Shore durometer used in measuring hardness.

The method consists of measuring the

depth of the impression left on the material with the application of the load and is dependent
other factors besides hardness, such as viscoelastic properties and the duration of
essay.1

This measuring device was developed in 1920 by the manufacturer of

instrumentsAlbert F. Shore, and it is widely used in the measurement of hardness of
polymers, elastomers, and rubbers.

There are several scales used in materials with different properties. The most
common are A and D, with A being used in soft plastics and D in rigid plastics.
However, theASTMD 2240 contains 12 scales, depending on the intended use, being
they: A, B, C, D, DO, E, M, O, OO, OOO, OOO-S, and R. Each scale results in a value
between 0 and 100, with higher values indicating a harder material.

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The Shore A Durometer is a specific device for measuring relative hardness.

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durometer

MAINTENANCE
AND CALIBRATION OF DUROMETER
Definition of Durometer

It is the measurement of the depth of a notch in the material, created by a

determined force on a standardized shoe.

This depth depends on the following factors:

hardness of the material

its viscoelastic properties

shape of the presser foot

duration period of the test

Durometers ASTM D2240 allows measurement of:

initial hardness
total hardness
recovery after a certain period of time
The basic test requires the application of force in a consistent manner, without
shock, and measuring the hardness (depth of the indentation). If the hardness
timed is desired, the force is applied for the necessary time.
OPERATION
The determination of a material's hardness involves the application of a load.
smaller followed by a larger load and then observing the depth
from penetration, directly from a display, in which a material more
hard gives a larger number.

The main advantage of Rockwell hardness is its ability to display

hardness values directly, thus eliminating tedious calculations involved
in other hardness measurement techniques.

It is commonly used in engineering and metallurgy. Its popularity

commercial arises from its speed, reliability, robustness, resolution
and a small setback area.

In order to obtain a reliable reading, the thickness of the "specimen" (material) must
should be at least 10 times the depth of the recess.

In addition, measurements should be taken from a flat surface.

perpendicular, because convex surfaces provide lower readings.
SHORE
Shore is one of several measures of a material's hardness, and it can be defined
as the resistance of a material of permanent recoil.

The hardness scale was defined by Albert F. Shore, who developed a

measuring device called Durometer in 1920.

The term 'shore' is often used to refer to measurement, well

like the instrument itself.

SHORE is commonly used as a measure of hardness of:

polymers
elastomers
erasers
To measure a convex surface, a correction factor can be used.
to find the hardness.

ROCKWELL SCALE

The Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on hardness and rebound.

of a material.
The test determines the Rockwell hardness by measuring the depth of
penetration of a penetrator under a large load compared to the
penetration made by a pre-load.

There are different scales, indicated by a single letter, that use

different charges or penetrators.

The result is a dimensionless number noted as HRA, where A is the letter

scale.

As for metal tests, indentation hardness correlates

linearly with tensile strength.

This relationship is economically important for non-destructive testing of

mass metal deliveries with lightweight equipment.

BRINNELL SCALE
The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the
penetration scale of a penetrator, loaded onto a material to be
Tested. It is one of the several definitions of hardness in materials science.

Proposed by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell in 1900, it was the first
widely used and standardized hardness test in engineering and
metallurgy.

The large size of the recess and possible damage to the providers or materials to
are tested, limit their usefulness.
Vickers Test

The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and
George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd, as an alternative to the Brinell method
to measure the hardness of materials.

The Vickers test is often easier to use than other tests.

hardness, since the necessary calculations are not dependent on the
size of the penetrator, and it can be used for all materials,
regardless of the hardness.

The basic principle, as well as all common measures of hardness, is

observe the material's ability to withstand deformation
plastic from a standard source.
The Vickers test can be used for all metals and has one of the
larger scales among hardness tests.

The unit of hardness determined by the test is known as HV or

DPH. Hardness can be converted into units of Pascal (Pa), but it should not
to be confused with a pressure, which also has units of Pascal.

The hardness is determined by the load on the area of the surface of the indentation and
not from a normal area for the force, and is therefore not a pressure.

Hardness is not really a true property of the material; it is a value.

what must be considered in conjunction with experimental methods
used and the scale to be used.

