or additional quotes to further convince the audience; demonstration
The main topics relate to the interests, welfare, and success of the public.
Satisfaction stage. You deliver the information yourself. For example, explaining
public speaking skills. This stage is divided into 3 parts: introductory summary - you mention
key points of discussion one by one. The goal is to help the audience obtain
a comprehensive overview of the content of our conversation. Example: 'there's something that we...'
let's discuss ..............." " we want to talk about the four functions of the family: reproductive, economic
recreational”. And you must consistently follow the order mentioned above. Detailed information
The main points discussed earlier will be explained one by one. All of them
arranged logically and systematically. Final summary Repeating the important points again,
then draw a conclusion.

b. Persuasive Speech

Some persuasive techniques viewed from the audience: 1. There is an audience that is unaware of its existence.
problems, we use the following steps: 3 ⁄4 Attention stage. Audience
to spark their interest, surprising facts and figures were presented.
a number of facts, figures, and quotes are shown to demonstrate that it really is
There is a problem. Specifically mention how the situation affects peace.
happiness, or the well-being of the listeners. 3/4 Satisfaction stage, visualization, and action.

2. The audience is apathetic (mass indifference). It is different for those who are unaware of the problem.
This stage is to anticipate an audience that knows the problem, but they do not care.
because it's not their business. The speaker must convince them that the issue that
they know, it will affect them, for example the importance of maintaining cleanliness
environment. Do it gradually: 3/4 Observation phase. Eliminate apathetic attitudes.
by touching on several things related to the interests of the listeners. For example, if
If environmental cleanliness is not taken care of, it will lead to various diseases. Use
Expressions of life to subdue how health, happiness,
tranquility, and opportunities to advance. Stage of needs. If already blossomed
attention, continue with the question of how the problem affects each one.
the people present? Try to ask questions about the issue by showing: (1) effects in a
directly or immediately towards them; (2) its effects on family, friends, interests
their business or social professionals; (3) potential future effects on children
them. In demonstrating the effect, use the strongest evidence possible. For example,
youth of DKI Jakarta in tackling waste, recommends that each neighborhood unit (RT) have tools
waste crusher into compost. Thus, residents do not need to incur costs for
transporting household waste because compost becomes fertilizer, and its economic value
compos can be sold.

Waste in DKI is like collecting leaves from trees, which is also one of the compost materials.
can become a livelihood (2006). 3⁄4 Satisfaction stage. This stage is shown continuously
It can be argued that apathetic attitudes towards this issue cannot be justified. 3/4 Visualization stage and
action. In the visualization, profit will be obtained by the audience. Meanwhile, based on
visualization, ask them to study the issue or to take action
address it. The waste issue DKI local government collaborates with BPPT (Agency for the Development)
Application of Technology that provides guidance on waste composting (2006)
3. An audience that is interested but hesitant. As an audience, they know and are aware of the problem, but
They have not made a decision yet because they still doubt the conviction they will follow.
the actions that will be implemented. For example, the issue of waste that can be processed into
organic compost/fertilizer. To convince the public, then use the following steps
Phase of attention. Focus attention only on the key aspects. Phase of needs.
Briefly look at the background of the problem. This can help the audience.
understanding the situation more clearly. Create criteria or guidelines that must be met in
making the right decision. 3 ⁄4 Satisfaction phase. The speech here is considered important,
possibly longer. However, briefly outline the action plan that needs to be taken.
Performed. Define the ambiguous terms so that they do not lead to various interpretations.
Then, show your acceptable review compared to
alternative other alternatives. Strengthen each of your statements with a number of facts, figures and
example.3 ⁄4Visualization stage. Project the audience into the future by illustrating
a depiction of the reality of the desired conditions when people accept your proposal or
supporting it or losses will occur if rejecting it. 3/4 Action steps. Make a summary.
A summary of the important arguments and appeals made during the discussion.
previously.
4. Hostile audience. Sometimes the audience is aware that there is a problem that needs to be addressed,
but they oppose the proposal you put forward. Opposition can arise from fear
it will result in undesirable consequences or prefer an alternative to what you
offers. If the goal is to address the objections raised by the audience, and you
To ensure that the audience accepts the proposed ideas, follow the sequence below:
3/4 Attention stage. The audience does not like your proposal, build friendships with
Audience, try to yield on certain aspects of the listener's perspective. Seek
similarity, by emphasizing the agreed points, minimizing differences. Make an effort
if they feel that you sincerely want to convey results that they also
want.3/4Phase of needs. Develop this phase as if facing an audience that is still
ragu.3⁄4Visualization stage and action. The listeners are already in an interested position although there are some who
still in doubt. The development of the speech should put a lot of emphasis on visualization or
advantages.

