English B1 Notes.

Basic words in English.

Sí
Please
No = No.
Gracias
Maybe or Perhaps = Perhaps.
Thank you very much
Formal ways to respond to someone who thanks you:
You're welcome
It's no problem.
It's nothing, no problem.
Making you understand:
Do you speak English?
I don't speak English.
I don't speak much English.
I only speak very little English.
I speak a little English.
Please speak more slowly.
Please write it down.
Could you please repeat that?
I understand
I don't understand
Say hello and goodbye:
Hello, good (colloquial).
Hola (formal).
Buenos días (antes del mediodía).
Buenas tardes (mediodía y las 6 de la tarde).
Buenas tardes (después de las 6).
Buenas noches.
goodbye
Have a nice day!
Goodbye
See you!
Have a good weekend!

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See you soon!
¡Hasta luego!
Other basic phrases:
I know
I don't know.
Excuse me, where's the toilet?
Ladies.
Excuse me, can I go to the bathroom?
Things you could see:
Entrada
Salida
Emergency exit
Push, pull.
Aseos
Free
Occupied or Engaged = Occupied.
Get someone's attention and apologize:
Excuse me, pardon (to get someone's attention).
Perdón.
No problem
It's ok.
Don't worry about it.
Ok
Por supuesto
Of course not
I am in a hurry.
I have to go.
I am going out.
Me gusta
. he
. ella
. It = that.

Common questions:
Really?
Are you sure?

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¿Por qué?
Why not?
¿Qué?
¿Cuándo?
¿Cómo?
¿Cuántos?
The Hour.
To ask for the time:
What time is it? (most used)
What time is it? (less used)
Could you please tell me the time?
To respond:
The same structure is used: It is (It´s) + (the minutes) past/to (+ the hour).
Minutes of the first half hour, from 1 to 29.
From minutes of the second half hour, from 31 to 59.
It is important to note that for an hour, expressed with numbers, when the
minutes range from 31 to 59, for example 7:50, we have to say the minutes
Ten minutes to eight.
When the minutes end in a number other than 0 or 5, it is common to add the word
minutes behind them.
In English, just like in Spanish, there is a special way to say the full hour, the
quarter hours and half an hour.
In written documents when a time is expressed in the division format of
In 12-hour time, the following abbreviations are usually added:
a.m. (ante meridiem) when the time is before twelve noon.
p.m. (post meridiem) when the time is after noon and before midnight
(midnight).
Although, more generally, it is common to use the expressions
In the morning, In the afternoon, In the evening and at night, that approximately
correspond to the following hours:
In the morning, from dawn until noon.
In the afternoon, from 12 noon to 6 in the evening.
In the evening, from 6 PM to 12 midnight.
At night, from 12 midnight until dawn.

Hour Structure Example Meaning

1:00... o'clock one o'clock one o'clock

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1:15 a quarter past one
(a) quarter after a quarter after
(USA) one

1:30 half past (UK) half It's half past one.

half half one
half after... half after one

12:45 PM quarter a quarter to one

(Normal) a quarter till one fourth
a quarter till ...
rare)

1:10 ... past ten It's ten past one.

... after ...(USA) ten after one

12:50... to ten to It's ten to one.

... till ... (USA rare) ten till one

5:15 It's quarter past five (five fifteen) (GB) / quarter after / past five (USA).
6:30 It’s half past six/ six thirty/ half six (colloquial).
3:45 It's a quarter to four.

11:10 It’s ten past eleven.

11:40 It's twenty (minutes) to twelve.

The numbers.

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 The noun

1. Gender.
The noun in English, unlike in Spanish, does not have gender. However, some
Nouns have different forms for masculine and feminine.

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 2. Plural.

1. In general, plurals are formed by adding:

As a general rule.
those adjectives ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x.
2. Special cases:
-Y: is replaced by the i and -es is added.
-F, -FE: is removed and added –ves.
Nouns that have a special form for the plural.
3. Irregular plurals:
teeth
teeth
They lack singular: trousers, shorts, pajamas, tights, glasses, jeans, scissors.
3. Quantity.
1. Countables: Those that can accept a number in front of them and can be counted.
2. Uncountable: Those that require a unit of measurement, or that cannot be counted.

