DRAWING WITH TOOLS

INTRODUCTION:
Technical drawing encompasses works such as sketches and/orsketchschemes,diagrams
representations of all types of mechanical elements,plansofarchitectureurbanismetc.
resolved with the assistance ofconceptsgeometricwhere they are appliedmathematics
theEuclidean geometry,various types ofperspectivesscales,etc. That is why in the drawing
It is necessary for the technician to use various instruments that help the draftsman achieve greater precision.
in the work; it is important for the draftsman to develop previously the
freehand drawing, as the initial ideas and designs are made by hand before they are
make precise drawings with instruments.

The main instruments in drawing are: Drawing board and machines, T-square,
30, 45, and 60 degree triangles, drawing paper; compassScale rulerEraser, etc. In this
We will talk about each of these instruments and the conditions to take into account for
the durability and efficiency of these.
The materials that we continuously use in Technical Drawing are:

RULE.

It is a fundamental tool that every illustrator must have. It can be graduated from
according to the Metric Decimal System or according to the English measurement system.

TYPES: The most common types are: wood, metal, and plastic; graduated in
centimeters, with indication of the millimeters; 30 centimeters in length;
flat or in various forms, depending on the manufacturer.

USE: The use of the ruler is to work with normal scale, 1:1, and it is a
necessary instrument for the drawing student and other purposes. It must be used
only to measure, never to trace.

CAUTION: Like any tool, the rules are made to work

good work for many years, as long as they are used within
certain rules of care and cleanliness. Falls, bumps, scrapes, and
other accidents that cause deterioration.

RULE T.

It is a very common instrument in drawing rooms.

For the student, it means to be available for use.
about a portable board, of the base equipment for the
execution of their work. Professional artists it
used for drawing horizontal lines and for
support the squares when drawing vertical lines and
inclined.

TYPES: The main types are:

Made of wood. They are completely flat and are used for working with pencil and mechanical pencil.
Made of wood. With edges made of plastic materials and manufactured in such a way that they do not touch the

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 paper. They are used to draw lines with a ruler or with fountain pens for Chinese ink.
Made of metal. Useful for certain jobs. They have the property of not deforming.

Caution: Like all drawing instruments, the T square is delicate and requires
with appropriate treatment. Precautions are recommended for its preservation.
next:

Keep it fully supported on a flat surface.

Prevent their chants from suffering damage.
When drawing with a pencil, excessive pressure against the edge should be avoided. When drawing with
The T-square must be careful not to cause damage to the edge. The T-square must be cleaned.
with a dry cloth and wash with gasoline.

SQUADRON

The squares are used with the T-Square and with the Parallel Rule. Essentially, they are used for
used for drawing vertical and inclined lines at 60°, 45°, and 30°, although by combining them it
you can obtain multiple angles of 15°. The Adjustable Square is also manufactured, with which
Any angle can be drawn.

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 COMPASS

The compass is used for drawing circles and arcs.

the instrument is also, like all the previous ones, fundamental for
the draftsman. The compass is made of brass or steel. The screws
to achieve this, they must be kept tight during assembly.
each case contains a small tool. When it is possessed.
a case that contains various instruments and their
corresponding interchangeable parts are an essential requirement
take care of it and avoid loss of parts that would lead to uselessness
from the entire team.

TYPES: Several types of compasses are manufactured according to different needs

of the drawing, which can be summarized as follows:

Piece compass: it is the normal compass to which accessories can be attached.

the mechanical pencil or pencil.

Dry point compass: it has sharp steel points at both ends and is used for
take or transfer measurements.

Beard comb: it is characterized by keeping the opening radii fixed. The opening of
this compass is adjusted using a screw or threaded shaft. It is used for drawing
small circles and equal circlesradio.
Beam compass: it is used to draw very small arcs or circles. It is
formed by an arm that serves as a vertical axis for the pencil holder to rotate around it.

WARNING: To achieve maximum performance from the compass it is necessary to remember

its applications and the possibilities of each type. Furthermore, like any instrument
for accuracy, certain precautions must be taken to avoid their deterioration, the
which can be summarized like this:

. Constantly protect the steel tip. Its deterioration ruins everything.

instrument.
. Protect the chalk line to avoid impacts and blows that deform it. This is achieved by
an optimal result in the quality of the layout.
. Protect the graphite tip to prevent it from breaking.
. Keep the graphite tip sharp to achieve the perfection of the line.

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 DRAWING BOARD

To make a drawing it is necessary to have a

appropriate surface equipped with some assistants
basics. This surface is the drawing board, which
you can have your own support armor or be,
simply, a board that must be supported on a
table or armor.

The board is made of wood and constructed in such a way that it does not
neither bends nor warps occur. When studying
It is advisable to work on a board for drawing.
appropriate for acquiring the habit and skill in the use of the instruments
appropriate.

Currently, with the advancements made by the plastic industry, they are offered in the
Trade Drawing Boards made of synthetic material. This type of board reduces costs.
considerably the selling price and makes its acquisition possible for students.