[Link] recreational
Recreational speeches always produce humor so that people laugh. Is it just
expressing thoughts or just a distraction to escape from reality
the bitter. There is an agreement that it is better to oppose the status quo with humor.
struggling with weapons. There seems to be a close relationship between openness to humor and
Increase democracy. The more freedom people have to joke, the more democratic that country is. Example:
the show on one of the private TV stations, the BBM Palace (Really Really Drunk) event, was aired
there are figures representing the President and Vice President alongside several Cabinet Ministers
and the members of the DPR/MPR along with the invitations. On the other hand, the more authoritarian a government is,
becoming widespread

humor - humor whose origins are unclear. Characteristics of recreational speech Some characteristics
as expressed by Jalaludin Rahkmat (2000) in a recreational speech as follows: 3⁄4 Not
through humor. Alan H. Monroe calls it "the speech to entertain", a speech to
entertaining. Its purpose is only to bring joy, relieve tension, and invigorate.
an atmosphere or just a light interlude after a series of exhausting events. Speech
recreational is conveyed in various situations: 1). Festivals or parties. You are asked to
enlivening existing events; 2). meetings of social organization groups,
small group, family, requires a recreational speech; 3). Dinner party. After
Typically, a toast is requested for a speech. First, introduce yourself. Recreational speech.
Must be conveyed by a person with a cheerful, joyful, merry, and relaxed face. If you cannot achieve that yourself.
Directed towards happiness, do not force yourself to make others happy.
Avoid complex chains of ideas. You are entertaining. Choose topics that
'light', simple, and easy to digest. Use a storytelling style. Your story is the opposite.
arranged in such a way that they relate to one another. Speak briefly. Speech
Recreation only at the observation stage, not following a complete motif sequence. Stop.
at the moment your audience still wants you to continue your speech.

[Link] Closing Speech

The difficulty that speakers always encounter when they are about to end their speech. Especially
if the speaker likes to talk or express things that are off-topic
determined. Sometimes the conversation generates a lot of laughter. He believes that
His presence on the podium is still liked by the audience. The problem is, it has become difficult.
determining when to stop talking. According to Wiyanto (2001:54), there are also mistakes
what a speaker always does when closing a speech: 1) A speaker does not know
When does he stop? He does not respond to the audience's reactions. When the audience has reached
peak satisfaction, has started to get bored, hungry. The speaker still continues to talk. Maybe he
It is assumed that if someone talks a lot, the listeners will judge them as 'good' at talking. 2) Some things are difficult.

Stop. He speaks in a disorganized manner. Sometimes he has already found the sentence.
Finally, but remembering that there is something he needs to explain. He started to explain something that needs to be explained.
The audience is known. Meanwhile, the listeners are already prepared to leave the place. 3) Mistake
what is difficult to forgive, the speaker said: 'thus is what I can say
convey at this opportunity. Because what I am going to say I have already said.
That is all, so I will not extend my speech any longer. Therefore, I conclude here.
The closing of the speech is meaningless. If that's all that is said, why?
the speaker directly left the podium. Some ways that a person can do
A successful speaker, which can be approached according to needs, is as follows:
3/4 Summarizing or concluding; 3/4 Praising the audience, praise is delivered in a reasonable manner
Do not overdo it and must be sincere. Praise that comes from a sincere heart will incite listeners.
feeling happy, joyful, optimistic, and open-hearted; delivering funny sentences; Book
Public Speaking 513⁄4 Requesting to take action, a speech aimed at influencing
or inviting, it is very appropriate if the closing part contains an invitation to do something.