The article.
The article is always variable and does not relate to the gender of the noun nor to the number. Types:
A. Indefinite: A/An = a, an.
A is used when the word following the article starts with a consonant and An when the word
It starts with a vowel, and they are also used to indicate professions.
Defined: The = el, la, los, las.
It is used in the same cases as in Spanish.
C. Zero.
This article does not exist in Spanish and is quite important in English. It is about a non-article.
in front of the noun. It is used when we talk about something general, not concrete or specific.
D. Quantifiers.
Expressions used to express quantity, that are not numbers. They are always placed in front of the noun.
noun. Factors that control its use:
According to the phrase:
Affirmative: Few - A Little. Some, A lot of.
Negativa e interrogativa: Any, Many, Much.
2. According to the noun:
Many and Few: Countable.
Much and Little: Uncountable.
3. Too = Too. It always goes before the adjective. It can also accompany a.
noun and with the same meaning, but in that case we must add Much or Many (if it is
accountable or not). It is important not to confuse this too quantifier with the too adverb,
what does it mean also. This always goes at the end of the sentence and is separated by a comma.

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4. Enough = Sufficient. It always goes after the adjective. Although it also appears with nouns.
being in this case its position in front of the noun.

E. Saxon Genitive.
Structure used to indicate possession or belonging. It is only used with people. Its
the structure is very simple = owner + 'S (when the owner's name ends in -s only
we will add the apostrophe) + possessed object.
The Adjective.

1. Use.
It always appears in singular and never in plural. It always goes before the noun. It can never...
to go alone.

2. Noun as adjectival function.

On many occasions, we use a noun in the role of an adjective, that is, a complement.
of the name. The same rules as for adjectives are used. Let us not forget that when we
For people we must use the Saxon genitive.
3. Adjective + One, Ones.
We always have to place a noun or a pronoun next to the adjective and never
nominalize this.
4. Comparative adjectives.
The syllabication of words in Spanish is based on their written form, that is, on their fixation.
spelling. In English, however, syllabication is based on pronunciation. Thus,
we can differentiate between short adjectives (only one syllable) and long adjectives (they have two or more)
syllables).

Of superiority and inferiority = More than / less than.

Short adjectives:
. More than: Adjective + -Er + Than. Those that end in consonant/vowel/consonant.
double the last consonant + those that end in -y change to -ier.
. Less than: Less + adjective + than.
. More than: More + adjective + than.

Long adjectives:
. More than: More + adjective + than.
. Less than: Less + adjective + than.

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Exception to the rule: two-syllable adjectives that end in -y, -ow, and -er are considered as
short adjectives add -er instead of more. All comparisons must use the
comparative pronoun Than if the second comparative term appears in the sentence.
Adjectives of equality: 'As...As...'.
There is no difference between short adjectives and long adjectives. For the negative form, we place 'not'.
in front of the first particle 'as'.
Superlative Adjectives: The most/the least.

Short adjectives:
. More than: Adjective + -est. Those ending in consonant/vowel/consonant double the last one.
consonant + those that end in -y change to -ier.
. Less than: The Least + adjective.

Long adjectives:
. The most + adjective.
. The least + adjective.

Irregular comparatives and superlatives:

good
malo
tarde
poco
mucho
many
old

5. Demonstrative Adjectives.
Este, Esta.
Estos, Estas
That = This, That, That one, That one.
Those = Those, Those, Those, Those.
6. Possessive Adjectives.
They express who is the owner of something we are talking about. They are placed in front of the
noun they accompany.
My–Your–His–Her–Its–Our–Your–Their
The Pronoun.

1. Subject Personal Pronouns.

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I
2. Object Pronouns.
(For me, for you, it gave me, it brought you) have the function of object or complement.

Me–You–Him–Her–It–Is–You–Then
3. Possessive Pronouns.
(Mine, yours, yours), indicate the possession or belonging of an element by
from a holder but without the holder, that is, the noun, appearing explicitly.
Mine–Yours–His–Hers–Its–Ours–Yours–Theirs
4. Indefinite Pronouns.
We take a quantifier first and add one of the mentioned particles to it,
forming a single term with both:
Some Body (personas)
Any One (personas)
No Thing
Every Where (places)
In the case of compounds of 'No', we will have to use a verb in affirmative form.
since one of the main rules of English grammar is that 'there can never be two
negations in a sentence, since two negations affirm, and the compounds of 'No' are
they consider negations.

