JESUS HIGHER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

CARRANZA

Agronomy Engineering

SUBJECT
MATHEMATICAL MODELS APPLIED TO AGRICULTURE

THEME
UNIT 1 EVOLUTION OF PLANNING, TRENDS AND
PERSPECTIVES.

STUDENTS
SAMUEL DE JESÚS RAMÍREZ PORTILLO

Registration
18180160

ENGINEER
Engineer Armando Vásquez Ramírez

Sayula de Alemán, Veracruz, Thursday, September 9, 2021

Content
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................3
UNIT 1, BASIC CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS...................4
1.1 TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS..................................................6
1.1.1 EMPIRICAL MODELS...........................................................................7
1.1.2 MECHANISTIC MODELS..............................................................8
1.1.3 TELEONOMIC MODELS..............................................................9
Bibliography...............................................................................................................11
 INTRODUCTION
A mathematical model is defined as a set of parts.
operatively interconnected, which is fundamentally important to consider
its global behavior. It can be considered as a process that responds
before some inputs to produce some outputs. There are limits that separate
the system and a mathematical model, although this has them interconnected
Well, a system is a mathematical model applied to reality.

The selection of elements involves estimating which ones interact to

produce the behavior to investigate (interior elements), excluding those that
They are irrelevant (external elements). There is a rule to determine the limit.
of a system, which says that 'the cause-effect relationships between the environment and the

systems are unidirectional, while the elements inside the system

they are related through feedback loops that determine a
strong interaction between them.

Models and reality are related through two processes: the

abstraction and interpretation. The first of these forces us to find which
what are the most important elements of the problem and what are the accessories.
To know if an element is important or not, we will have to see its relative effect.
in the evolution of the system. As for the interpretation, we must understand it.
as the way in which the components of the model (parameters, variables) and their
behavior may be related to the components, characteristics
and behavior of the real system that we want to model.

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UNIT 1, BASIC CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS.

Mathematical models are used to analyze the relationship between two or more
variables. They can be used to understand natural and social phenomena,
physicists, etc. Depending on the objective sought and the design of the model itself
they can be used to predict the future value of variables, make hypotheses,
evaluate the effects of a certain policy or activity, among other objectives.

Although it may seem like a theoretical concept, in reality there are many aspects of life

everyday governed by mathematical models. What happens is that they are not models
mathematicians focused on theorizing. On the contrary, they are mathematical models.

formulated for something to work. For example, a car.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL

Mathematical models can vary in complexity, but all
they have a set of basic characteristics:

Variables: They are the concepts or objects that one seeks to understand or analyze.
Especially regarding its relationship with other variables. For example,
a variable can be the salary of the workers and what we want
analyze are its main determinants (for example: years of education,
parents' education, place of birth, etc.
Parameters: These are known or controllable values of the model.
Restrictions: They are certain limits that indicate to us that the results
the analysis is reasonable. For example, if one of the variables is the
the number of children in a family, a natural restriction is that this value does not
it can be negative.
Relationships between the variables: The model establishes a certain
relationship between variables based on economic and physical theories
chemicals, etc.
Simplified representations: One of the essential characteristics of
A mathematical model is the representation of the relationships between the
variables studied through elements of mathematics such as:
functions, equations formulas etc.

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DESIRED PROPERTIES OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
When designing a mathematical model, the goal is for it to have a set of
properties that help ensure its robustness and effectiveness. Among these
properties are located:

Simplicity: One of the main objectives of a mathematical model is

simplify reality to understand it better.
Objectivity: That it has no biases, either theoretical or from prejudices or ideas of
its designers.
Sensitivity: It should be able to reflect the effects of small
variations.
Stability: That the mathematical model does not change significantly
when there are small changes in the variables.
Universality: That it is applicable to various contexts and not just to one case
particular.
Evidently, there are many more, but the ones mentioned are the most intuitive.

PROCESSES TO CREATE A MATHEMATICAL MODEL

In general terms, the process of developing a mathematical model is the
next

Find a phenomenon or problem.

Formulate a model with elements of mathematics representing the
chosen problem identifying the relevant variables (dependent and)
independents.
Establish hypotheses and a method to test their validity.
Apply mathematical knowledge to solve the model and make
predictions if necessary.
Make comparisons of the obtained data with real data.
If the results do not match expectations, gradually adjust the model.
mathematician.

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 1.1 TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS.

According to the information used

Heuristic: Based on possible explanations about the causes of the
observed phenomena.
Empirical: Uses information from real experimentation.

According to type of representation

Qualitative or conceptual: They refer to an analysis of quality or the

trend of a phenomenon without calculating an exact value.
Quantitative or numerical: The results obtained have a value
concrete that has a certain meaning (it can be exact or relative).

According to randomness
Deterministic: There is no uncertainty, the values are known.
Stochastic: The value of the variables is not known exactly in
at all times. There is uncertainty and therefore a distribution of
probability of the outcomes.

According to its application or purpose

Simulation or descriptive: Simulate or describe a phenomenon. The

results focus on predicting what will happen at a certain point
situation.
Optimization: They are used to find an optimal solution to a
problem.
Of control: To maintain control of an organization or system and
determine the variables that must be adjusted to obtain the
searched results.

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1.1.1 EMPIRICAL MODELS.
The empirical or physical character constitutes the fundamental characteristic of a model.
A physical model is based on the physical laws that govern the processes, a model
empirical is based on statistically significant relationships between variables.

