SUMMARY:

presentation of the project

1-1 Introduction

1-2 Project Presentation

1-3 Geometric characteristics

1-4 Regulations and calculation standards

1-5Framework and structural system

Chapter 2: Characteristics of Materials

2-1 Concrete and its characteristics

2-1-1 Stress-Strain Diagram of Concrete

Steel and its characteristics

2-2-1 Stress-Strain Diagram of Steel

Chapter 3: Calculation Hypotheses

3-1 Deformations and calculation stresses

3-2ELU and ELS

3-3 Nature of Actions

3-4 Calculation hypotheses

Chapter 4: Pre-sizing and load descent

4-1 Introduction

4-2 Pre-dimensioning of structural elements

4-2 Load Descents

Chapter 5: study of secondary elements

5-1 The stairs

The acroterion

5-3 Balcony
 General introduction:

Our project based on the calculation of a R+1 housing (column-beam),

A structure must be calculated and designed in such a way
that it remains suitable for the use for which it was intended,
considering its expected lifespan and its cost.

In the 3emecivil engineering year, we did not study all the calculations and the
knowledge concerning this theme (pre-sizing, descent)
of the charges, study of the secondary elements) so we did several
researches and in order to finish all the work, one must not forget the help and
the guidance of our supervisor throughout this research.
1.1 General Introduction:

. A dwelling is a place of residence. It is a space, aapartmentor ahouseand

more generally any place where one or more people can take shelter, in particular
to relax, sleep, eat, and live privately. It's a place to shelter (host) the
day and night.
Building has always been one of man's primary concerns and one of his
Preferred occupations. To date, construction is experiencing significant growth in the most
many countries are involved, and there are numerous professionals engaged in the activity of
Constructing in the field of building or public works.
However, if the trade of building can be considered among the oldest.
Exercised by man, it must be acknowledged that it took them over the last few decades,
Adapt to take into account the evolution of constructions, but especially the new ones
techniques that ensure maximum reliability of the structure against hazards
Natural such as earthquakes.
A structure must be calculated and designed in such a way that it remains capable of
The use for which it was intended, taking into account its expected lifespan and
Of its cost.

1-2-Project presentation:
Our project consists of studying a residential structure R+1 in reinforced concrete.
made in the municipality of KHENCHELA. This region is classified as zone 1 following the
zonal classification of low seismicity of the national territory.

Vertical circulation is provided by stairs. The terrace is inaccessible except for

maintenance.

The plan has a length of 12.00 meters and a width of 10.00 meters. The height of the
The floor height is 3.06 meters and the structure height is 6.12 meters, including the parapet which is 0.30 meters high.

The stability of the structure is ensured by a self-supporting framework made of reinforced concrete consisting of
longitudinal and transverse girders.

Only one type of flooring is planned: hollow core flooring.

The hollow body ensures good thermal and acoustic insulation and also reduces weight.
proper to the construction. The foundation of the structure is secured by isolated footings connected
by the beams.
1-3- Geometric characteristics
The geometric characteristics of our housing are:

The total length of the housing is 12.00 m.

The total width of the housing is 10.00 m.

The total height of the dwelling is 6.12 m.

The floor height is 3.06 m.

1-4 - REGULATIONS AND CALCULATION STANDARDS:

The building verification calculations are done according to the following standards:

A / Rules (B.A.E.L):

Which involves the calculation at the limit states at which a structure will cease
to fulfill the functions for which it was designed.

B / Algerian anti-seismic rules (R.P.A. 99):

The purpose of this regulation is to provide for design and execution measures of
constructions, either:

A classification according to seismic zones, use groups as well as the

characteristics and soil conditions to serve as the foundation for the project;
A design of suitable bracing systems.
Methods for calculating horizontal loads in the elements of
bracing.
Sizing of structural elements.