5. Interrogative Pronouns.
They are used to determine in a question what the objective of that question is:
What
Who
Which
When
Where
Why
How
How Much (Uncountable)
How Many (Countable)
How Long
To ask about a characteristic of something, a compound of is generally used.
pronoun "How":
How Old
How Tall

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 How Big
How Often
How deep
The Adverb
Just like in Spanish, the adverb modifies, affects, changes or relates to the adjective, another
adverb and mainly with the verb.
1. Rules.
They are always placed between the subject and the verb except in the case of the verb To Be, which is placed afterwards.
of the verb.
When the verb is compound, they are always placed after the first word that forms the verb.
2. Types.
a) Formation of adverbs ending in -Mente: we will add the particle -Ly. There are
irregular adjectives:

Good–Well
Fast–Fast
Hard- Hard
b) Adverbs of Frequency.
Never
Seldom
Hardly Ever
Sometimes
Often
Usually
Generally
Always
Verb To Be.
It means 'To be'. It is used as an auxiliary verb for certain tenses of other verbs.
a) Simple Present:
I Am/I'M/Not
You Are/´S/Aren't
He/She/It Is/Isn't
We Are/´Re/Aren't
You Are/´Re/Aren't
They Are/Are not
b) Simple Past:

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I Was/Wasn’t
You Were/Weren't
He/She/It Was/Wasn't
We Were/Weren't
You Were/Weren't
They Were/Weren't

c) Simple Future:
I Will Be
You Will Be/Won't Be
He/She/It Will Be/Won't Be
We Will Be/Won't Be
You Will Be/Won't Be
They Will Be/Won't Be

UNIT 1. HOME AND HABITS.

1. Prepositions of time.
There are three basic time prepositions in English: At, In, and On.
At: It is used with expressions that contain hours.
I usually get up at 7 o'clock.
There are also expressions like lunch time, midday, midnight.
We normally have lunch at midday.
It is also used with expressions like at the weekend, at night, at new year, etc.
It is used with expressions of time that contain:
in the morning
I usually work in the afternoon.
Meses del año (in May, December,etc).
For example. In Romania, it snows in December.

Primavera
For example, I like to relax on the beach in the summer.

Years (in 1989)

We are in 2009.
It is used with time expressions that contain:
Lunes

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I always do my English homework on Sunday.
When it is intended to say that a situation occurs every Monday, Tuesday, etc.; the expression is used
of time with the plural mark.
I go swimming on Saturdays.
If it is a "composed" expression by the day and a part of the day (Monday morning), the
preposition agrees with the first word, that is, with the day: On Monday morning
(afternoon, evening, night).
Dates (3thJuly).
For example, the national day of the US is on the [Link].

Exceptions:
When we talk about the weekend, although it refers to days of the week, the time preposition
that is used is At (at the weekend).
I don't wake up early on the weekend.
When we talk about official holidays: at Christmas, at Easter.
He always goes skiing at Christmas.
2. Frequency adverbs, question forms.
They indicate the frequency or periodicity with which someone does something or things happen.
Table from highest to lowest frequency:
Always
Very often
Often
Frequently
Usually
Normally
Generally
Sometimes
Occasionally
Ever
Rarely
Hardly ever
Seldom
Never
I always eat at two o'clock.
You don't go to the cinema very often.
He often sings in the pub.
They never do this kind of things.

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 Frequency Expressions.
Every Hour
Morning
Afternoon
Evening
Day
Sunday
Week
Month
Year
I go to the gym every day.
She travels to England every year.
We study every evening (afternoon/night).
Other expressions.
Once
Twice
Three times
Thrice (three times, archaic and literary English)
From time to time
Every now and then
Every now and then
Once, twice, three times an hour (at the hour) a month
a day a year
a week
I eat three times a day.
She visits her family from time to time.
The children fall down every now and then.
Position of adverbs of frequency.
1. If there is only one main verb, it is usually placed before the main verb and after the.
verb To Be (except imperative).
I always go to the cinema on Sundays
He is never here.
Never be ill!
If there is more than one verb (modal or compound tense), the adverb will go after the first verb.
the assistant.
I have never been to London.
I can never have breakfast before 9:00.