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The durometer is used to measure hardness. The method consists of measuring the depth of the
impression left on the material with the application of the load and is dependent on other factors besides
from hardness, as well as from the viscoelastic properties and the duration of the test.
Odurometer, a measuring device, was developed in 1920 by the manufacturer
instruments Albert F. Shore, and it is widely used in the measurement of the hardness of polymers,
elastomers and rubbers.

There are several scales used in materials with different properties. The most common ones
are A and D, with A being used in soft plastics and D in rigid plastics. However, the
ASTM D 2240 contains 12 scales, depending on the intended use, which are: A, B, C, D, DO, E,
M, O, OO, OOO, OOO-S and R. Each scale results in a value between 0 and 100, with values
Larger ones indicate a harder material.

Commercially integrated portable digital meter for metals that performs the following
durezas: HLD, HB, HRC, HRA, HV e HS.
Instrutemp's durometer is an integrated device for measuring the hardness of materials.
modern due to its compact size, high precision, wide measurement limits and simplicity
operation. The durometer is suitable for testing the hardness of metals, and it is widely used in
many areas of industry around the world. The Durometer combines the impact device D
universal and a processor in a single unit. The durometer automatically computes all
Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell or Shore hardness values
Odurómetro is an evolution of the old sclerometer, in which the measurement principle of drop
weight has been replaced by a spring measurement system.
The durometer is a popular instrument for measuring the indentation hardness of rubber.
plastics and materials with similar behavior.
The durometer operation is quite simple. The material is subjected to a defined pressure.
applied through a calibrated spring that acts on the notcher, which can be spherical or
conical.

An indication device provides the indentation depth. The hardness value is given by the
depth of penetration into the material under test. Due to the resistance of some rubbers
In plastics, the hardness reading can change over time, which is why the indentation time is
sometimes accompanies the measured hardness value.

Models:
Portable Digital Durometer ITDPMD-130

It has an impact device

Battery charger input
Printer connection
 Power switch
Impact box trigger
Charging device or torpedo
1 year warranty

ITDBD-300 Digital Bench Hardness Tester

It has Rockwell hardness scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, M, P, R, S, and V.

RS-232 output
Pre Load
Test Space
1 year warranty
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Durometers
Shore durometers are used to determine surface hardness. We have durometers.
Durometers measure hardness in Rockwell B, Rockwell C, Vickers HV, Brinell HB, Shore.
durometers are especially valued in the fields of production and control
With these, you will be able to carry out the verifications with minimal effort and the highest
the materials are always the same, but there is a distinction between the static procedure
the procedures for measuring hardness). With the durometers for materials
requires the surface hardness of steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel, alloys
to determine the Shore hardness of rubber, plastics or fabrics (you will find versions
regarding durometers or any specific application case, contact us through
Latin America and international or +56 2 29381530 for Chile. and our engineers and
durometers and obviously about the othersproducts(scales, measuring deviceseregulation and control systems

Durometers for elastomers Durometers for metals

Currently, we have a variety of durometers from the following manufacturers.

You can view the technical data of the Durometers at the following links:

Durometers for elastomers

-Durometers PCE-DX-A (Shore A)
(mechanics, shore A, for soft rubber, rubber and elastomer, without drag needle)

PCE-DX-AS Durometers (Shore A)

(mechanical, Shore A for soft rubber, rubber and elastomers)

-Durometers PCE-DX-DS (Shore D)

(mechanical, shore D, for hard rubber, rubber and elastomer, without drag needle)

PCE-A Durometers (Shore A)

(mechanics, for soft rubber, rubber and elastomer, with certificate)

PCE-D Durometers (Shore D)

(mechanical, for hard rubber and rigid thermoplastics, with certificate)

PCE-O Durometers (Shore O)

(mechanical, for rolled fabrics and thread on spools, with certificate)

PCE-OO Durometers (Shore O)

(mechanical devices for measuring the hardness of foams, moss, microcellular rubber, ASTM D 2240)

-Durometers PCE-AL (Shore A) / PCE-DL (Shore D)

(with 8 mm probe, ASTM D 2240 standard, includes calibration certificate)

PCE-DD A Durometers (Shore A)

(digital durometers for rubber, easy to read, resolution of 0.5 hardness - degree)