1-5-STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM:

The housing is braced by a self-supporting framework made up of frames in the
two directions (longitudinal and transverse)

a-POLES:
The columns are the most stressed elements of the entire structure, they play a role
very important in maintaining the stability of the structure and the transmission of all the
loads and surcharges of the structure on the foundations.
b- Beams :
The beams are the horizontal elements of the frameworks, their role is to transmit all the
loads (floor weight, covering...) and overloads (operational, climatic...)
At the posts without deforming, the connection zone between post and beam is called: node.
distinguishes two types of beams:
Main beams receiving the joists (ribs) of the floor, therefore they are load-bearing.
-secondary beams for the tie beams and bracing.

c-Floors:
The floors of our project consist of ordinary reinforced concrete beams, connected by
hollow bodies and a compression slab. This type of flooring provides good insulation
acoustic and thermal with a formwork economy.
The beams rest directly on the load-bearing beams.
Solid slabs: Solid reinforced concrete slabs are planned at the level of the balconies.
Hollow-core slab: composed of hollow cores and a compression slab, resting
on prefabricated beams. The terrace floor will include a waterproofing system and
a slope shape to facilitate the flow of rainwater.
We opted for hollow core slabs for the following reasons:
Ease of implementation.
The ranges from medium to short distance.
Reduction of floor weight and consequently of seismic effect.
Economic reason.

d- The stairs:
A staircase consists of a certain number of steps whose length is
the tread, the width is the going, the vertical part is the riser, the support of
steps are called the workbench. An uninterrupted sequence of steps is called a flight,
which can be straight or curved. the horizontal part of a staircase between two flights and the landings
are equipped with a guardrail or ramp two parallel or angled flights are joined by one or
several levels or a rotating quadrant, this last construction arrangement more
delicate, allows to gain a little space on the development of the staircase.

A staircase is used to connect to another, it consists of a certain number of steps.

We call:
Step length: the useful walking length.
Giron 'g': the width of the step taken on the stride line.
the height of a step (from nosing to nosing)
Cipher wall: the wall that limits the stairs, it can serve as a support for the workbench.
Paillasse: the ceiling that rises under the steps.
Cage: the volume circumscribed to the staircase.
Day: space left in the middle of the horizontal projection of the staircase, can be null.
Collet: the edge limiting the staircase on the day side (width of the step).
Curved stride line drawn by a person climbing the stairs (drawn at 0.5m from the
day
Escaped: free vertical height above the edge at the nose of a step (2m at
minimum
 Flight: an uninterrupted sequence of movement from one landing to another.
Landing: the horizontal part between two flights (minimum length = 3 steps)
Guardrails: the protection of the landings on the side of the void (Bais, Metal...)

e-Acrotère:
The housing includes an inaccessible terrace enclosed by a parapet (is an element of
Protection located at the upper level of the structure throughout the perimeter) assimilated
To a vertical console embedded at the terrace floor level. The dangerous section is
the one located at the level of the embedding.
The loads that request the parapet are:
Its own weight G in the form of normal vertical forces.
A horizontal operating load.
Climate actions (thermal gradient)
The acroterion will be studied under combined bending, and since it is exposed to the elements,
Cracking is harmful in this case, the calculation is done at the ULS and SLS.
The calculation of the parapet is done for a drain that is 1 meter wide with the following dimensions
following :
The role of the acroterion is to ensure total safety at the level of the inaccessible terrace and to
protect the gravel from the wind.

Freemasonry:

All the masonry will be made of hollow bricks coated with a cement or plaster finish.
Plaster. Two types of walls can be distinguished:
Exterior walls: this type of wall serves as the infill element of the framework of a
thickness of 30cm.
Interior walls: executed with a single partition, limiting the surface area of the rooms inside, realized
in hollow brick of 10 or 15 cm thickness with a coating on both sides.

g-Coating:
The coating consists of:
a cement or plaster coat on horizontal and vertical surfaces inside, and to
the outside.
Tiles for the floors, and granite slabs for the stairs, with some
Ceramic wall coverings for the bathroom and the kitchen.

Conclusion of Chapter 1:

In this chapter: 'General Introduction' a

presentation of our housing and its features
mechanics, in addition to the standards used in the calculations, as well as
theoretical learning of different construction elements.
2-1-Characteristics of materials
1-Concrete :

History of concrete:
The art of construction was already remarkably mastered by the Romans in antiquity, they
are revealing of knowledge from this time.
However, it was only with the invention of reinforced concrete in the 19th century that this material gained
a remarkable rise in the construction world.

