RIP and IGRP protocol L3-ITRM-ISTAG 2016/2017

Chapter 4: Routing Protocols RIP and IGRP

1- The RIP Protocol
1.1. Theory
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance-vector routing protocol. It exists
in two versions:
•RIPv1 (RFC 1058): First version of the RIP protocol.
•RIPv2 (RFC 1723): Evolution allowing Classless routing (by transmitting the masks)
subnets in addition to prefixes in updates) and the transmission of updates
inmulticast.

The main characteristics of RIP are:

Number of hops (hop count) used for metric calculations.
Maximum metric = 15 (infinite measurement metric = 16).
Periodic updates every 30 seconds.

RIP has no notion of autonomous system. This means that it knows nothing other than
himself. The only way to exit the autonomous RIP system is therefore a
default static route.
An autonomous system is a series of networks under the administrative control of an entity.
unique presenting a common routing strategy on the Internet.

The Cisco implementation of RIP supports triggered updates. In addition, the

The characteristics of this protocol make RIP the protocol of choice for LAN networks.
small homogeneous networks (fewer than 15 routers).

As a distance vector routing protocol, RIP uses four counters:

Update: Time interval between periodic updates (30 seconds per
default.

Invalid: Time interval after receiving the last update for each
entry into the routing table before considering it as expired. After this time,
the concerned entry will no longer be analyzed during the routing table traversal (180 seconds)
by default).

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Holddown: Time interval after receiving the last update before

to authorize the
replacement of this route with a less good one (180 seconds by default).

Flush: Time interval after receiving the last update for each
entry in the routing table before removing it from the routing table (240 seconds per)
default).

1.2. Configuration
1.2.1. Commands

The commands related to the configuration of the RIP protocol are:

routerrip
Global configuration mode
Enable the RIP protocol
Switch to the router's configuration mode

network {prefix}
Router configuration mode
Specify the network that will be included in the routing updates
Determine the interfaces belonging to this network that participate in the process of
routing
The pre-fixed must be a network directly connected to the router.

neighbor {IP}
Router configuration mode
Define the IP address of a neighbor with which RIP will exchange routing updates.
By default, no neighbor is defined.

passive-interface {type} {number}

Router configuration mode
Prevent the specified interface from sending updates

no ip split-horizon
Interface configuration mode
Enable/disable Split Horizon on the current interface

basic

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Router configuration mode

Define the time intervals, in seconds, used by RIP.

default-information originate
Router configuration mode
Propagate the default candidate network to the other RIP routers in the autonomous system.

{name}
Router configuration mode
Specify the maximum number of links with the same metric that can be used.
for the
load distribution
Default to 4 and maximum to 6 or 16 (IOS >= 12.3(2)T)

redistribute static
Router configuration mode
Inject local static routes and propagate them in RIP updates

2. RIPv2 Protocol

2.1. RIPv2 Specifications

RIPv2 is an improved version of its predecessor and therefore shares some

characteristics:
Both are IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols).
RIPv1 and RIPv2 are distance vector routing protocols.
They use a metric based on the number of jumps.
They use a maximum number of jumps, hold counters of which the
value is set to 180s by default, as well as split horizon and route poisoning.
to limit the effects of routing loops.

RIPv2 also brings additional features such as:

Support for classless routing and VLSM
The broadcast of Dumas network in routing updates.
The dissemination of routing updates via multicast with the class address
D [Link].
The authentication of the routing update source by plain text
(active by default), or an encrypted text following the MD5 algorithm (Message-
Digest 5).
The use of external route indicators (route tag) in order to be able to
differentiate the routes learned from other routing protocols and redistributed in
RIP.

2.2. Configuration
2.2.1. General Commands

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router rip
Global configuration mode
Enable the RIP protocol.

version 2
Routing protocol configuration mode
Allows the use of RIPv2 instead of RIPv1

•ip rip {send | receive} version {1 | 2 | 1 2}

Interface configuration mode
o Specify precisely the type (RIPv1 and/or RIPv2) of updates sent or
received

•network {network address}

Routing protocol configuration mode
It allows you to indicate the networks directly connected to the router.
•ip default-network {network address}
Global configuration mode
Allows specifying a default route.
default-information originate
Routing protocol configuration mode
Allows the default route to be propagated in routing updates.

no auto-summary
Routing protocol configuration mode
Disable auto-aggregation.

2.2.2. Authentication

key chain
Global configuration mode
Allows for the identification of a group of authentication keys.

{id}
Key configuration mode
Allows you to create a key in a key group. The key identifier can take
a value from 0 to 2147483647. The key identifier may not be consecutive.

key-string {password}
Key configuration mode
Allows you to set a password for a key.

ip rip authentication key-chain {name}

Interface Configuration Mode
Enable RIP authentication on an interface

•ip rip authentication mode {text | md5}

Interface configuration mode
Allows specifying the type of authentication as clear or encrypted.

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3. IGRP Protocol

3.1. Theory

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a distance-vector routing protocol.

Cisco proprietary. It was designed in the mid-1980s to replace RIP. Indeed, some
Routing inconsistencies can occur with RIP on heterogeneous networks.