The equations that describe a statistical model are therefore not physically
or dimensionally consistent or universal, since in rigor they are only valid
for the space-time context in which they were calibrated. They are characterized by a
high predictive power but a limited explanatory capacity, that is, they reproduce
the system functions reasonably well but do not allow knowing why
what the system works like this.

Statistical models are also known as black box models.

that do not allow the internal functioning of the system to be discovered. The models
physicists are referred to, in contrast, as white box models. It is about
models in which the transfers of matter and energy between their
components are governed by physical equations and also comply with the
laws of conservation of matter and energy, both for the entirety of the model
like for each of the submodels.

An intermediate possibility is gray box or conceptual models. It is about

models in which the system is broken down into a series of components that
they are solved as empirical models but whose integration is based on principles
physicists or at least with some prior knowledge of how the system works.
In order to build a physical model, a high level of knowledge about is necessary
how the system to be modeled works.

The resulting model allows for the transformation of input variables into variables
of exit. In the case of empirical models, the lack of knowledge about the
the system is compensated with quality data and in sufficient quantity from the
input and output variables. From this data, we can construct a
empirical model that allows us to subsequently obtain the output variables
from a new set of values for the input variables.

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1.1.2 MECHANISTIC MODELS.
The most important part of describing a mechanism is to provide information about
how their components are organized. This feature is what
it properly converts the explanation into a mechanistic one, since, otherwise,
it would only be describing a set of entities. This means that the
the order of the entities in the mechanism is not indifferent.

The mechanisms are not necessarily reductionist, as they are described.

as multi-level and with equally essential parts at each level. Not everyone
mechanisms are machines; machines are artifacts designed by humans,
while biological mechanisms are designed by evolution.

Not all mechanisms are linear; they can have feedback loops and
internal cycles, or being coupled to other mechanisms, generating dynamics
complex. The mechanisms are not necessarily locatable; they can be
indirectly observed or simulated with computer programs. The
mechanisms are not limited to push and pull dynamics. The mechanisms
they are not fictions or metaphors, they are part of the fabric of reality.

A mechanistic model is an abstract representation of a mechanism that

describe the internal behavior of the components
of the mechanism and the other describes the overall behavior of the mechanism, the
phenomenon that the activity of the mechanism generates. Sometimes, the explanation

mechanistic can be unsatisfactory because it does not specify sufficiently the

involved mechanism. A sketch of a mechanism is a model that
describe the constitution of the mechanism in an incomplete manner.

In this, there is a characterization of the entities, activities, and their organization.

but in an unfinished way, to the extent that there are black boxes, gaps and
filler terms. Filler terms are components, activities or
entities that are proposed in the putative model, but it is not known what they do
neither what they are.

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This creates an illusion of understanding, so they should be avoided.
On the other hand, there are ideally complete descriptions of the mechanisms.
These are models in which absolutely all terms appear.
relevant entities and activities, as well as their organization, described of
finished form in such a way that they account for the given phenomenon.

1.1.3 TELEONOMIC MODELS.

Teleonomy is a term coined by Jacques Monod that refers to the quality
of apparent purpose and orientation towards objectives of the structures and functions
of living organisms, which derives from their history and evolutionary adaptation
for reproductive success.

The term was coined by Monod in opposition to teleology (applicable to

purposes that are planned by an agent that can internally model or
imagining various alternative futures, a process in which intention has a place, the
purpose and foresight) around 1970 and presented in his book The Odds and the
necessity. A teleonomic process, however, as it could be understood by
for example, evolution itself leads to complex products without relying on that
guide or forecast. Evolution largely encompasses retrospection, as the
variations that compose it involuntarily make 'predictions' about the
structures and functions that can best cope with future circumstances,
participating in a competition that eliminates the losers and selects the
winners for the next generation.

As information about functions and structures accumulates

beneficial, the regeneration of the environment occurs through the selection of the
most suitable coalitions of structures and functions. Teleonomy, in that sense,
would be more related to past effects than to immediate purposes.

Teleonomic models are applicable to goal-directed behaviors and

are explicitly formulated in terms of objectives. The explanatory models or
mechanical models are generally deterministic (Thornley and Johnson,
2000).
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 CONCLUSION
Mathematical models help us predict everyday situations with
the use of relevant current data, mainly considering the
variables.

Well, it must be taken into account that our daily life is any movement or
any action can be identified as a type of mathematical model, and
to be able to recognize a mathematical model is useful for each situation is
It is necessary to know what data is available and what needs the problem has.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Page 10 of 13
Cognitive Science. (October 27, 2019). Cognitive Science. Retrieved on 09 of
September 2021, of THE MECHANISTIC EXPLANATION IN SCIENCES
COGNITIVE: [Link]
Cruz, L. (2005). Mathematical models of vegetables in greenhouses: transcending
the contemplation of the dynamics of crops. Chapingo Journal series
horticulture, 226.
Estévez, E. H. (December 12, 2015). Scielo. Retrieved on September 9, 2021, from The
mechanistic management of Higher Education Institutions: a study
from systemic modeling: [Link]
script=sci_arttext&pid=S0186-10422015000400796
Maldonado, A. J. (2013). Mathematical Models for Irrigation Management
Nutrition of Greenhouse Tomato Cultivation. Buenavista, Saltillo,
Coahuila, Mexico: Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University.
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved on September 10, 2021, from Teleonomy:
Teleonomy

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