Definition:
Concrete is a material made from a mixture of cement, aggregates, and water.
Respecting well-defined relationships.

Composition of concrete:

There are several methods for concrete formulation, among these methods: Dreux
rude.......etc.
The concrete used in the implementation of our project is ordinary concrete made from
sand, gravel, cement, and water.

The dosage of this concrete is:

350kg of CPA 25 cement.
400L of sand.
800L of gravel (D ≤ 25mm).
175L of water.

Concrete compressive strength:

Concrete is defined by its stress, which is determined at 28 days of age, noted as fc28.
The characteristic compressive strength of concrete aged less than 28 days

Concrete tensile strength:

The tensile strength of concrete is very low. It is defined by:

f tj = 0.6 + 0.06f cj

Age of concrete.
Longitudinal deformation of concrete:

Instantaneous longitudinal deformation module:

Under normal constraints of an application duration of less than 24 hours, it is accepted
In the absence of measures, at age "j" days, the longitudinal deformation module
Concrete snapshot Eij is equal to:

Eij = [Link] 1/3 MPa

- Delayed longitudinal deformation module:

Under long-term application constraints, the deformation module

Deferred longitudinal that allows calculating the final deformation of the concrete is given
By the formula:

Evj = 3700 .fcj1/3

Poisson's ratio:
ν = 0.0 in the case of ultimate limit states (E.L.U) (cracked section).

ν = 0.2 in the case of service limit states (S.L.S) (uncracked section).

2-1-1-Concrete strain-stress diagrams:

1-ultimate limit state:

For the ultimate limit state checks, a diagram known as must be used for concrete:
(parabola-rectangle), and for the purpose of simplification, using the rectangular diagram
shown in the following figure:
 The coefficient θ is set to 1 since the duration of the parabola of application of the combination
The action considered is longer than 24 hours.
And a: 0.9 when this duration is between 1 hour and 24 hours.
And at 0.85 when it is less than 1 hour
0.85 is a reduction coefficient to account for the surface degradation of the concrete and
of the duration of application of loads leading to a decrease in resistance.

ᵧ bIt is a safety factor that takes into account possible localized defects in the

ᵧ b=1.15……… for accidental situations.

ᵧ b=1.5………..for other cases.

2-service limit state:

The compressive strength of concrete at the SLS is limited by [ ]bcwith

bc= 0.6f c28

Steel:
Steel is an alloy of iron and a small percentage of carbon. Steels
For reinforced concrete are:
Soft nuance with 0.15% to 0.25% carbon content.
Medium to hard nuance with 0.25% to 40% carbon content.

Mechanical characteristics:

The mechanical characteristic serving as the basis for the justifications is the limit state.
Elasticity is guaranteed by the supplier and is designated by < fe >
The longitudinal modulus of elasticity of steel is equal to:
E_s = 200000 MPa.

Types of steel according to their surface condition:

The high adhesion (HA) bars of grade F and E 400

The smooth rounds, in shade F and E 235
Welded mesh made of smooth rods T L E 520.

2-2-1-Deformation-stress diagrams of steel:

experimental diagram
This diagram is based on the results of tensile tests on steel samples.
is presented in the following figure:
With:
OA: the elastic zone.
AA’: the plastic zone.
A’B: the self-hardening zone.
BC: the restriction zone.
C: the break zone.

b-calculation diagram:
The stress (s)–strain (Ɛ s) diagram to consider in the calculation at the state
the ultimate limit is conventionally defined by the following figure:
For serviceability limit checks, steel is assumed to be linearly elastic.
The calculation diagram is derived from the characteristic diagram by an affinity. parallel to the
right of HOOK, and of ratio: 1/ ᵧ s

Conclusion of Chapter 2:

In this chapter 'material characteristics' we have defined the

two components of reinforced concrete: concrete and steel, its
characteristics, resistance, deformation.......in order to
use in ultimate and service limit states.
3-1 Deformations and calculation stresses:
Concept of limit state:
A limit state is one for which a required condition of a construction (or of one of
Its elements) are strictly satisfied. Beyond this threshold, a structure ceases to
Fulfill the functions for which it was designed.