PCE-DD D Durometers (Shore D)

(for hard rubber, thermoplastics, with Hold function, includes plastic case)

Durometers for metals

-PCE-HT 150 durometers (Shore A, C or D)

(to measure different materials (shore A, C or D), optional software, digital display)

PCE-HT 200 Shore A Durometers

digital durometers to measure the hardness of soft rubber, rubber and elastomers
 PCE-HT 210 Shore D Durometers
digital durometers to measure the hardness of hard rubber and thermoplastics (plastics)

PCE-2500 Durometers
(durometers for metallic materials, with internal memory, USB interface)

PCE-1000 Durometers
(pocket-sized durometers, with a large measurement range and high precision)

PCE-2000 Durometers
(portable hardness testers for metallic materials)

PCE-2000DL Durometers
mobile durometers with a fine measuring tip e.g. for flanks and links

PCE-2800 Durometers
(durometers for metallic materials, with memory, printer, USB interface, software)

PCE-2900 Durometers
(durometers with touch screen, infrared printer and internal memory)

- UCI 1500 Durometers

(durometers according to the UCI method, without causing visible damage, large graphic LCD screen)

Durometers for concrete

PCE-HT 225A Durometers

(portable hardness testers to verify the hardness of concrete (Schmidt hammer))

Some durometers come with a factory control certificate (except for the PCE-DX-A). You can also take
laboratory with ISO certification - optional). ISO calibration implies a calibration performed in a laboratory with s
the data from your company. This way you can integrate our durometers into your internal quality control ISO.
ENAC. We also have all kinds of accessories (testing equipment, adapters). Contact us if you have
548 for Spain or for +56 2 562 0400 for Latin America.

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Rockwell Hardness
Origin: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Rockwell hardness

The Rockwell method is a method ofmeasurementdirect fromhardness, being one of the most
used inindustriesThis is one of the simplest methods and does not require skills.
operator specials. Additionally, several different scales can be used through
of possible combinations of different penetrators and loads, which allows the use of this
testing in practically all metallic alloys, as well as in many polymers.
The penetrators include spheres made of high hardness steel, with diameters of
1/16, 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 inches, as well as diamond cones, used in materials of
high hardness.
In this system, the hardness is obtained through the difference in penetration depth.
resulting from the application of a small load, followed by another of greater intensity.
The initial load applied is 10kgffollowed by a load of 60, 100, or 150kgf, according to
scale used.

Symbol Main Load

Penetrator
hello (kgf)

Cone
A 60
ofDiamond

B 1/16" sphere 100

Cone
C 150
ofDiamond
 Cone
D 100
ofDiamond

E 1/8" sphere 100

F 1/16" sphere 60

G 1/16" sphere 150

H 1/8" sphere 60

K 1/8" sphere 150

When specifying Rockwell, the hardness index and the scale symbol must be
indicated. The scale is designated by the symbol HR followed by the appropriate identification of
scale. For example, 80 HRB represents a Rockwell hardness of 80 on the B scale.
For each scale, the hardness values can go up to 130. However, it is suitable
use another Rockwell scale if the obtained values are less than 20 or greater than
100.
Imprecisions may occur if the sample has a small thickness, if the printing
occur next to a corner of the sample or next to another print. Thus, the
the thickness of the tested body must be at least ten times greater than the depth of the
printing. Moreover, the printing should be done at a distance equivalent to three
diameters of the penetrator of other impressions and corners of the sample and, the surface in
the question must have good planarity.
Modern equipment for obtaining Rockwell hardness is automated and very
simple to use. The hardness is provided directly by the equipment and each measurement
takes just a few seconds.
Standards that govern these essays are theASTME18 (Standard methods for Rockwell)
hardness and Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials) and aISO6508-1 (Metallic
materials - Rockwell hardness test - Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K,
N, T)).
There is another type of Rockwell test used to evaluate surface hardness,
call ofRockwell superficial.

Testing Procedure[edit| edit source code]

1. On the clean surface, a pre-load of 10 is applied. kgf,

A nominal load is applied that can vary between 60, 100, or 150 kgf.

3. After approximately 10secondsthe load is removed,

 4. The hardness of the material is measured directly on the machine, which is why it is
a direct method of measuring hardness and one of the most used in industries.

