Power and Cost of Heating Thick Fluids
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ScribdTranslationsPower and Cost of Heating Thick Fluids
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ScribdTranslations1-Often, thick fluids like asphalt and wax need to be
heated to reduce the viscosity of these and thus lower costs
pumping. Consider the flow of a fluid in a 100 m long pipe, with a
external diameter of 30 cm, in static ambient air at 0 °C. The tube is heated
electrically and a thermostat keeps the surface temperature constant
external surface of the tube at 25 °C. The emissivity of the external surface of the tube is 0.8
and the effective temperature of the sky is -30 ̊C. Determine the nominal power of the
electric resistance heater, in KW, that needs to be used. Likewise,
determine the cost of electricity associated with heating the tube during
a period of 15 hours, under the conditions previously given, if the price of electricity
it is 1.70 pesos/KWh.
Data:
L = 100 m
De= 30 cm
0°C
25 °C
ε = 0.8
-30 °C
$elec= 1.70 pesos/KWh.
Step 1. We calculate the properties of the air at 1 atm and the temperature of the film
From (Ts + T∞) / 2 = (25 + 0) / 2 = 12.5 °C. Once that's done, we look for that.
temperature in Table A-15.
Step 2. Collect the data on dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity and
Prandtl number from table A-15 at a temperature of 12.5 °C. Obtaining it
next.
K = 0.02458 W/m * K
v = 1.448X10−5 2/
= 0.7330
Step 3. We calculate the volumetric expansion coefficient.
1 1
= = 0.003503K−1
( 12.5 + 273 K
)
Step 4. We analyze the characteristic length in this case, which is the outer diameter.
from the pipe, Lc = D = 0.3 m. Next, we calculate the Rayleigh number, number of
Nusselt, ..., surface area.
( − ∞) 3 9.81 m/s2 )(0.003503K−1 )(− 0K)(0.3m)3
= = ( 0.7330 )
2 (1.448x10−5 2 / )2
= 8.107x107
1 1
7 6
0.387Ral 6
2=
(0.387)(8.107x10) 2=
Nu = {0.6 + 9} {0.6 + 9} 53.29
[1 + 0.559/P_r) 16 [1 + 0.559/(0.7330) 16
0.02458 W/m *̊
ℎ= = (53.29) = 4.366w/m2∗ ̊
0.3m
2
= = ( 0.3m
)( 100m) 94.25m
Step 5. The conduction of heat transfer is determined.
̇ =ℎ ( 2
− )∞ = (4.366 W/m(94.25m 2
)(25 ̊ − 0̊C) = 10287 W
Step 6. Determine the heat loss by radiation from the cylinder.
̇ = ( 4 − 4)
(0.8)(94.25m 2 (5.67x10−8 / 2∗ 4 (25 + 273K)4
4]
− (−30 + 273K = 18808 w
Step 7. We calculate the total heat transfer conduction.
Q̇ + Qrad = ̇ 10287
̇ + 18808 = 29.1 KW
Step 8. We determine the total amount and the cost of heat loss during
a period of 10 hours.
= ̇ ∗ ∆( = 29.1)( kW ) 15h = 436.5 kWh
Step 10. We calculate the cost.
= ∗ $( = 436.5 kWh
)( 1.70 ) = $742.05
2-The lateral surfaces of a cubic industrial oven 3 m high in which it
natural gas combustion is not isolated and the temperature at the surface is measured.
the exterior of this section is 110°C. The temperature of the oven room,
including its surfaces, is 30°C and the emissivity of the exterior surface of
said furnace is 0.7. Determine the heat transfer by natural convection and
radiation.
Data:
3m
30°C
110°C
ε = 0.7
Step 1. We calculate the properties of the air at 1 atm and the temperature of the film
from (Ts + T∞) / 2 = (110 + 30) / 2 = 70 °C. Once that is done, we look for that
temperature in Table A-15.
Step 2. The data on dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity and
Prandtl number from table A-15 at a temperature of 70 °C. Obtaining it
next.
K = 0.02881W/m * K
v = 1.995 x 10−5 2 /
= 0.7177
Step 3. We calculate the coefficient of volumetric expansion.
1 1
= = = 0.002915. K−1
( 343K )
Step 4. We analyze the characteristic length in this case, which is the outer diameter.
from the pipe, Lc = L = 3 m. Then we calculate the Rayleigh number, number of
Nusselt,...., surface area.
( − ∞) 3 9.81 m/s2 )(0.002915K−1 )110− 30K)(3m)3
= = ( 0.7177 )
2 (1.995x10−5 2 / )2
1.114 x 1011
1 1
11 6
0.387Ral 6
2=
(0.387)(1.114 x 10) 2
Nu = {0.6 + 9} {0.6 + 9} = 545.1
[1 + 0.559/P(Pr)] 16 1 + 0.559/(0.7177) 16
0.02881W
∗̊
ℎ= = (545.1) = 5.235w/m2∗ ̊
3m
= 2= 4(3m)2= 36m2
Step 5. The heat transfer conduction is determined.
̇ =ℎ ( − )∞ + 4
( 4
− )
2 2
=(5.235 W/m (36m ) (110̊ − 30̊ )
(0.7)(36m2 )(5.67x10−8 ) [(110− 273K433779 W
A section of 12 m long of a horizontal hot water pipe of 5 cm
diameter passes through a large room with a temperature of 27°C. If the
the temperature and the emissivity of the outer surface of the tube are 73°C and 0.8,
respectively, determine the heat loss rate from the tube by a)
natural convection and b) radiation.
Data:
12 m
De= 5 cm
T∞ = 27°C
73 °C
ε = 0.8
Step 1. We calculate the properties of the air at 1 atm and the temperature of the film.
from (Ts + T∞) / 2 = (73 + 27) / 2 = 50 °C. Once that is done, we look for that
temperature in Table A-15.
Step 2. The data on dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, and
Prandtl number from Table A-15 at a temperature of 50 °C. Obtaining it
next.
K = 0.02735 W/m * K
v = 1.798X10−5 2/
= 0.7228
Step 3. We calculate the coefficient of volumetric expansion.
1 1
= = 0.003096 K−1
( 323K )
Step 4. We analyze the characteristic length in this case which is the outside diameter.
from the pipe, Lc = D = 0.05 m. Next, we calculate the Rayleigh number, number
of Nusselt,..., surface area.
( − ∞) 3 9.81 m/s2 0.003096K−1 − 27K)(0.05m)3
= 2
= ( 0.7228 )
(1.798x10−5 2 / )2
= 3.905x105
1 1
5 6
0.387Ra 6
2=
1.511635 2=
Nu = {0.6 + 9} {0.6 + 9} 11.23
[1 + 0.559/P] 16 [1 + 0.559/(0.7228) 16
0.02735W
∗̊
ℎ= = 6.143 w/m2∗ ̊
0.05m
A_s = πD_L = π(0.05M)(12m) 21.885m2
Step 5. The heat transfer conduction is determined.
̇ =ℎ ( 2
− )∞ = (6.143 W/m)(1.885 2
m)(73 ̊ − 27̊C) = 533W
Step 6. Determine the heat loss by radiation.
̇ = ( 4 − 4)
(0.8)(1.885m 2 (5.67x10−8 / 2∗ 4 (73 + 273K)4
( + 273K = 5334]
− 27 w