Limit states can be divided into two categories:

1- Ultimate limit state (E.L.U)

It corresponds to the maximum value of load capacity; beyond this limit, we
Aura :
The loss of stability of a part or of the entire structure.
The rupture of one or more critical sections of the structure.
The transformation of the structure into a deformable mechanism.
The instability of the shape in buckling.
Fatigue effect deterioration.

2- Limit state of service (E.L.S):

The constraint of steel is limited when there is a state of crack opening:

Slightly harmful fissuring: No limitation.

Harmful cracking: σst ≤ σst = min (fe, 110 √η ftj).

Very detrimental cracking: σst ≤ σst = min (fe, 90 √η ftj).

Cracking coefficient (=1 for RL. =1.6 for HA)

Limit state of crack opening:

We are required to perform a tensile constraint check of the steel in

The aim of limiting the opening of cracks, the risks of corrosion, and deformation of the
Piece.

1/ Cases where cracking may be harmful:

Cracking is considered to be of little harm when the elements involved are
Located in covered and enclosed premises not subject to condensation.
In this case, there is no limitation on the tensile strength of steel.
Consider, the latter is determined at ultimate limit state.
Where from: σst ≤ fe

2/Cases where cracking is detrimental:

Cracking is considered harmful when the elements concerned
They are exposed to the elements or to condensations. They can be alternatively
Drowned or immersed in fresh water.

In this case, it is important to comply with the following conditions:

The tensile strength of the reinforcements is limited to:
σv = min {2/3 fe , 110√ η ftj } see the BAEL 99 formula.

With:

η: Numerical coefficient (cracking coefficient), whose value is equal to 1

For the smoothed bars including welded meshes and 1.6 for the reinforcements at
High adherence (H.A).
Characteristic tensile strength of concrete expressed in MPa.

3/Cases where cracking is very detrimental:

Cracking is considered very detrimental when the elements
Considerations are exposed to an aggressive environment, or require sealing. In this
In case, the tension constraint of the reinforcements is limited to:
σv = min {0.5 fe, 90√ η ftj} see the BAEL99 formula.

3-2-ELU AND ELS :

It is necessary to differentiate between these states that are the basis of all calculations.
reinforced concrete.

Ultimate limit state:

It corresponds to what is generally understood by the limit of mechanical resistance beyond
of which there is the ruin of the work.
-limit state of equilibrium concerning the stability of the structure.
limit state of resistance concerning the non-failure of the structure.
ultimate limit state of stability of shapes (buckling) that concerns slender members
subjected to axial compression effort.

Service limit state:

It corresponds to criteria whose non-compliance prevents the element from being exploited in
the satisfactory conditions, it includes 3 cases:
service limit state of crack openings.
the corrosion of protected infusible reinforcements, including the durability of the structure,
sealing functions or aesthetic criteria of external appearance may also not
to be respected.
serviceability limit state of deformation: very significant deformations of the structure may occur
create disorders, cracking of partitions or tiles on a slab that is too flexible due to
example.

3-3-NATURE OF ACTIONS:
1-Permanent actions:
Self-weight of structures
Weight of other building elements.
Time-delayed deformation.

2-Actions variables :

Operating expenses.
Climatic charges (snow, wind).
Temporary actions in progress.

3-Accidental actions:
These are actions of rare and exceptional phenomena such as earthquakes, shocks, and fires.

Action combinations:
At the ELU: 1.35 G+1.5Q
At the ELS: G+Q

3-4-Calculation hypotheses:

Ultimate limit state:

The calculation assumptions are:

straight sections remain straight after deformation

There is no slipping between the concrete and the reinforcements.
the ultimate shortening of concrete is limited to:
3.5‰: partially compressed sections.
2‰: totally compressed sections
The ultimate relative elongation of the most stressed steel is a = 10‰
The deformation state of a section fully passes through one of the three pivots A, B, C.
The steel calculation diagram is bilinear.
The concrete calculation diagram is rectangular, except for the section that is completely
compressed.