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Durometer: Used to measure the hardness of a material, it is widely used.

in steel factories, metals, forges, and machining centers.

Is it hard? Use a portable durometer.

With information from Unesp Science - 02/28/2014

In addition to being small and lightweight, the expectation is that the new product will hit the market costing something around R$
500 and R$ 700. [Image: Unesp]

Portable durometer

Do you know what a durometer is?

It is a device intended to measure the hardness of things.

By the way, hardness is the ability of a solid to resist penetration.

Imagine, for example, a railroad tie: if the wood does not

for it to last long enough, the maintenance of the railroad will have to be done in
shorter periods, not counting the risk of accidents.

More than 20 thousand kilometers of Brazilian railways use sleepers of

wood, and 1,400 sleepers are used per kilometer. The companies
they buy a huge volume of wood, and they need to assess its quality in
field," explains Professor Adriano Ballarin from Unesp in Botucatu.

The problem is that a durometer weighs more than 200 kg and can cost more than R$
15 thousand.

This, at least, was the reality, until Professor Ballarin put his hand
a mass and invented a portable durometer.

In addition to being small and lightweight, the expectation is that the new product will arrive at
market costing something between R$ 500 and R$ 700.

This will allow the portable durometer to be used for other purposes. "It is
very important to know the hardness of the materials used to make furniture and
floors, for example, as they often suffer from many impacts. The floors
mainly because they are constantly damaged by jumps and footwear," he says.
Ballarin.

Brinell hardness

Traditional durometers are large because they measure hardness using a

method called Janka. This type of test uses a sphere to cause
determined superficial penetration in the wood, and measures how much force was applied
necessary to cause the total deformation.

The problem is that this technique requires large magnitude forces and a
very high control of the penetration depth - which makes
"its use in the field is impractical," explains Ballarin.

Your portable durometer, on the other hand, was developed to analyze a type
of hardness called Brinell.

In this measurement, instead of causing a fixed deformation and measuring the force
applied, the force is fixed, and it measures the depth of the deformation caused in
madeira.

In the case of Ballarin's equipment, the force used is always the weight of a
falls in free fall inside the durometer cylinder. As the intensity
the impact is always the same, one can conclude the hardness of the wood from the
size of the hole caused.

In the first version of the durometer, the researcher needed to use a magnifying glass to
to measure the deformation caused in the wood. Today, in the third version, a sensor
The displacement installed on the equipment measures the entire movement of the rod.
The sensor starts taking measurements right after the rod begins to fall.
free, and continues even after the collision. The process lasts less than 200
milliseconds and the results are stored in the equipment.

To bring innovation to the market, the researcher intends to make it even easier
the things, making the reading straightforward.

The idea is that the operator doesn't even analyze the data. He could perform ten
measurements in a batch of wood, for example. Once the tests are done, the device
could you turn on a red or green light to signal if the batch has been
approved or not," concludes Ballarin.
Durometer
John Anthony Soder
Luiz Schwab
Santa Cruz do Sul, August 16, 2009.

Step by step Rockwell

Select sphere according to the material.
Turn on the sphere on the device.

Place the load according to the table.

Apply the preload.
Release the lever slowly and wait about 30 seconds.
Slowly pull the lever while applying the load.
Check the value displayed on the monitor.

Rockwell step by step

Select sphere according to the material.
Turn on the sphere on the device.

Place the load according to the table.

Apply the preload.
Slowly release the lever and wait for about 30 seconds.
Slowly pull the lever while applying the load.
Check the diameter of the sphere obtained with the stamping with projector of
profile.
Brinell
The Brinell method is a method of measuring hardness, used
mainly in metallic materials. This method was proposed in 1900,
by the Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell. It is the first hardness test.
normalized and widely used in engineering and metallurgy.
The typical test consists of a spherical-shaped penetrator with 10 mm of
diameter, made of high-hardness steel or tungsten carbide.
The applied load ranges from 500 to 3000 kgf, and during the test, the load is
maintained constant for a period between 10 and 30 seconds.
The Brinell hardness number (HB) is a function of the applied load and the diameter of the
resulting impression can be obtained through the following relationship:

Rockwell
The Rockwell method is a direct hardness measurement method, being one of the
most used in industries. This is one of the simplest methods and that does not
requires special skills from the operator. In addition, various different scales
can be used through possible combinations of different
penetrators and loads, which allows the use of this test in practically all cases
metal alloys, just like in many polymers.
Meyer
The Meyer hardness scale is a method of measuring the hardness of a material
through a "penetration test".
Meyer proposed a more rational definition than that proposed by Brinell,
suggesting that the hardness be obtained through the projected area of the print, when
instead of the surface area, since the average tension on the surface of the sample
due to the application of the load is equal to the load divided by the projected area.

