Benemérita Autonomous University of

Puebla
Faculty of Biological Sciences
Physics

Practice 4: Inclined plane

(without friction)

Team 4
Keiko Naomi Tlapanco Pascual

Camila Alexandra Rosas Roldán

Erick Sánchez Lobato

Ana Claudia Salamanca Salazar

Antonio de Jesus Nava Bustos

___

February 17, 2023

Introduction:
We know about uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion or also known as
Uniformly varied rectilinear motion, like the movement itself, is redundant,
rectilinear motion with constant acceleration that is different from zero. Unlike (M.R.U), here the
speed varies in an interval from one time to another.

Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion is characterized by the following three

affirmations:

The resulting acceleration on the particle is constant.

The speed varies linearly with respect to time.
The position varies according to a quadratic relationship with respect to time.

Understanding all of the above, we can resume.

the topic of movement on an inclined plane that
it is nothing more than a (M.R.U.A) with the difference that when

to find the inclined plane the acceleration

it increases with shapes at speed, this looks better
of course, when we analyze the following graph:

In this graph, we can observe that in addition to

everything mentioned earlier, also
acts on the motion a scalar magnitude the
gravity acting on the object and dragging it with
negative direction, that is, towards the center
from the earth.

The gravity of the earth is 9.8 m/s2affirming the above and knowing the graph of a plane
We can state that during these movements, the acceleration increases with the
inclination of the plane.

Now, to find the components of this plane, we first need to visualize it.
Next. As we first observe, the frame of reference is tilted, and with this it is possible
observe that the body will move along the x-axis, that is, the movement takes place from
parallel to the plane, which makes it too similar to a (U.V.A), thanks to this in the
In most cases, we can affirm that the movement in 'y' is zero.

To find the 'X' and 'Y' components of the gravitational force, it is necessary to establish their
direction so that it can be calculated with respect to the sine or cosine, since the variation is
find out whether they are taken regarding "X" parallel or "Y" perpendicular.

In the case of force, it will always be perpendicular to the surface that exerts the force. Thus
that an inclined plane will exert a force perpendicular to its surface. To prevent that the
acceleration is not perpendicular to the surface of the inclined plane it must be balanced in
that address.

To ensure that the net force in the perpendicular direction is equal to zero, the normal force
it must be equal to the perpendicular component of the force of gravity.
Material:
Inclined plane

2 precision dynamometers (1.0 N)

Test metal cart

Small support

Methodology:

●1. Calibrate the dynamometers. Place a dynamometer horizontally and

Check that the graduated scale is at zero. Now place the other dynamometer.

vertically and check that the graduated scale is at zero. If necessary, adjust

to achieve a zero reading.

●2. Determine the force of gravity. Connect the cart with the dynamometer that was

vertically calibrated. In a vertical position, it measures the force exerted by the

gravity on the cart and also obtain the weight of the test cart.

3. Set up the inclined plane we will work with and place the dynamometers.

as shown in the diagram.

4. Connect the test cart to the dynamometers, one to the inclined plane.

(dynamometer that is positioned horizontally), and place a support underneath

of the horizontal dynamometer to keep it parallel to the inclined plane.

 5. Attach the vertical dynamometer to the test cart and lift until the

cart changes its position on the inclined plane, at that moment it takes the

readings from both dynamometers, write the data in Tables 5.1 and 5.2. This

the step must be taken at the 50cm position

●6. Repeat the previous step at positions 40, 30, 20, 15, and 10 cm. In each case

take the precaution of keeping the dynamometer measuring the perpendicular

normal force (vertical dynamometer).

Finally, compare the measurement results against the calculations.

Results:

Results of the measurements during the practice

dynamometer dynamometer angle distance cm height cm

horizontal (Force vertical (Force 2)
1)

0.2 0.84 19° 10 14.4

0.2 0.94 13° 15 9.6

0.15 0.91 10° 20 7.2

0.11 0.87 7° 30 5

0.11 0.94 6° 40 3.7

0.05 0.89 5° 50 3

Table 1. Compilation of data obtained experimentally, (with the help of measurement tools, such as:
dynamometer, ruler and protractor.

Measurement and calculation of the force F1

s (cm) F1(N) of the measurement F1(N) of formulas

 10 0.2 0.27

15 0.2 0.18

20 0.15 0.135

30 0.11 0.09

40 0.11 0.0675

50 0.05 0.054

Table 2. Comparison of results obtained from the equations for force1=|F1| = ( ) and data
obtained experimentally.

Measurement and calculation of the force F2

s (cm) F2(N) of the measurement F2(N) of formulas

10 0.84 0.858545281

15 0.94 0.881816307

20 0.91 0.889817397

30 0.87 0.895488693

40 0.94 0.89746518

50 0.89 0.898378539

Table 3. Comparison of results obtained from the equations of force2=|F2| = ( )

and data obtained experimentally.

angle of inclination

s (cm) sineα =h/s 2

cosα = 1 - (H/S)

10 0.09 0.91

15 0.04 0.96

20 0.0225 0.9775
 30 0.01 0.99

40 0.005625 0.994375

50 0.0036 0.9964

Table 4. Trigonometric results based on recorded angles and heights.

Image 1. Representation of data obtained experimentally from F1 and F2

Image 2. Representation of data theoretically obtained from F1 and F2.

In Table 2 "Measurement and Calculation of Force F1", where we compare the obtained results,
we can observe that the error between the measurement data during the practice and the calculation
through formulas, it was minimal; in this way there was no notable difference between the
graphics of the same.

In table 3 'Measurement and calculation of force F2', we notice that the error between the data from the
measurements during the practice and the calculation through formulas were more noticeable, however
did not significantly affect their graphs.