Service limit state:

The calculation assumptions are:

-The calculations showed that in the case of detrimental cracking.
- The equivalence coefficients n=Es /Eb =15.
the compression stresses, in concrete, and compressive and tensile stresses in
the steels are supposed to be proportional to the elastic deformation.

Conclusion of Chapter 3:

In this chapter, we defined the limit state (ultimate and service), after
we define the different types of cracking, nature of actions
(permanent, variable or accidental) as well as all the
calculations hypotheses.
4-PREDIMENSIONING:
4-1-INTRODUCTION :
 In any project, preliminary sizing is considered as a preliminary step.
project that must be well checked for stability and that involves making the directional of
different structural elements to withstand horizontal loads due to earthquakes
and to the vertical solicitations due to permanent loads and overloads (operation).

4-2- Pre-dimensioning of structural elements:

THE BEAMS :

Beams are horizontal elements, their role is to transmit to the columns;

efforts due to loads and overloads brought by the floors and also the forces
horizontal c a d: the beams support the loads of the floor and transmit them to
the vertical framework formed by columns.
The beams also connect the elements of the vertical frame to create rigid frames that
resistant to the lateral action of wind and earthquakes.
In construction, beams must have regular sections, either rectangular or
[Link] sections are obtained by satisfying the following conditions:
stiffness criterion.
condition of the R P A 99.
condition of the scope: BAEL 91var(2003).

According to the B.A.E.L 91 mod 99 regulation, the beams will be pre-dimensioned by the condition of
the arrow and they are verified by the R.P.A99 version 2003
Lmax Lmax
hp
15 10
1 2
hp b
2 3 hp
hp
Total height of the beam.
Width of the beam.
LmaxThe greater length is carried between two supports.

Main beam (transverse):

Lmax
4.00m = 400 Cm
Lmax/15 ≤ hp ≤ Lmax/10

400/15 ≤ hp ≤ 400/10

26.6 ≤ Lmax ≤ 40
 h p 40Cm
We adopt…………….

1 2
h p b h p 20Cm b 26.66Cm
2 3
We adopt... b 30Cm

According to the R.P.A version 2003, the following condition must be met.

b 20cm 30cm > 20cm... condition to verify.

hp 30cm
40cm>30cm...................condition to be checked.
1 hp 40 1
3 1.33 3
3b 30 3 ………………check condition.

the secondary beams (longitudinal):

Lmax
= 3.50 Cm 350 Cm
Lmax/15 ≤ hp ≤ Lmax/10

350/15 ≤ hp ≤ 350/10

23. 3 ≤ Lmax ≤ 35

We adopt.................
h p 30 cm
1/2hp ≤ b ≤ 2/3hp
15 ≤ b ≤ 20
We will adopt........ b 30Cm

According to the R.P.A version 2003, the following condition must be met
 b 20cm 30cm>20cm…………………………….condition verified.

hp 30cm 30cm 30cm...........................condition checked.

1 hp 30 1
3 1 3
3b 30 3 condition verified

THE POSTS:

The section of a pole must comply with the following condition: according to article (B.8.4) of the rule
B.A.E.L 91 mod 99.

50

Lf Lf I bh3
50 I i I
i 50 / A ; 12 ; A b h

i Radius of gyration
I Moment of inertia
A Concrete section

bh3
12 h
i
bh 2 3
L f 0.7he
handFloor height=3.06m =306 Cm
We adopt............................ h 30cm

Lf
hb3
0.7 306 214.2 2 3 I
50And 12 according to the direction inertia
i h/ 2 3 h
 We adopt................. b 30cm

The adopted pole section is (b.h) = (30 x 30) cm²

According to the condition given by the R.P.A 99 version 2003.

min(b,h) 25cm min(30,30) 30cm 25cm condition verified

he 310
min(b,h) min(30,30) 30cm 15.50 cm
20 20 Condition verified
1b 30
3 0.33 3 0.33 1 3
3h 30 condition verified

3 - THE FLOORS:
Slabs are thin plates whose thickness is small compared to others.
dimensions that can rest on 2, 3, or 4 supports made up of beams, girders, or
walls.
The thickness of the slabs more often depends on the conditions of use than on the checks.
of resistance.