X. BECOMING AN MC

Every event requires a leader or event guide who can conduct the event.
half past one in an orderly manner. In ceremonial events, the events must be arranged in such a way
so that an event or occasion held is interesting. A host is called
as a Master of Ceremony (MC). An MC is someone whose job is to be the host.
an event to run smoothly and successfully. The MC or Master of Ceremony can
referred to as a leader of an event or party.

An MC is someone who possesses artistic skills in the field of improvisation.

to deliver the event in an orderly manner, well, and has distinctive characteristics. A
The MC must be able to read the situation accurately. They must be able to create an atmosphere accordingly.
with the characteristics of the event, and allows for dialogue with the audience. The MC has
an important role in the success of an event. Speaking of this, it ignites knowledge
about the function of the Master of Ceremony (MC) itself. This is not made up
because often an MC also acts as a singer, an MC
serves as a comedian and others. The term MC or event leader fundamentally
different from the host. Indeed, on many occasions, the MC is also referred to as
host. However, the host is usually used at events that
its nature is official, very bound by protocol ethics, and not much improvisation in
sending an event. This is slightly different from an MC, an MC is given the freedom to
improvise and adapt to the conditions and situations that are occurring.

a. Functions and Demands for an MC

The MC in an event has an important function. The MC is responsible for guiding the event and
responsible for the smoothness and success of the event. In explaining this function
Creativity and improvisation are needed according to the type of event. The MC must be able to
presenting the event attractively. He must be able to adapt to changes.
event changes.

The role of an MC at an event is certainly not easy, considering their responsibilities.

who is significant to the success of the event. An MC also has responsibilities.
regarding its relationship with the image or image of event organizers and the credibility of a person
The MC itself. Therefore, it requires special talents to be an MC, someone who...
Being skilled in the intellectual field doesn't necessarily mean one can be a good MC.

The following are the qualities and requirements that must be present in an MC:

Personality suitable to be an MC

Extroversion is an expressive trait possessed by someone. Extroverted people like

expressing what is thought, felt, to others; in short, a person who
like to discuss various things openly with others.

• Generalists, meaning people who have a broad general knowledge. This knowledge will
very supportive to talk about many things. The MC lacks general knowledge
The wide will be perceived as unprofessional and certainly uninteresting.
Flexible, meaning a person who is adaptable and easy to adjust to situations.

Friendly, that is, a person who is easy to socialize with, easy to befriend, and has a pleasant demeanor.
liked by many people.

[Link] a Sense of Humor

A sense of humor is greatly needed by an MC. Good humor or jokes will

making the atmosphere come alive. An MC without humor will make the event
what he brought felt dry and boring. An MC needs to have a sense of humor,
because it will create a friendly and cheerful atmosphere between the MC and the audience. However
It is important to pay attention to the selection of jokes that are taken and adjusted to the event.
while he is leading. A wrong joke or humor will have a negative impact on the MC's self-image.
and will ruin the event. Try to make original jokes that are in line with the theme.
the way

d. Patience
A large event will certainly involve many parties. Often, the parties that
being involved in such an event is less collaborative. Each of them
having their own ways and desires in achieving their goals. As a result, at the moment
The event is ongoing, and confusing instructions may arise.
Not to mention if there are performers who are difficult, do not fully trust the MC, or
repeatedly changing the event. This certainly makes the MC busy because they have to keep
continuously adapt to the event. An MC must appear attractive even though
Perhaps he is feeling annoyed. In this case, an MC must have a patient demeanor.
in facing all trials and obstacles that try to hinder or obstruct
hinder the success of the event.