Vickers
Vickers hardness is a method of classifying the hardness of materials based on
in a laboratory test. In this method, a diamond pyramid is used.
with a dihedral angle of 136º that is compressed, with an arbitrary force
"F", against the surface of the material. The area "A" of the surface is calculated.
impressed by the measurement of its diagonals.

Knot
The Knoop method is used for the measurement of micro-hardness, in which a
diamond penetrator, with a pyramidal shape, is pressed against a
surface properly polished.
Shore
The Shore durometer is used to measure hardness. The method consists of
measure the depth of the imprint left on the material with the application of the
load and depends on other factors besides hardness, such as properties
viscoelastic and the duration of the test.
This measuring device was developed in 1920 by the manufacturer of
instruments Albert F. Shore, and it is widely used in hardness measurement
of polymers, elastomers, and rubbers.
Barcol
The Barcol method is a way to assess the hardness of a material through the
measure of resistance to penetration of a steel point forced by a
cool. In the measuring instrument, called a Barcol hardness tester, there is a
scale between 0 and 100.

IRHD
The IRHD (International Rubber Hardness Degrees) was developed in Europe.
as an alternative to the Shore test and provides four methods for the
obtaining the hardness of vulcanized rubbers and thermoplastics and four
methods for measuring the apparent hardness of curved surfaces.
The tests consist of measuring the difference between the depth of
penetration caused by a spherical penetrator on the surface with application of
a small load, followed by the application of a large force
magnitude.
Values Obtained from the Tests.
Rockwell test on a 1020 steel, 1/16 sphere where a was placed
A load of 100 KGF obtained 89 HRC.
Brinell test on a brass, sphere of 2.5 where a load was applied
62.5KGF achieved 124HB.
Brinell test on an aluminum, sphere of 2.5 where a load was applied
62.5KGF yielded 31.7HB.

Characteristics
Hardness is a mechanical property widely used in studies and
mechanical and metallurgical research, and mainly in the specification and
material comparison.
Different meanings are attributed to the concept of hardness, such as
measure of the material's resistance to mechanical actions on its
surface, resistance to penetration, plastic deformation, and risk.
Several factors influence the hardness of a welded joint; among them, they mention
the chemical composition of the base metal and its degree of hardening, the
chemical composition of the filler metal, the inherent metallurgical effects
to the welding process, the heat treatment and the parameters of
welding.
A welded joint presents well-defined regions, which are
called base metal, heat affected zone and melted zone; the
maximum hardness limits for these regions are defined by some
standards and specifications. When these limits are exceeded, it means
that there was a loss of ductility and that the welded joint may be
committed.
The most commonly used methods in the field of metallurgy and mechanics for
hardness determination are Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers.
Hardness machines
The hardness machines or durometers, used in laboratories, can
specific purposes for a certain method, that is, a
hardness tester for each of the methods, Brinell, Rockwell or Vickers, or
they can be a universal durometer that allows for testing
by the three methods.

Application
The hardness test is widely used in the specification and comparison of
materials; in addition, it is possible, through tables, to obtain a correlation
approximately between the methods of determining Brinell, Rockwell hardness and
Vickers and the tensile strength limit values.
Brinell hardness method
The Brinell hardness method consists of compressing a sphere of diameter
By a force F, for a time T, against the surface of the material a
rehearse; the surface must be flat and smooth or prepared through
sanding or grinding. This compression produces a dent, that is, a
permanent impression on metal, which after the removal of the force, can be
measured using a graduated magnifying glass or an optical micrometer
coupled to the durometer; the print is called diameter d.