According to the B.A.E.L 91 rules mode 99, we must check the condition of the arrow ht / L ≥ 1/
22.5 with:
h
The maximum height of the floor section.
The largest span of the beam.

Lmax=400cm=4.00m. (Between nodes).

L/25 ≤ h1 ≤ L/15

400/25 ≤ h1 ≤ L/15

16 ≤ h1 ≤ 26.6

ht 20cm
So we adopt............

16cm: for hollow bodies.

ht 20cm 16 4) cm

4cm: for the compression slab

4-Beam:

b 2b1 b0
On a

b0 0.3 hours00.4ht h 20Cm

With t

b0 6;8 b 10Cm
We adopt 0
L Lmax 55 375
b1 min ; min ;
22 10 2 10

 27.5
b1 min 27.5;37.5
We adopt: b1 27.5Cm , b 2b1 b0 2  10 65Cm
4-2-DESCENT OF CHARGES:
INTRODUCTION :

The descent of loads refers to the operation of calculating normal stresses.

due to vertical loads returning to vertical load-bearing elements (columns or walls)
as well as the foundations, in order to proceed with their sizing.
This operation requires:
the estimate of the surfaces that rest on the element;
the calculation of the dead loads for each level (floor, longitudinal beams and
transverse, pole) and their accumulation up to the considered level;
the calculation of operating surcharges for each level according to the rules of
degression.

DEFINITION :

The descent of charges is the operation that consists of calculating for each element
carrier (post, partition, ..), the loads it supports at each floor level up to
foundation.
Practically, the load descent always precedes the calculation of the slabs and the
beams because it is impossible to take into account the continuity of the slabs, the beams and
poles.
For simplification purposes, the load descent calculations are done in
delimiting the areas of influence of slabs and beams by lines corresponding to the
the middle of the spans (beams simply supported on columns), it takes into account
the effect of continuity of slabs and beams on the bending moments in the columns
approximately in the form of an increase in normal efforts:

15% for the current posts of the central axis of a two-bay building.
10% for the central posts adjacent to the edge posts in a building whose in the
there are fewer than three spans.

For the wall calculations, the void of openings is neglected when the area of
this – is at most equal to 25% of the wall surface. Otherwise, the deduction
the voids of openings (doors and windows) are expressed in the form of a coefficient
Minorative is equal to the ratio of the surface area of solid elements to the total surface area of the walls.
In our study, we chose three poles for the load distribution.
:

corner post.
edge post.
central pole

Conclusion of chapter 4:

In this chapter, we studied how to size all the

structural elements (columns, beams, floors, joists), in
more the descent of loads in the elements. Although we do not have
did not study these methods in 3èmelicense year. But we did
efforts to clearly understand this chapter.
5-Study of secondary elements:

5-1-The stairs:

1-introduction

A staircase consists of a series of steps, it serves to connect two levels.

deferents of a construction.
The construction of a staircase requires adherence to certain factors; it must be pleasant.
to the eye and functional and also easy to aggravate without fatigue, which implies a
conservation of the donkey's pace or a regularity in its execution this balance is
achieved by a relationship between the height of a step and the tread 2h + g = p / p: the amplitude
of step.
PRE-DIMENSIONING:

First stroke:

Floor height: H = 3.06 m

Height to be crossed H=119 m.

At: 16.5 < h < 17.5 cm. We take h = 17 cm

- The number of steps nc = H/h = 07; We will have 07 per flight

The dimension of the tread based on BLONDEL's formula
On a :
60 < 2h + g < 65 let g = 30 cm

- The recoil length will be L = g*(n-1) = 180cm

For h=17 cm: we will have:
n = nc-1 = 07-1 = 06 steps in the first level.

The inclination of the workbench:

tg(a)=119/180 ⇒ a=33.47 °
The length of the workbench is: 1.19/sina L=2.16 m

Note:
Between the landing of 1heand the 2meflight at a walk of H = 17

Second wave:

Height to be crossed H=170 m.