IGRP is therefore capable of operating on very large heterogeneous networks.

by proposing a calculation of the metrics based on the following criteria:
Bandwidth
Deadline
Reliability
Charge

IGRP metrics are 24-bit numbers (from 0 to 16,777,215) calculated using

this formula :

Metric = (K1 × Bandwidth + K2 × Bandwidth ÷ (256–Load) + K3 × Delay) + K5 ÷

(Reliability + K4)

The different parameters of this formula are as follows:

K1: Coefficient attached to the bandwidth (default value = 1)
K2: Coefficient attached to the load (default value = 0)
K3: Coefficient attached to the deadline (default value = 1)
K4: Coefficient associated with reliability (default value = 0)
K5: Coefficient attached to the MTU (default value = 0)

Bandwidth: Value corresponding to the smallest link bandwidth between hosts

source and destination. This value is calculated using the formula 107÷ BP, with BP the band
throughput expressed in Kbps.

Load: Load on the link. It is a binary percentage whose value can range from 0 to
255.

Delay: Transmission time on the path expressed in microseconds (µs). It is the sum
delays of all connections between the source and destination hosts. This value is calculated
throughtheformulaS
.

Reliability: Link reliability. It is also a binary percentage whose value can

go from 0 to 255 and is determined by the ratio between the number of correct packets and the
number of packets transmitted on the media.

Thus, with the default values, we arrive at the following simplified formula:

Metric = Bandwidth + Delay

Metric = (107÷ BP +Σdelays)

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There can be up to 4 routes to the same destination in the routing table. These routes
can be of 3 types:
Interior: Route between directly connected subnets to the local router.
•System: Internal route in the autonomous system propagated by a router.
•External: External route in the AS that has been redistributed into the AS IGRP (also includes the)
redistributed static routes.

As a distance vector routing protocol, IGRP uses four metrics:

Update: Time interval between periodic updates (90 seconds by default).

Invalid: Time interval after the receipt of the last update for each entry
in the routing table before considering it as outdated. After this time, the entry
concerned will no longer be analyzed during the routing table process (270 seconds per
default, or 3 times the Update).
Hold down: Time interval after receiving the last update before allowing
the replacement of this route by another one that is less good (280 seconds by default).

Flush: Time interval after receiving the last update for each entry
in the routing table before removing it from the routing table (630 seconds by default,
or 7 times the Update).

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IGRP also uses Poison Reverse updates. This allows for the placement of routes.
directly to the Holddown state.
Any route whose metric increases by a factor of 1.1 will be updated.
Poison Reverse.

3.2. Configuration
3.2.1. Commands

The commands that can be used for configuring the IGRP protocol are
following:
•router igrp {AS}
Global configuration mode
Activate the IGRProuting protocol on the router for the indicated autonomous system.
parameter
Allows switching to the router's configuration mode

•network {prefix}
Router Configuration Mode
specify the network that will be included in the routing updates
Determine the interfaces belonging to this network that participate in the routing process.
The Lepréfixedoit must be a network directly connected to the router.

neighbor {IP}
Router configuration mode
Defines the IP address of a neighbor with which IGRP will exchange routing updates
By default, no neighbor is defined.

passive-interface {type} {number}

Router Configuration Mode
Prevents the specified interface from sending updates

•[no] ip split-horizon
Interface configuration mode
Enable/disable Split Horizon on the current interface

{name}
Router configuration mode
orSpecifythemaximumnumberoflinkswiththesamemetricthatcanbeusedforthe
load distribution
Default is 4 and maximum is 6 or 16 (IOS >= 12.3(2)T)

{value}
Router configuration mode
It allows load balancing between links that do not have the same metric.
oval will be an integer ranging from 1 to 128 (default = 1)
Variance is a multiplicative coefficient used to select routes that have
metrics identical to the variance ready for weighted load distribution
(Weighted

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Round Robin

•metric weights {TOS} {K1} {K2} {K3} {K4} {K5}

Router configuration mode
Specifythevaluesforthecoefficientsusedtocalculatethemetrics.
oTOS must always be at 0

•timers basic {update} {invalid} {holddown} {flush}

Router configuration mode
Defines the time intervals, in seconds, used by IGRP.
{value}
Router configuration mode
Indicatethemaximumnumberofhops(diameteroftheautonomoussystem)
the value can range from 1 to 255 (default = 100)

default-network {prefix}
Global configuration mode
Defines a default candidate network to propagate within the autonomous system
The indicated network must be known by the IGRP routers and must be directly connected.
The propagated route will be seen by other IGRP routers as an external route.

redistribute static
Router configuration mode
Inject local static routes and propagate them in IGRP updates

bandwidth {BP}
Interface configuration mode
Defines the bandwidth of the link
This value is used by IGRP and EIGRP for the calculation of their metrics.
The BP parameter is expressed in Kbps

3.3. Verification

As with RIP, IOS provides status visualization and debugging commands for
IGRP :
•show ip protocols : Displays the different IGRP instances, with their AS number, the
counters, the coefficients used for calculating metrics, the informed networks as well as
the interfaces participating in the routing process.

•debug ip igrpevents: Displays IGRP events in real time.

•debug ip igrp transactions : Displays IGRP exchanges in real time.

Bibliography:
CISCO CCNA 640-802 v4 Course Material

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