FEATHERS FOR INK CHINA

The modern instruments that are available to the

professional illustrators, help with precision, perfection and
cleaning of the work. Due to modern methods of
manufacturing, prices have dropped to the limit that makes
possible use of those instruments by the students
of drawing. An example of what was noted are the ink pens
China.

PENS: This type of pen can be

acquire individually, in sets of various
and even in complex cases, where it is
until the ink to refill them

WARNING: Its maintenance is a bit more complex than conventional pens. Without
embargo, the economic result of their care when used regularly. Above all, it
it must avoid damaging the tip of the pen, as an obstruction or bend in it would cause
defective lines.

Chinese ink
It is a black liquid, fluid, unalterable to light, and comes in bottles equipped with
pen holder or tube with a cap.

Manner of using it: In any case, once the time to use it arrives, it is
fundamental requirement to remember the following points regarding its handling
optimal

. Do not leave the container uncovered.

. Clean the instruments immediately after use. Use fresh water to wash.
the dirty instruments with India ink.
. When it comes to cleaning fountain pen nibs, ruling pens, or other instruments
small, it is advisable to soak them in a container with water and detergent.

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 TEMPLATES FOR IRREGULAR CURVES

The templates for irregular curves are used for tracing

those lines with variable curvature radii. The
contours of these templates are made using the
system of combining ellipses, spirals, and others
mathematical curves. To use these templates the
The draftsman must first trace the succession of points.
that determine the course of the curve. Then it coincides
the template with the points, which is achieved only by
approximation.

PENCILS

The pencil is essential for every drawer. But not

All pencils are useful for drawing. It is necessary.
use those specifically manufactured for
this end.

MINAS: The pencils for drawing are

made with graphite mines, the
which can be acquired in a
hardness scale that ranges from the most
smooth even for the toughest.

PENCIL LEAD: The graphite mines from which pencils are made are
they obtain without the wooden covers. To use them, a mechanical pencil is available,
which consists of a metal sleeve with an automatic mechanism to pull out
the mine.

NAME: The classification, according to its degree of hardness, is as follows:

Characteristics Classified.
Use
Very soft and black 4B Too much

Very soft and very black 3B Soft

Soft and very black 2B Sketch

Soft and black B Labeling

Semi soft and black HB
Semi soft F

Hard H
To outline
Harder 2H

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 Very hard 3H

Remarkably tough 5H
For outlines
Very tough 6H
Stone Hardness 7H Too Hard

CARRIER

The protractor is an instrument for measuring angles. It consists of a circle with

divisions of degrees and minutes. When they are made on a complete circumference,
It consists of 360°. Each degree is subdivided into 10'. In some instruments, each minute
It has a subdivision, indicating 30.

It is also very common to have a semicircular protractor. In this case, only

has indicated
180°.

Like all drawing instruments, the protractor requires very special care. The damage
that its edge hinders proper appreciation of the indication in the reading.

ESCALIMETERS

The scale rulers are measuring instruments, similar to a ruler, generally made of
triangular in shape although there are also flat ones. They are commonly made of wood,
metal, plastic material...

The most commonly used scale ruler is the triangular one; it generally has a length of 30.
cts., consists of three sides and on each side has two scales. Consequently, with a
triangular scale we can manage six different scales, its vertices form angles
sharp angles without curvatures that allow us to carry out a
More accurate reading of the scale used.

GENERAL CONDITIONS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT

a) The T rule should only move horizontally and on the paper, making
contact with the left edge of the drawer. When it moves at an angle,
it can stain or become uneven
b) When moving the triangles, it should be avoided that the fingers touch the paper because of sweat and
other elements cause stains.
c) To sharpen the tips of the pencils, you need sandpaper and a cloth or cotton. The sharpening
it is done outside the hood, cleaning the tip afterwards with cotton or the cloth;
Otherwise, we will stain the drawings.
d) The tip of the pencil should always be cleaned with a cloth or cotton.
e) Before drawing, hands must be washed.

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 f) The restorer should not be cleaned by hand, but with a brush.
g) Excessive sweating should be avoided as much as possible, because it can occur.
in case the drops of sweat fall on the drawing.
h) Avoid constantly touching your hair, as natural oil or dirt can fall.
about paper or getting your hands dirty.
The drawn lines should not touch with the tips of the fingers.
j) To draw, you must have a flat, hard surface and not work on surfaces
smooth and slightly flat.
k) At the end of drawing, the drawing instruments must be cleaned. The set squares and the ruler.
They are cleaned with a clean, damp cloth or a little cotton. They should also be
clean the compasses, just like the pencils.

IMPORTANCE
For all technicians and engineers, it is extremely important to handle and use the instruments.
of DRAWING, since these will allow the draftsman to execute strokes with greater accuracy than that of
freehand, besides giving the drawing readability, which means it will be easy to interpret and
that the dimensions of the drawing are such that they do not lead to errors in interpretation or in
measures.

With constant practice, it reinforces theoretical concepts of technical drawing which will be seen
reflected in the ease of carrying out tasks without errors, especially in assisted work by
computer since a wrong command can ruin the work.