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 In interrogative and negative sentences, the adverb is placed before the main verb.
I don’t usually get up early.
Have you ever been in London?
4. "Usually", "Normally", "Generally", "Frequently", "Sometimes" and "Occasionally" can
to place at the beginning or at the end of the sentence for greater emphasis.
For example. Sometimes I go to the gym on weekends.
I visit her occasionally
5. "Often", "Seldom" and "Rarely" can go in final position especially if preceded by
very or quite.
I go there very often.
6. Frequency expressions formed with 'every', 'most' or 'some' can be in position
final or initial.
The doctor comes to visit her every morning.
Some Sundays we have a walk.
7. Frequency expressions formed with 'once', 'twice'... usually go at the end.
He plays football twice a week.

3. Present Simple and Present Continuous.

I. Present Simple.

A. Forma. (Afirmativa, Negativa, Interrogativa).

I work
Youwork/don´t work/Doyouwork?
He/She/It works/doesn't work/Does he/she/it work?
We work / don't work / Do we work?
You work / don't work / Do you work?

They work
Affirmative: Base form of the verb, except for the 3rd person singular which ends in -s or -es.
Orthographic rules:
Words ending in –o, -ss, -sh, -ch, or –x add –es.
Ex.
Finished with a vowel +y add a-s.
Ej. Say-Says.
Those that end in consonant +y change the y to i before adding -es.
Ej. Try-tries.
Negative: Don't or Doesn't in the 3rd person singular, before the base form of the verb.
Interrogative: Do or Does + subject + verb. If the verb is to do, it will be auxiliary and main verb at the same time.
time.

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Remember that have got, to be and modal verbs do not need the auxiliary do/does in the negative or
interrogative.
B. Uses:
Talking about habitual actions or routines.
General or scientific facts.
With the stative verbs.
With schedules and programs.
Permanent situations or states.
The train leaves at 4 o'clock.
I live in the town where I was born.
Adverbs of frequency, Time expressions: always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally,
frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never. At 1 o'clock, at night, in the morning, on Fridays.
every week, once a month, how often...?
II. Present Continuous.

A. Form.
I Am I singing? / I am not singing.
You are singing / aren't you singing / Are you singing?

He/She/It is singing/isn't singing/Is he/she/it singing?

We are singing/aren't singing/Are we singing?
You are singing / aren't singing / Are you singing?
They are singing
Affirmative: to be in the present + main verb to which we add –ing following the next
spelling rules:
*Finished with a silent–e, loses the–e: ride–riding.
Finished in–y, it keeps: pay–paying.
*Finished in–ie, change–ie, by–y: die–dying.
Ends in one syllable, ending in vowel + consonant, double the last one (except wy x): run–
running
Syllable with a flat accent ending in l or p, double it: travel–traveling.
Syllable with acute accent ending in vowel + consonant, double the last one.
Negative: It is formed with the verb To Be + not + the verb ending in -ing.
Interrogative: To Be + the verb in -ing.
B. Uses.
Saying what is happening at the moment of speaking.
Express prolonged actions that are occurring in a broader present.
To say what we will do for sure in the near future because we have set it.
in advance.

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 With the adverb always, to denote a complaint.
He is always complaining.

4. Stative Verbs.
They indicate a state rather than an action, and are usually used in Present Simple. They are related to:
dislike
Pensamiento y la opinión: believe, forget, guess, now, remember, think, understand.
La percepción y los sentidos: feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste, touch.
Prices and measurements: cost, measure, weigh.
Possession: have, belong, own, contain, include, etc.
Existence: exist, remain, consist, seem, mean, matter, etc.
Some indicate both state and activity and can be used in the simple and continuous forms.
Mrs. Donna thinks the book is wonderful.
He is thinking about going to Malta in the summer.
While the verb see in Present continuous indicates a predetermined future action.
Brian and I are meeting Ann tonight.

5. Countable and Uncountable Nouns.

Characteristics of countable nouns:

They can be counted.
They have a singular form and a plural form.
Numbers can be used in front of them to express their quantity.
Indefinite articles (a/an) can be used in front of them.
Ex. Coin (currency).
Plural form: coins. It is correct to say 3 coins. Also, it is correct to say a coin.
For example, Hamburger (hamburger).

Plural form: hamburgers. It is correct to say 3 hamburgers. It is also correct to say a

hamburger.
Penny (cent)
Plural form: pennies. It is correct to say 30 pennies. It is also correct to say a penny.
Characteristics of uncountable nouns.