The value of the diameter d is the average of two readings taken at 90° from each other.
another.
The Brinell hardness or HB (Brinell Hardness) is defined as the quotient,
measured in Kgf/mm2, between the applied load and the surface of the dome
spherical or dent left in the material.

load for the Brinell method

When the test is conducted under the conditions considered standard, the
unit Kgf/mm2 is omitted and the Brinell hardness number must be followed
by the HB symbol, with no suffix. The standard conditions are: diameter of
10mm
from 10 to 15 seconds. For conditions different from the standard condition, the
the HB symbol receives a suffix that represents the conditions under which the test
was carried out. Example: 85HB 10/500/30 in which the test result of
Brinell hardness is 85HB, performed with a sphere diameter of 10mm and
Load of 500 kgf applied for 30 seconds.

Through studies conducted using the Brinell method, it was found that the
hardness values with different loads varied very little if the
diameter of the print should remain in the range 0.3D < d < 0.6D; for this reason it was
it is considered that the printing d would be ideal if it remained within these
limits.
To achieve the same hardness result for the same material, one must
observe that the relationship remains constant across various hardness ranges.

In practice, the constant Brinell hardness conditions can be used.

frame.
application of the Brinell method
The Brinell method is used for non-ferrous and earthy metals, products
steel products in general and non-hardened parts; their use is not recommended.
use in surface hardening materials.
There are some limitations to the Brinell hardness testing method, such as
like: the piece to be rehearsed must have a minimum thickness of two times
the diameter of the print obtained in the test; the radius of curvature of the surface
the piece to be rehearsed must be at least five times the diameter of the
sphere used; the minimum distance, measured from center to center between two
impressions, must be at least two and a half times its diameter; the
the test load must be maintained for at least 30 seconds to
materials between 60 and 300 HB, 10 seconds for materials where HB is
greater than 300; and 60 seconds for materials where HB is less than 60; the
Brinell hardness testing is considered a non-destructive test, however if the
the obtained impression is relatively large compared to the measured surface, the
the part may be rendered useless.

equipment for the Brinell method

The Brinell testing equipment consists of an application system.

of force and by a penetrator, possibly having a measurement system with
possibility of magnification between 20 and 80 times.
The penetrator must have a hardness much higher than that of the material.
rehearse; for materials with not very high hardness, spheres of are used
hardened steel as a penetrator; for materials with higher hardness,
sintered tungsten carbide spheres are employed.

portable durometers Laboratory durometers are widely used

for small parts, which are transportable to the machine; however,
there are cases where this is not possible, especially when it comes to
for large parts; in this case, portable durometers are chosen,
great use for hardness measurement in the welding area.

The most commonly used portable durometers for Brinell hardness testing are
the Poldi type and the Telebrineller type. The durometers operate by comparison
the impressions made on the tested material and on a standard bar of
known hardness. The impression is obtained through manual impact of a
hammer.

The readings, just like in the conventional method, are carried out
through a graduated microscope, which determines the average diameters of
printing of the standard bar and the tested material.

According to the manufacturers' recommendation, the hardness of the standard bar

it should be close to that of the tested material and the print diameter should not
exceed 4mm. The method does not have the same precision as the method
conventional, however it is satisfactory in the hardness verification of welds after
heat treatment.

the hardness tests of metals, using portable hardness testers,

are standardized by ASTM El 10
calibration verification
In order to ensure the reliability of the results of the conducted test, the
Testing equipment must be periodically verified.
The regulations provide for two methods of verification: direct verification and
indirect. In direct verification, the force application system is checked,
geometry of the penetrator and the measurement system. Indirect verification
it consists of executing various prints on standard blocks and comparing
the results obtained with the hardness indicated in the standards; the machine will be
considered satisfactory when the average diameter of any print
the standard block is not greater than 3% of the corresponding average diameter
to the determined value of the standard block. The indirect verification must be
routinely used for equipment in service.
the testing methods for determining Brinell hardness, the verification
the machines and the calibration of the standard blocks are standardized by
ASTM ATO
Rockwell hardness method
The Rockwell hardness method, represented by the symbol HR (Hardness
Rockwell), takes into account the depth that the penetrator reached,
discounting the elastic recovery, due to the removal of the larger load, and
the depth reached that is due to the smaller load. In this method, the
the result is read directly on the testing machine; in addition to the greater speed,
this method eliminates the possible measurement error that depends on the operator.
Penetrators used in the Rockwell hardness test can be of two types
types: spherical type penetrator, which is a hardened steel sphere, or
conical penetrator, a diamond cone with a conicality of 120°.