5. Having extensive knowledge and experience A MC must be someone who

has a wide general knowledge and is also intelligent. With knowledge that
A broadness and sufficient life experience will shape an attitude of full understanding.
With a depth of understanding that involves the essence of life and values that
In society, an MC can easily master and understand
the audience. Experience will be a highly effective source of creativity.
with the demands of the situation. While intelligence is needed to connect between
experience and understanding.
6. The imagination of an MC will encounter various types of events throughout their career.
become an MC. Each event has its own characteristics and complexities. An MC
a professional must be able to create and package events that stand out
Normally, an MC must have a significant amount of main capital in performing
the tasks of the profession that he engages in. Sometimes a host will face
an unexpected situation when facing the audience. There are times when
the plan and concepts that have been prepared earlier are clearly not usable because
the existing conditions demand this. For example, when the audience laughs heartily
 Kala saw the performance of the MC that the audience found funny, seeing that it was an MC.
don't feel inferior but make that humor a gateway to
greeting his audience.
7. Enthusiasm Enthusiasm is passion or spirit or interest. This enthusiasm is very
needed in all situations. As an MC, must be able to show
enthusiasm for the event he leads. By showing this enthusiasm the MC
shows that he is happy and interested in the event being presented.
Enthusiasm will be seen by the audience and will influence them. Don't
until the audience feels that the MC is reluctant to host the event. If
If this happens, the audience or event participants will lose their enthusiasm to participate.
The event is currently being hosted by the MC. An MC must be able to show enthusiasm.
that is revealed in his voice and facial expression.

h. Ability to collaborate. A large event will certainly involve many people.

Each person has their own role and tasks. An MC must be able to
collaborate with all of them. An MC must be able to work together and support each other.
helping each other with work partners, event partners, and all supporters who have
successfully carry out the series of events presented from start to finish.

*** Thank you Love ***

XI. Things to Consider in Public Speaking

[Link] and face talking

Cara talking yang must noted by a person public speaker
1. Speed, the standard speed of sound must be adjusted according to the situation and conditions.
2. Volume, in hosting an event, the sound produced must be round.
3. Tone, low high voice, so the audience does not get bored during the event.
4. Timbre, an expressive voice will easily influence the listener.
5. Power, the strength of the voice produced must be appropriate to the use of words.
6. Breathe, speak with abdominal breath, because the sound produced is deeper, with more power.
strong, and more enjoyable to hear.

b. Speaking Technique How to Speak

A public speaker can demonstrate their professionalism. Therefore, it must be

truly pay attention to his speaking technique regarding intonation and emphasis on
Every word spoken. A flat tone of speech without emotion will make
the event becomes boring. What must be considered to produce a way of speaking that
more professional in hosting events including:

• Intonasi : Sebaiknya suaratdak datar, tetapi mengandung irama atau berirama. • Artkulasi :
Every word spoken must be clear and correct, so that it is easy to understand and comprehend.
When speaking, it is advisable to give pauses to ensure understanding.
Provide energy in the voice, so that it does not create a lethargic impression. • Inflection: Sentence melody,
change in tone of voice, avoid the same pronunciation in every part of the word (redundancy). Inflection
up indicates the continuation of a sentence or down to indicate the end of a sentence.

4. Creating atmosphere with voice

Each event has its own characteristics. The atmosphere when hosting the event.
Weddings are certainly different from funeral ceremonies.
5. Appearance
The appearance of a public speaker must also follow the situation and the event that is happening.
She brought it. Besides needing to be adept at carrying herself so as not to become material
jokes in an event. Also must be able to distinguish between performing at official events.
and a regular casual event.
6. Body language Body language can express a person's self-image. Therefore
it must be able to behave well while performing. It must be able to minimize body movements.
that is unnecessary or even disturbing to the audience.

Example Sitting: Body upright, relaxed shoulders, hands on lap Standing: Stand upright, do not
bending, leaning against the wall/table, slanted. For women, form a 45-degree angle,
Stand straight, chest up, relaxed shoulders, and for men, legs slightly open.