Words like sugar and money are uncountable in Spanish, since we cannot say
two sugars, three coins.
They have no plural form.
They cannot be counted.
They cannot be used with the indefinite articles (a/an) in front of them.
For example: Flour

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 Plural form: it is said flour, you cannot say flours, it is not correct to say 3 flours, it is not correct
say to flour.
e.g. Milk
Plural form: it is said milk, one cannot say milks, it is not correct to say 5 milks, it is not correct.
say a milk.
Snow
Plural form: it is said snow, it cannot be said snows, it is not correct to say 10 snows, it is not
it is correct to say snow.
Sugar
Plural form: it is said sugar, it cannot be said sugars, it is not correct to say 4 sugars, it is not correct.
say to sugar.

6. A few, a little, many, much, a lot of, lots of.

I. 'much'/'many'/'a lot of' translates to 'mucho'.

The rules that apply are as follows, although there is some flexibility:
a) In affirmative sentences: 'a lot of'.
b) In negative and interrogative sentences:
*With countable nouns “many”: many books, many coins, many girls...
With uncountable nouns 'much': much time, much effort, much energy...

II. "Little"/"few" translates to "poco".

a) With countable nouns 'few': few books, few pencils, few tickets...
b) With uncountable nouns 'Little': Little sugar, Little rain, Little water...
She is very friendly and has a lot of friends.
I don't have many paintings in my flat.
When you were unemployed, did you receive much help from your family?
This bookshop has few books about Spanish history.
There is little hope that the hostage will be released.
7. Prepositions of place.
The prepositions at, on, and in tell us where someone or something is.
We use at to indicate a point: at the bus stop, at the station, at the
station, by the sea, at school and at a party.
We use on (over, above) to indicate a surface: on the table, on the
wall, on the coast, on the border.
We use 'in' (in, inside) when someone or something is in a place: in a building,
in a field, in the water, in South America.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(A) FEW:
"A few" and "few" are used with plural countable nouns to indicate a small amount. The difference
The difference between both expressions lies in that 'a few' implies that the quantity is
small, but sufficient, that is, it is a positive idea, while 'few' indicates that
the amount is small and insufficient, which implies a negative idea.
Ej. I have a few friends. I have some few friends. (Son sufficient)
There are few books in the library. (They are insufficient)

A LITTLE
"A little" and "little" are used with uncountable nouns to indicate a small amount. Just like in the case
previously, the difference between both expressions lies in that 'a little' implies
that the amount is small, but sufficient, that is to say, it is a positive idea, while
"little" indicates that the amount is small and insufficient, which implies an idea
negative.
Today I have a little free time. (It's enough)
John has very little money. (It is insufficient)

*MUCH:
"Much" is used with uncountable nouns to indicate a large quantity. It is used in sentences.
negatives and questions.
Example.I don't have much [Link] I have a lot money
Is there much water in the bottle?

MANY
Many is used with countable nouns to indicate a large quantity. It is used in negative sentences.
and questions, although sometimes it can also be used in affirmative sentences.
There aren't many pictures on the wall.
Are there many chairs in the room?
A LOT OF
A lot of is used with both countable and uncountable nouns to indicate a large quantity.
The difference with 'much' and 'many' is that 'a lot of' is used in affirmative sentences.
There are a lot of pictures on the wall.
I have a lot of money.
There is not much difference between 'lots of/a lot of.' Both are used before uncountable nouns.
(singular) or countable nouns (plural), only that 'lots of' is more informal than 'a lot of' and is used
more in casual conversations.

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Vocabulary Unit 1.
As Balcony
Corners Bathroom
Electricity Bedroom
Few Corridor
Dining Room
Ground Garage
Job Garden
In/On Hall
Third (third floor or level) Kitchen
Lavatory
Belong Living room
Change Stairs
Consist Armchair
Contain Bath
Dream Bell
Exit Blankets
Fill Chest of drawers
Forget Cooker (Stove)
Guess Cupboards
Improve Cushions
Include Dishwasher
Matter (Import) Fridge
Mean (Average) Microwave
Need Mirror
Own Pillow
Paint Sink
Prefer Sofa
Relax Taps
Remember Toilet
Seem Towels
Suppose Washbasin
Understand Washing machine

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UNIT 2. STUDENT DAYS
1. Past Simple and Past Continuous.
Past Simple.
A. Uses:
I. Talk about actions that occurred at a specific moment in the past.
II. Expressing consecutive actions in the past.
III. Indicate that a short action (Introduced by When) happened when another longer one did.
It was in process. (E.g. Phil was returning home when his car broke down).
IV. Describe or tell how things were in the past. (E.g. In the 19thcentury, women
didn't wear bikinis.
V. The temporal expression ago is placed after the indicated period of time and is translated
for "ago". (e.g. They left two hours ago).
B. Form:
BE.
You/We/They were / weren't / were you / we / they...? Yes, you/we/they were...