Rockwell method stages

The method is carried out in three stages. In the first, the test specimen is
subjected to a pre-load, ensuring a firm contact of the penetrator
with the surface to be tested. In the second, a greater load is applied that,
added to the pre-load, results in the total load or nominal load of the test. In
third, the load is removed; at this moment, the depth of the impression is
given directly on the display in the form of a hardness number, read
on a scale appropriate to the penetrator and the load used.
Rockwell normal and Rockwell superficial
Rockwell hardness is divided into two groups: normal Rockwell and Rockwell
superficial. The difference between one and the other is basically in the load
used for the performance of the test.
The normal and superficial Rockwell hardness methods employ various
independent scales, which must be selected according to the
application, as can be seen in the tables.
The most commonly used Rockwell hardness scales are B, C, and A.
surface hardness, the most commonly used are N and T.
To calculate the print depth, which is the minimum depth in
millimeters hit by the penetrator, formulas can be used
empirical.
To obtain the minimum thickness, in millimeters, of the piece to be tested,
multiply the value obtained by the application of the formula by 10.

preparation for the Rockwell method

Some precautions should be observed when preparing the test.
Rockwell aims to ensure satisfactory results. The first test serves
to properly seat the penetrator; therefore, one should not consider
the result after the replacement of the penetrator.
It must be checked whether the piece and the support table of the durometer are clean and
well set one on top of the other; make sure that the penetrator, when
mounted, maintain a perpendicularity in relation to the part, with deviation
maximum of seven degrees.
There should be no shock or vibration during the application of the load; for this,
The durometers are equipped with a hydraulic damping system.
When a test is conducted in which the hardness of the material to be tested is
unknown, a high hardness scale should be used to avoid damage
no penetrator.
When performing hardness testing on cylindrical parts, it is necessary to make corrections,
adding certain values to the values obtained through reading the
counter, as observed in the table.
The minimum thickness of the tested piece must be at least 10 times greater.
that the depth of the indentation caused in the test.

equipment for the Rockwell method

The Rockwell hardness equipment consists of a system of
application of force, by a diamond conical penetrator with 120° of
conicity or spherical with varied diameters, and still by a comparator
for measuring penetration depth.

calibration verification
To verify the calibration of the machine, there are two methods: one consists of
of verification of the machine's capacity for each of the loads of
penetrator and development of a depth measurement plan
followed by a performance test; the other calibration method requires the
periodic verification through hardness measurement using a standard block,
corresponding to the scale and the level of hardness at which the machine will be
used.

the testing methods for determining normal Rockwell hardness and

superficial are normalized by ASTM E18
The durometer will be considered suitable for use when the results
obtained during the test with the standard blocks were within the limits
of the tolerance of the hardness values to which the standard blocks are
linked.

Vickers hardness method

The Vickers hardness method, represented by the abbreviation HV (Hardness
Vickers), is a test in which a diamond-shaped penetrator
a square base pyramid and an angle between faces of 136° is compressed
against the piece being tested by a predetermined force. After the removal of
force, the diagonals of the impression are measured and the Vickers hardness number is
calculated by dividing the value of the test load P by the printing area S. The
the Vickers hardness method provides a continuous hardness scale that ranges between
HV5 to HV1000Kgf/mm2 for each load used.