In this way, by performing a comparative analysis between the 2 graphs created (one with data
theoretical and another with real measurements), we can notice a slight variation between their
magnitudes, without directly affecting their shape.

Operations:
 Thanks to the suspension of the cart in the air, we obtained the force that gravity exerts on it.

resulting in F = 0.9N = mg, with this data, we can obtain the magnitudes of the

vector components of the resultant vector with the following formulas:

|F1| = ( )

|F2| = ( )

Considering that F1it is the force on the 'y' axis and F2it is the force in the 'x' axis.

Next, we will do some algebra to avoid using the angles of inclination and in

instead use S and h. We would have the following formulas:

ℎ
=

2
= 1− (ℎ)

Substituting the sine and cosine with the previous formulas and isolating the forces, we
it would be like:

F1 = mg(ℎ )

2
F2 = mg1 − ( ℎ )

With these new magnitudes, it will depend solely on the weight, which is 0.9N and no longer on the
angle of inclination.

S(cm) F1substituted formula Result

50 0.054N
3m
F1 = 0.9N(50m )

40 0.0675N
3m
F1 = 0.9N(40m )
30 0.09N
3m
F1 = 0.9N(30m )

20 0.135N
3m
F1 = 0.9N(20m )

15 0.18N
3m
F1 = 0.9N(15m )

10 0.27N
3m
F1 = 0.9N(10m )

Table 5. Operations carried out to obtain the F1from the formulaF1 = mg( ℎ ).

S(cm) F2substituted formula Result

50 0.898N
3m 2
F2 = 0.9N 1 − ( 50m )

40 0.897N
3m 2
F2 = 0.9N 1 − ( 40m )

30 0.895N
3m 2
F2 = 0.9N 1 − ( 30m )

20 0.889N
3m 2
F2 = 0.9N 1 − ( 20m )

15 0.881N
3m 2
F2 = 0.9N 1 − ( 15m )

10 0.858N
3m 2
F2 = 0.9N 1 − ( 10m )

Table 6. Operations performed to obtain F2from the formula= ( ).

To calculate the angle of inclination, we must take into account that the angle of a
The right triangle is obtained with the arctangent of the height over the distance.
 ℎ
θ = ( )

angle of inclination

s (cm)
ℎ
θ = ( )

10
14.4
θ = (
10
≈ 55.2°

15
9.6
θ = (
15
≈ 32.6°

20
7.2
θ = (
20
≈ 19.8°

30
5
θ = ( 30≈ 9.46°

40
3.7
θ = (
40
≈ 5.28°

50
3
θ = ( 50≈ 3.43°

Table 7. Operations carried out to obtain the angle of inclination of the plane with respect to the generated heights
for each distance from the support.

Observations:

The demonstration of the practice made it clear what we would do, however, the practice

Theoretical concepts left us with many doubts. Upon learning the calibration of a dynamometer, we generated

There was a lot of uncertainty about the force that was present when building the experiment, since the

vibration of the dynamometers gave us very variable amounts, which is why we repeated

various times the procedure. Another reason why the practice was slow was the

discussions about the inverse proportionality that should result for force 1 and force 2, already
that while force 1 was increasing, force 2 made no sense at all (no

increased nor decreased in proportion to the inclination of the plane), the data continued to yield

the same data, which had a lot of difference from those calculated through the

established formulas for the forces. After reviewing and reading carefully, as well as

Reviewing everything we had done and calculated, we realized the mistakes made:

The forces calculated through the angles were incorrect, as the same was taken.

height (of the inclined plane) the support that produces the inclination, therefore the angles

they ended up being the same, on the contrary, the heights and angles vary depending on the

angle inclination, so the results of the dynamometer would be clearly different.

2. The measurements we took had too much margin of error, although the practice

it indicates a certain margin of error regarding the experimentation, our data had errors when

take them, due to the structure of our plan, those who were supposed to take the measurements did not

they visualized the graduation of each dynamometer, causing the person exerting the force

2, will modify its position to determine the data, resulting in forces

altered. When correcting this, we also check the perpendicularity of the hook of the cart and

the same, to obtain accurate results. (Which still had a margin of error

previously predicted, by the vibration of our measuring instrument.

Conclusion:
There is a lot of uncertainty between what was theoretically given and what was experimentally given.

then it can be concluded that the experimental method had many errors, errors that

they probably slipped out of our hands, like the vibration and tension of the

springs in the dynamometers, also due to the friction that was present, in addition to us trying to put

the dynamometer as orthogonal as possible, but having a small change and not being 100%
orthogonal, could result in the outcomes not being very accurate, but those human errors

They cannot be solved, but at least we are getting a little closer to the expected value.

It is important to emphasize that when using different heights in the formulas to calculate the force in relation to the

x axis, the last value becomes a complex number, as the root becomes negative since

h/S>1, if this happens, then the root is negative in the formula, which makes the result a

number belonging to complex numbers and not to real numbers.

Bibliography

What are inclined planes? (article). (n.d). Khan Academy.

The page you provided seems to be a link to a Khan Academy article related to physics, specifically about inclined planes and friction. Unfortunately, I cannot access or translate the content of links directly. Please provide the text you would like to have translated.

What are inclines

Geometry and Trigonometry

Bueche, F. J. B., University of Dalton, Hecht, E. H., Adelphi University. (n.d.) General Physics (Tenth

McGRAW-HILL/ INTERAMERICANA EDITORES S.A DE C.V.

Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2009). Physics: For Science and Engineering with Modern Physics (7th ed.)

ed.--.). Mexico City: Cengage.