Yes, I/He/She/It was...

I/He/She/ Was/Wasn't/Was I/He/She/It...? No, You/We/They weren't...
No, I/He/She/It wasn't...
MOST OTHER VERBS.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They watched TV yesterday.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't watch TV yesterday.
Did I/You/He/She/It/We/They watch TV yesterday? Yes, I/You/He/She/It/We/They did.
No I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't.
Structure:
Affirmative: the Past simple of a regular verb is formed by adding -ed to its base form. Rules
Orthographic additions–ed:
Those ending in -emuda only add -d: prove - proved.
Those that end in a vowel + -y add -ed: stay - stayed.
The endings consonant + -y change laypori: carry- carried.
Those with one syllable ending in a vowel + consonant double the last one (except for w and x): Stop–
Stopped but fixed.
Irregular verbs do not follow any of these processes.
Negative: We use did not (didn't) + the base form of the verb.
Interrogative: We put did + the subject + the main verb.

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 Past Continuous.
A. Uses.
I. To say what was happening at a specific moment in the past.
II. To express that a long action was in progress when a short one occurred. The long one takes
while o as y the short, when.
III. Expressing that several actions occurred simultaneously in the past. In this case they go
joined by while or as.
B. Form.
I/He/She/It was writing / wasn't writing / Was I/He/She/It writing? Yes, I/He/She/It was
Yes, You/We/They
were
You/We/They were writing/were not writing/Were You/We/They writing?
No, I/He/She/It wasn’t.
No, you/we/they weren't.
Structure:
Affirmative: We put 'to be' in the past + the main verb ending in -ing.
Negative: It is formed by adding not to was/were (wasn't/weren't) + the main verb ending in
-ing.
Interrogative: We put to be + the subject + the verb with -ing.
2. When, While and as.
We can use Whe, Whileoas to introduce an activity in the past continuous.
When I was watching TV, the telephone rang.
We generally use 'When' to introduce an action in the simple past.
I was watching TV when the telephone rang.
Asse is used to give a sense of equality or the same, for example:

He works as a waiter. He is a waiter. He = waiter

He works as a waiter.
3. Used to
It is used to talk about actions that were frequent in the past but are no longer so.
Every night, Bob used to dream about
Used to is also used to talk about past states and situations.
used to live on this Street). It is only used in the past, to talk about regular things in the
We use the present simple with adverbs like usually, every day, etc.
Form:
I/You/He/She/It/We/They used to play with dolls.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't use to play with dolls.

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* Time expressions Past simple and Past continuous:
Past Simple: Yesterday, last week/year, two days ago, in 2007, in the 1980s, in the 18th
century, when, then...
Past Continuous: last night/week/year, at 4 o'clock, when, while, as…

4. Vocabulary
A. Take, sit, pass, fail, lose, miss, learn, teach and study.
Take/sit/pass/fail an exam
To take an exam means to take an official test. 'Sit' is a bit more formal than
"Take", and it is only used in the UK (to sit/take an exam). E.g.:
We have to take an exam at the end of the course.
We have to write an exam at the end of the course.
Pass/Fail an exam: If you pass an exam, you are successful as you achieve a good grade (pass).
But if you fail an exam, you are not successful, as you have not done a good job (fail).
Lose or miss?: Normally, something that happens eventually is lost, like missing a train.
because it has already come out, or to miss an opportunity (Miss). Example:

I do not want to miss my class.

I do not want to lose my class.
Normally, one tends to lose one thing (Lose). For example:
I have lost my umbrella.
Learn, teach or study?: "Learn" is used to refer to when we learn new things.
knowledge. E.g. :
I want to learn how to drive.
Teach is used to refer to situations where we are being taught, acquiring.
knowledge or skills. E.g.:
My dad taught me how to drive.
My dad taught me how to drive.
“Study” is used to refer to actions such as going to school, reading books, etc. It also
we use when we work to understand new ideas or facts. e.g.:
He is studying biology at university.

Starting off (Vocabulary).