load for the Vickers method

The load for the Vickers test must be applied progressively, without
shock or vibrations, through a piston driven by a lever, and
held for a period of 10 to 15 seconds. Then, the load is removed.
and the microscope is moved manually to focus on the
impression left by the penetrator. The penetrator, made of diamond, has
a practically shape-retaining size and allows prints
independent of the applied load; this means that for any load
used, the hardness value will be the same for homogeneous materials. The
load change is necessary to achieve a regular print, without
deformation and size compatible for the measurement on the machine's display, the
that naturally depends on the hardness of the tested material. For the hardness
Vickers, the recommended loads are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100
and 120 Kgf. For special micro-hardness devices, the loads vary from 1
gf a 1000gf (1 Kgf).
The values of HV hardness are obtained through tables that accompany.
the hardness machines and show the value as a function of the diagonals (d)
measurements on the machine and the applied loads available. As a title of
example, it is considered part of a table of hardness numbers with
load of 5kgf; assuming that a diagonal measured by the micrometer of
the durometer has a value of 0.093, look for the line corresponding to
diagonal or the centesimal value of the measurement, which in this case is 0.09. Then,
we look for in the thousandths column, the value that complements the measure, this
At the intersection of the line and column, the value will be 0.003.
corresponding to Vickers hardness, 1072HV.

application of the Vickers method

The Vickers hardness method applies to the entire range of hardness.
found in various materials; in addition, due to the use of
relatively low loads and of the type of penetrator, the test can be
applied for any thickness as well as to determine hardnesses
superficial. In addition, it is possible to use micro-hardness which allows the
determination of individual hardness of microstructures, of surfaces
cemented and tempered, in addition to the determination of hardness in parts
extremely small and thin.
The Vickers hardness test is also widely used in welded joints.
particularly in the detection of heterogeneities due to transformations
metallurgical associated with thermal welding cycles. Thus, through
Affiliations determine the hardness of the various zones of a welded joint.
from the base metal that underwent no metallurgical change, to the
metal that melted, passing through the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the zone
of connections. This allows for the detection of metallurgical transformations capable
to compromise the behavior of the welded joint.

preparation for the Vickers method

The Vickers hardness method requires some precautions to ensure
satisfactory results; thus, the surface to be tested must be clean,
planed and prepared through rectification and polishing; the finishing of
the surface should be better the smaller the impression is; during the
During the machining of the test specimen, care must be taken to eliminate parts.
that may have been affected by the cutting operation; the surface of the body
the test must be perpendicular to the axis of the penetrator; the allowed deviation
In the angle, there is one degree.

It is possible to consider two types of deviation regarding the obtained print: the
first is the defective printing, in the case of annealed metals, due to
sinking of the metal around the faces of the penetrator, resulting in a
value of greater than the real; the second type of error is defective printing, in
case of hardened metals, due to the adhesion of the metal around the surfaces
of the penetrator, resulting in a value d smaller than the actual. For both cases
a correction of up to 10% in the hardness values is necessary
found.

correction of values
To obtain correct values of hardness measured on surfaces of shape
spherical or cylindrical, the values found must be corrected from
agreement with a framework, in which it is considered, first of all,
quotient of d/D (d - average diagonal of the print; D - diameter of the sphere)
or cylinder) and secondly, the multiplication of the correction factors by
hardness number obtained in the test.

representation of the results

The representation of the results is made by the Vickers hardness number.
followed by the symbol HV with a numerical suffix, which represents the charge;
for example, 440 HV30, which represents a Vickers hardness of
440Kgf/mm2, measured under a load of 30Kgf, applied for 10 to 15
seconds. It is possible to use another numerical suffix that indicates the
duration of the application of the load when it is different from the load
considered normal, from 10 to 15 seconds; for example, 440 HV
30/20, which represents a Vickers hardness of 440Kgf/mm2
measurement under a load of 30Kgf, applied for 20 seconds.

equipment for the Vickers method

The equipment for the Vickers hardness test consists of a
force application system, a diamond-shaped penetrator
square base pyramid and a measurement system by microscope of
large magnification, with an attached micrometer.
Calibration verification
To verify the machine's calibration, there are two methods: one consists of
of verification of the machine's capacity for each of the loads,
penetrator, of the measurements in the microscope and the elaboration of a plan of
Measurement of print diagonals followed by a performance test.

the Vickers hardness of metallic materials is standardized by ASTM E92; the

Vickers microhardness of metallic materials uses ASTM E384

The other method requires periodic verification through block testing

standardized that comply with the scale and level of hardness
according to which the machine will be used. If the values are within
within the hardness tolerance range of the standard block, the machine is suitable
for use.

Evaluation of results
The evaluation of the results in hardness tests depends on the objective.
determined for the test; generally speaking, however, the result of the hardness
obtained is always compared with minimum, maximum values or with the range
of the hardness specified for the tested material.