On a:
16.5 < h < 17.5 cm. We take h = 17 cm

The number of risers nc = H/h = 10; We will have 10 per flight.

The dimension of the tread from BLONDEL's formula

On a :

60 < 2h + g < 65, 27 < g < 31 thus g = 30 cm

The setback length will be:
L = g*(n-1) = 270cm

For h=17 cm: we will have:

n = nc-1=10-1=09 steps in the Second level.

The inclination of the workbench:
tg(α)=170/270⇒α=32.20°
The length of the workbench is: 1.70/sinα 3.19 m

Verification of BLONDEL :
60 ≤ 2h + g ≤ 65.

60 < 2×17+30 <65 ... condition verified.

Thickness of worktop and bearing:
the inclination angle (Linc)

H=119Cm2 α
180

H 119
tagα= ⇒ tagα= =0 . 6 6 1 0
L 180 ………………….………… α=33.47 ⇒
cosine of alpha=0 . 8 3 4
L 180
LINC = = Linc=215.82Cm
COSα0.834 ............................................................
L 216
e≥max( inc,10cm)⇒ e≥max( ,10)⇒ e≥max(7 . 2 , 1 0 )
30 30 we adopt e = 12 cm.

Second round

Linc

H=170 cm α

270

H 170
tagα= ⇒ tagα= =0 . 6 3 0
L 270 …………………………… α=32.20 ⇒
cosα=0 . 8 4 6
L 270
LINC = = Linc=319.15 cm
COSα0.846 ............................................................
L 319
e≥max( inc10cm)⇒ e≥max( , 1 0 )⇒ e≥max(10.63)
30 30 we adopt e = 12 cm.

EVALUATION OF CHARGES:

Mattress
Self-weight of slab .................. e×25×cosα =>
2
0.12×25/0 . 8 3 4 =3.6KN/m
Weight of the steps ...
2.12KN/m2
 Installation mortar ………………………………………….…
0 . 0 2 ×22.5=0 . 4 5 K N /m2
Cement coated weight ...
0 . 0 1 5 ×18=0 . 2 7 K N /m2
Tiling
0 . 0 2 ×22=0 . 4 4 K N /m2
Gtotal= 6.88 kN/m².
Load exploitation Q=2.50 kN/m².

Self-weight of slab .......... e×γ ……………………….

2
0.12×25=3 . 0 0 K N /m
Setting mortar ……………………………………………..
0 . 0 2 ×22.5=0 . 4 5 K N /m2
Tiling
0 . 0 2 ×22=0 . 4 4 K N /m2
Cement plaster
0 . 0 1 5 ×18=0 . 2 7 K N /m2
Gtotal4.16 kN/m².
Charge exploitation Q=2.50 kN/m².

COMBINATION OF CHARGES:

CALCULATION OF STRESSES:

E-L-U:

First volley
 QU =13.04×0.834=10.88KN/m 2
To simplify the calculations, we determine an average load.

QUmoy= [ ( 9.37×1 . 0 0)+ (10.88×1.80 ) ]

1.00+1 . 8 0 ………….……………..……….
2
QUmoy=10.34KN/m

Second wave:
 QU =April 13×0.846=11.03KN/m2
To simplify the calculations, we determine an average load.

QUmoy= [ ( 9.37×1 . 0 0 )+ (11.03×2.70 ) ] 2

1 . 0 0 +2 . 7 0 …………………………… QUmoy=10.58KN/m

E-L-S :

First strike
Q S =9.38×0 . 8 3 4 =7 . 8 2 K N /m 2
To simplify the calculations, we determine an average load.

QSmoy= [ ( 7.82×1.80 ) + ( 6 . 6 6 ×1.00) ]

1.80+1 . 0 0 …………..……………..………...
2
QUmoy=7 . 4 1 K N /m

Second wave

QS =9.38×0 . 8 4 6 =7 . 9 4 K N /m 2

To simplify the calculations, we determine an average load.