Walking : Body gap daughter-in-law

relax and step great
Eye contact: always make eye contact with the audience. If you are nervous, try to focus your gaze on...
above the audience's head. When mentioning VIP guests, look at that official.
Step with calm and sure
Find the right standing place, visible to everyone (as many as possible).

g. Improving essence believe here, should done with

a. Self-evaluation - Expanding horizons to avoid awkwardness and anxiety when meeting and
talking to anyone. Improving appearance
-
b. Overcoming nervousness - Good preparation - Arrive early - Adapt to the conditions
and situation
h. Mastery atmosphere
a. Opening touch: must be able to thaw the atmosphere to attract and direct attention
the audience at the event that will take place. At the time the audience is not ready to start the event,
can lighten the atmosphere with an opening touch in the form of a joke, a question, or
question controversial
b. Emotional content A public speaker must also be able to create a familiar situation.
and comfortable for all its audiences. To create an atmosphere of togetherness and dialogue
by ensuring that the conversation has emotion through emphasis on words and
the selection of the right words.

XII. Presentation
Presentation is a form of communication. Presentation communication is carried out in an integrated manner through
voice, images, and body language. Presentation is an activity that is inseparable from
a series of activities in the business world or daily work. Various matters related to
Even the work is explained through presentations. So, presentations are a way
communicate ideas directly to the audience. Presentations, especially presentations
language is a part of communication that contains content or messages, processes or
merode, and media presentation or aids. All these components are interrelated in.
creating an optimal and effective presentation.

[Link] Presentation
The presentation is a communication activity that occurs between the presenter and
audience for specific purposes using presentation techniques and media
a planned presentation. Based on its purpose, presentations can be divided into several
category, that is :
Persuasive presentation, this is a presentation aimed at convincing.
attracts interest and strives to gain the audience's trust. For example, a presentation that
done by insurance agents to attract the audience and make them want to become their clients. In
A presenter must appear convincing and be able to answer.
all the questions asked by the audience. 3 ⁄4 Explanation presentation (explanation),
This presentation aims to provide an overview, enhance understanding, and explain.
things certainly.
For example, a presentation given by a lecturer to students. In this presentation, a
lecturers must pay attention to the points that will be conveyed, so that the explanation
delivered in a systematic and easy to understand manner for students. 3/4 Presentation
instructional

the emphasis of this presentation is on how to do something. This type of presentation

usually requires more audience involvement. Therefore, the material in the presentation
This must be made as simple as possible so that it is easy for the audience to understand. 3/4 Presentation
report, this is a presentation that provides specific information or data.
The presentation is more specific, presenting facts and data, and directly addressing the main point.
the problem. 3/4 Training presentation, this is the presentation given at
training activities. For example, training for new employees, training for staff
teachers when the new teaching system or curriculum is implemented, and so on.

[Link] Fundamental Presentation

In everyday communication, almost everyone can speak well and fluently.
without burdens. It is different when someone has to make a presentation in front of a group.
an audience to present a predetermined topic. It turns out that not all
People are capable of doing presentations just like they speak.
daily. Because presenting a topic in front of an audience requires preparation
in his delivery.
The success of a presentation lies in the elements contained within it, namely
person who delivers a presentation live in front of an audience
the means (media and tools used to deliver the presentation,
For example, slides, LCD projectors, and sound systems, as well as the audience (information recipients). If
if these elements are well prepared, the presentation will take place with
success. Time presentation usually already known far previously.
Therefore, the available timeframe allows the presenter to prepare themselves. The problem-
The problems that are feared to arise during the presentation can be reduced with preparation.
mature. The preparation

can start with :3⁄4Analyzing the event. In this case, a presenter must know
First, in what event will he perform the presentation. Event analysis can be carried out.
by creating an event analysis list such as: Which organization is hosting the event?
Apa tujuan organisasi itu? Bagaimana sifat acara yang dilaksanakan? Seberapa resmi acaranya?
Another equally important thing is to know to whom a presenter will address.
delivering a presentation. The presenter must recognize the characteristics of the audience: How many
Who is the audience that will attend? Why are they attending? What do they hope to gain from the topic?
will be presented? How to raise their knowledge about the topic? How old are they,
What is the education of the audience, and what is their gender?