Have lunch in the school canteen. Catch the school bus: Take the bus
Lunch in the school cafeteria. school
The alarm clock rings. Go to school.
The teacher takes attendance.
registration (attendance).

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 B. Earn, have, make, spend and take.
"Have" is translated as tener (possession).
Can you have fun?
"Make" is translated as do, build, manufacture (transitive verb).
Can you make friends?
"Take" is translated as to take, to grab, to hold.

Do you take your time to do things carefully?

care?)
Spend translates to spend.
Do you spend most of your time helping people?
helping others?)
Earn is translated as ganar.
Can you earn a good wage?

UNIT 3. FUN TIME

1. Verbs followed by to or – ing.
 Some verbs are followed by the ing form of other verbs.
For example, everyone enjoys listening to music. I've finished reading my book.

Verbos:admit, avoid, dislike, fancy, feel like, imagine, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off,
suggest.
 Some verbs are followed by the infinitive (to) of other verbs.
We expected to win the game. I can’t afford to buy a bike.
Verbos:agree, appear, attempt, begin, decide, demand, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, offer,
plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want, would like.
 Some verbs are followed by the -ing form or the infinitive (to) of another verb with a
similar meaning.
I love playing tennis. I love to play tennis. It continued raining all day. It continued to rain all.
day.
Verbos:begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start.
 Some verbs are followed by the -ing form or the infinitive (to) of another verb but with a
different meaning.
Remember
Did you remember to bring your running shoes?
do).

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 I remember feeling very tired at the end of the race.
in the past).
Forget
Don't forget to bring your tennis racket (an action you have to do)
I'll never forget winning my first tennis championship (a memory of
something in the past).
Regret
I regret to tell you the race has been canceled.
to inform means: I'm sorry to give you this information).
I regret not training harder before the race (I'm sorry I didn't do this).
Try
I'm running every day because I'm trying to get fit (my aim is to get fit).
If you want to get fit, why don't you try swimming? (Swimming is a way to
achieve what you want).
Stop
Verb + infinitive: During the race, he stopped to drink some water (in order to drink some
water.
Verb + -ing: When he realized he couldn’t win, he stopped running (he didn’t continue).

2. Phrasal Verbs.
They are verbs followed by one or two particles, with a meaning different from what each word has.
separately.
They can be transitive or intransitive. Example:
How did you get to the party?
I set off at 8 o'clock.
Most transitive verbs allow the direct object to be inserted between the verb and the
particle: if it is a noun it can go in the middle or not, but if it is a pronoun it must be placed between both.
For example:
I'm going to pick up my brother at the station.
I'm going to pick my brother up at the station.
I’m going to pick him up at the station.
However, some transitives, all intransitives, and those formed by two particles are
inseparables. Ex:
Abel is looking for his keys / looking for them.
Some verbs can be combined with different particles to form different phrasal verbs.
get across(comunicar, hacer entender, cruzar, atravesar).
get by
get through

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In addition, many phrasal verbs have more than one meaning:
get into (to enter / to get involved in, to be interested in)

turn down (lower (the volume), reject)

turn up (increase (the volume), appear, present oneself)
Switch off (turn off, disconnect, lose attention).

3. Vocabulary
Collecting (unusual objects): Collecting forward
objects Quota.
Staying (in shape) Hours: Hour.
Flying (in a balloon): Fly (in a balloon). trip
Going (dancing): Go out/Go (to dance). Part
Playing (computer games): Playing (games). Valor.
Sailing (a boat): Navigation by sail (in a boat). Indirect
Seeing (friends): Going out (with friends). Informal.
Sending (text messages): Send (messages). (un)Kind: Not very kind.
Surfing (the internet): Browsing (through Impatient.
internet).
Untidy: Disorderly.
Diving (underwater): Submarinismo.
(un)True: False.
Advice

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Admit Brocha
To afford Camera: Photography camera.
Avoid: Dodge/escape. Camper: Camper.
Decide Collection
Wait Collector
Embellished Cook: To cook, cook.
Finish Cook, stove.
Hope: To expect that. Cyclist
Aprender. Helmet: Helmet (bicycle).
Manage: Direct, handle. Instrument: Instrument, tool.
Mind, memory. Musician: Musician.
Miss: To fail, to err. Horno
Promise Pintar
Suggest Painter: Painter.
To want/to feel like Photographer
Would like: Gustaría. Camping tent.
Backpack Chess (player).
Bicycle

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