For a presenter, it is like crossing a river. To be safe,

someone must be good at swimming, know what the river contains, how deep it is, whether it is muddy or
No, are there wild animals, and so on. c. Set presentation goals.

After knowing who the audience is, the next step is to set the goals.
presentation. A presentation aimed at conveying the advantages of the products
with the final goal being an invitation to buy a product, of course, the content will be different from
presentation about the introduction of a product or a teaching system.

[Link] place and means.

It is very important for a presenter to know and pay attention to the place.
The presentation will be held. Some things related to this, for example: The room
that will be used for the event, how big and spacious the room is. The facilities that
available. It would be very useful if before the presentation, we try to operate
light buttons, slide projector, and others. Investigate possible disruptions.
For example, if suddenly the lights go out, if suddenly there is disturbing noise, and
other possibilities.

XIII. Audience Analysis in Public Speaking Activities

The effectiveness of a speaker when appearing in front of the public greatly depends on
to what extent does the speaker understand the audience.

Often, the thoughts held by the speaker are not always the same as the thoughts
the public or audience who in this case acts as potential listeners.
Referred to as a prospective listener because before someone speaks in public, it is like
speech, oration, lecture, or seminar, the situation of the prospective listeners must be able to
understood first.

It means trying to understand the background of the prospective audience.

This is important because by understanding the background of the audience's life, it will be easier for us.
enter into the situations and conditions of the audience/communicate, to then
delivering ideas/concepts/knowledge to the communicants, to achieve mutual understanding or
subsequent actions.

You can set your goals without persuading various audiences to

help you. Audience analysis means understanding the interests, values, and goals of
people you want to influence to do something. This may be
the most important skills in management. You must understand how
they think; how they view their interests; what will
make them support

You. This also means you have to give them something they can trust. This can
maintaining open lines of communication before, during, and after the decision-making process
decision.

Audience analysis that is most often neglected has become a challenge in communication.
business. When you have decided what you want to achieve, why you are
to do it, and how to do it.

Start your audience analysis by asking some key questions:

Who is my audience?
What is my relationship with my audience?
3. What is the likelihood of their attitude towards my proposal?
4. How much do they already know?
5. Is my proposal in line with their interests?

[Link] is the audience?

Defining the audience is something that is very clear and important. They are
the people you want to take action -- consumers who must buy
your product, a top that provides what you need, employees that can
achieve greater productivity. In almost all communication situations, supporters
or at least a neutral person from the secondary audience will be very important for
achieve your goals. What opinion makers or sources of information can you
What shapes consumer behavior regardless of your advertising campaign? To whom does the superior belong?
consult before making a decision? which individuals or groups might
has a greater influence on employee attitudes

What are you doing? In what way do you approach various audiences?
Will evaluate your proposal?

Take the time to list each audience member who tends to have a significant influence.
or those who may be influenced by your proposal. Divide this into primary groups and
seconds.

Then check each audience member individually:

The primary audience is the key to making decisions and others.

what support do you need to carry out your project.

Secondary audiences include those who will be affected by your project and people who are involved.
long term, may have some influence on decision making.

It is important to remember that primary and secondary audiences can include more sub-groups;
"employees," for example, may have a conflict of interest between working hours and salary. In addition,
don't ignore the hidden audience, which includes people who might not
You address or receive your email, but it could be that the person will
have an impact on the actions you recommend to be adopted.
Considering a relatively simple communication situation. For example, a hidden audience.
that your superior is your superior (what is meant here is your connection to the leader
you, someone that you will never see during the decision-making process
but with them, you can still communicate. In your message to your superior
You, including the information needed to sell your proposal to your superiors.

When conducting this analysis, you must pay close attention to the individual motives and
group. Some people will support you because they

Your friends, regardless of the benefits of your idea. Don't let support like that
feel a false sense of security about the broader audience's attitude. Others will
supporting you for the same motf not related to yourself. Make sure
Do you understand what this motivation is, so that you can include them in the planning?
You.

Sometimes the main members of your audience will oppose your proposal about
the benefits; they will have a legitimate reason to believe it will not succeed or
not the best approach. In both situations, it is better for you to convey the message
You are straightforward, while acknowledging your opponent's concerns and the benefits of the argument.
they.
[Link] of Audience Understanding

There is nothing more boring than reading a memo that contains information that is already
we know. There is nothing more frustrating than listening to a presentation on the subject
that is familiar. Both of these experiences tend to change neutral viewers
becoming hostile or the audience supporting becoming neutral. Before communicating,
Ask yourself some basic questions about each of your audiences:

1) What familiar information should I base my argument on?

What additional information do they need to understand and evaluate the proposal?
me?

3) How can I speak or write in a language they can understand and

respond?

Analyzing your audience means identifying first to yourself, then

to them-how they will benefit

by supporting you. The benefits that may be as diverse as the nature

human beings themselves, but they consider money, dignity, time, strengthening
friendship, gaining authority, avoiding conflict or embarrassment, enhancing status,
making work easier, and being on the winning side.

[Link] the Audience Demographically

Demographic analysis is the statistical science that studies human populations. The aspects are
the aspects analyzed are human characteristics such as age, gender, education, and
ethnic and cultural background.

Age
Things that need to be analyzed include:

Are the listeners teenagers, middle-aged, or elderly?

Is there a group of people of the same age that dominates among the listeners who
consists of various ages?

Are there any specific relationships among the listeners/audience, such as a relationship...
parent-child?

Thus regarding the audience in public speaking.

Thank you
XIV. The use of correct words and sentences in public speaking

In general, users perceive the terms 'pronunciation', 'articulation', and 'enunciation' as synonyms.
However, in essence, pronunciation encapsulates a different process. Therefore, it can be
defined as the delivery of one syllable or a group of words with observation
articulation, accentuation, and pronunciation.

The less you have, the more you need to develop and
highlight what yang You ownershipword Nathan Sheppard. [Link]
Articulation is the formation and combination of basic language sounds. There are four reasons.
Why do so many speakers have very unclear articulation;
Lack of awareness of the basic sounds of the language, unable to distinguish between similar sounds.
careless and lazy use of the vocal organs and a weak determination.
A person who always understands themselves will know how to handle every weakness.
[Link]

Accentuation is the proper emphasis on syllables within words or sentences, more

known as the term pronunciation. Studying the accentuation of vocabulary that is very
Many, and continuing to follow its usage changes requires a lifelong effort.
However, for keen ears, the study of the origins of words and the habit of opening
The dictionary is proven to be a powerful helper in tasks that will never end.
this. [Link]

The correct pronunciation is a complete delivery of all the sounds of the syllables.
or one word. Incorrect articulation will produce errors in vocal sounds within one.
word or clan word.
Imperfect pronunciation is caused by lack of clarity and stiffness of the lips. This can
corrected carefully the formation of each term

The words when spoken. Berlath pronounces a series of sounds every day quickly.
softening the lips and sharpening the mind, so that every word to be spoken is already
passing through the understanding process of the perfection of sound.

We understand that in accordance with our objectives, when the sound of a word is articulated in a
Exactly, each syllable is emphasized correctly and the true meaning accompanies each sound.
In its pronunciation, it means we already have the correct articulation. Be careful so that
does not emphasize syllables too much, so the sentences feel stiff instead.
boring. Merging must still be done appropriately.

e. 9 Characteristic Becoming Speaker Public and Effectf

The ability to speak in public (public speaking) is one of the supporting factors for
your success, especially if you are dealing with a job that is always facing
other people. Because, as living beings, humans must communicate in ways
state expression through ability presentation and talking.
For some people, the activity of speaking in public is easy, because in
In that person, there is indeed a high level of self-confidence and it is already
has talent in that ability. But, some others consider it as
scary momok because they are indeed lacking in self-confidence and feel inadequate
capability
Improving Trust Here
According to a study published by the University of Wolverhampton, 'A person
speakers who are very confident are seen as more accurate, competent, credible, intelligent,
knowledgeable, likable, and more trustworthy than less credible speakers
here.

When speaking in public, confidence is key. You must have

self-confidence in the subject you will present and be yourself when being in
in front of many people.

Increasing Desire Within Oneself

Without passion, your words have no meaning. You need to radiate sincerity.
in emotions when communicating with the audience if you want to influence them through
presentation. To enhance the desire related to the presentation you want to convey,
so you need to dig deeper into the topic and find things that
attracts your interest.

Being Yourself

You must become someone else during the presentation. What you need to do
just be yourself. Practice being yourself when expressing
your presentation. Avoid memorizing the presentation text or any sentences you will be
Convey during the presentation. Do improvisation during the presentation so it doesn't seem too rehearsed.
Be yourself when delivering it.

Paying Attention to Voice Intonation

If you want to be more engaging as a speaker, then avoid speaking in a monotone.

which seems too flat or a monotonous tone of voice. Do rise and fall in voice and
emphasize certain words so that the audience better understands something that
important to remember.

To practice the correct rhythm and intonation, record yourself while practicing your presentation and
Listen again to your previous voice recording. That way, you will be able to
to know exactly when and where you are

it starts to sound authentic and which parts should be emphasized.

Using Presentation Time Adequately

If you only have 30 minutes to speak in public, don't force it.

here to fill all the time given. Say what you need to say and
Use the remaining time for questions or let the audience leave a little earlier.

If you can complete the presentation in 15 minutes, then do it and let it be.
There is still time open for questions and comments.

Research conducted by Dianne Dukete and David Cornish (2009) shows that,
on average, adults can only maintain attention for about 20 minutes and
that their short-term response to stimuli that attract attention is only
a few moments. This means that when you speak in public, you only have
time eight seconds to capture the audience's attention. Furthermore, if your presentation
takes more than 20 minutes, then you need to break it down into pieces-
small segments with a maximum of 20 minutes per information.

Communicating with the Audience

A presentation is like a conversation, which means you need to convey a message to

other people. In this case, there is no difference between talking to one person or with
one thousand people. So, carry out effective communication, which is communication that is done in two ways.
coordinate by inviting your audience to discuss.

Becoming a Storyteller

One of the best ways to truly engage your audience is by being

a good storyteller. Storytelling is a powerful tool used by speakers
best. By storytelling, you will create an easy-to-hear atmosphere where
Just providing information to them in the hope that they will
storing that information.

You can enter a story about your own experience, or use a story
classic for bringing context to your presentation. Martin Luther King was an expert in
building historical context in his presentation. Look at some of the most popular TED Talks that
inspirational. TED Talks, in general, are heavily driven by stories, and that's one of the reasons
why are they so popular.

Performing Repetition

Repetition can help ensure your audience takes away the main points from
your presentation. It promotes clarity and helps encourage the acceptance of ideas.
To use repetition in your presentation, define what you want the audience
You take from your presentation. Say it. Say it again. And say it for the third time.
in case someone has missed it several times.

Keep practicing

It should be noted that the more you practice presentations, the more spontaneous you will be.
It will sound! And of course, you have to practice in the right way.

Berlath will help you feel more confident and appear more authentic.
thus creating better opportunities to connect with your audience. Which,
Ultimately, it is the ultimate goal of public speaking.

Thank You

Beebe, Steven A. (2017), Public Speaking Handbook - 6th edition, Pearson RentalDunar, Hilbram.
2017. My Public Speaking. Jakarta Gramedia.
th
The Art of Public Speaking Edition, McGraw Hill Zarefsky, David
(2005). Public Speaking Strategies for Success, Pearson USA