[ ( 7 . 9 4 ×2.70) + ( 6 . 6 6 ×1 . 0 0) ]
QS = 2
2 . 7 0 +1.00 ………………………………. QS =7 . 5 9 K N /m
CALCULATION OF MOMENTS:

First stroke:

On support:

Ultimate limit state of resistance:

Span:

2.82
M T.U=10.34×
( )8
=10.13

M t. u = 10.13kN.m
Support

M a u = 0 KN.m

Service limit state:

Span:

2.8 2
( )
M T. S =7 . 4 1 ×
8
=7 . 2 6

M ts = 7.26 KN.m
Supports:
Mas = 0 KN.m

Second round

On support:

Ultimate limit state of resistance:

Span:

2.8 2
M T.U=10.58×
( )8
=10.37

Support
 Ma.u= 0 KN.m

Service limit state:

Traverse:

2.82
( )
M T. S =7 . 5 9 ×
8
=7 . 4 4

Supports:
Mas= 0 KN.m

CALCULATE THE BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE (ELU):

First volley:
In Span (AB):

Les réactions:
( 2.8 2
ΣM/B=0 ⇒ R A×2 . 8 −10.34× ) =0
2 ………………………..R A =14.476KN

……………….. RB =14.476KN
R=
B Q×L−R⇒
(
U ) R=A( 10.34×2.8
B ) −14.476

Section 1-1 left 0≤x≤2.80

 QU( X 2
M X=R A( X
(
) −
) 2
)

X =0⇒ M=0
X =2.80⇒ M=0

T =R
X) A
( −QU ( X)
X =0⇒ T =14.476KN
X =2.80 ⇒ T =−14 . 476KN

The maximum moments:

R A 14.476
⇔X= = =1 . 4
T =0⇒
X)
( R A −Q U( X) =0 Q U10.34
10.34 ( 14.2 )
M max=14.476×1.4− M max=14.13 kN·m
2 ………………..

Moment and shear force diagram at the Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Second round
In Traverse (BC):
reactions
( 3.7 2
SM/B=0 ⇒ R A×3 . 7 −10.58× ) =0
2 …………………….…..R A =19.573KN

…………...…... RB =19.573KN
R=
B Q×L−R⇒
(
U ) R=A( 10.58×3.7
B )−19.573

Section 1-1 left 0≤x≤2.80

QU( X 2
M X=R A( X
(
) −
) 2
)

X =0⇒ M=0
X =2.80⇒ M=0

T =R
X A
−QU ( X)
(
)
X =0⇒ T =19.573KN
X =2.80⇒T =−19.573KN

The maximum moments:

R A 19.573
⇔X= = =1 . 8 5
T =0⇒
X)
(
R A −Q U (
X) =0 Q U10.58
10.58 ( 1.85)2
M max=19.573×1.85− M =18.11 kN·m
2 ………..….. max
CALCULATE THE BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES (ELS):
First flight:
Truss (AB):

The reactions:
( 2.8 2
ΣM/B=0 ⇒ R A ×2 . 8 0 −7 . 4 1 × ) =0
2
R A ×2.8=May 29 …………………………………………………….….. R A =10.375KN

……………….…..RB =10.375 kN
R=B Q×L−R⇒
(
S ) R=A( 2 . 8B×7 . 4 1 )−10.375
Section 1-1 left 0≤x≤2.8
 Q S( X 2
M X)=R A( X
(
) − 2
)

X =0⇒ M=0
X =2.80⇒ M=0

T =R
X A
−Q S( X)
(
)
X =0⇒ T =10.375KN
X =2.80⇒ M=−10.375 kN
The maximum moments:
R A 10.375
⇔X= = =1.4
T =0⇒
(X)
R A −Q S(
)
X
7 . 4 1( 1.4 2
=0 QS 7 . 4 1

M max=10.375×1.4−
2 ) ….…………….. M max=7 . 2 6 K N . m
Second series:
Span (CB):

The reactions:
3.70)2 (
ΣM/B=0 ⇒ R A ×3 . 7 0 −7 . 5 9 × =0
2
R A ×3.70=51.95 …………………………………………..………….. R A =14.04 kN

……………….... RB=14.04KN
R=
B Q ×L−R⇒
(
S ) R=A ( 3 . 7B0 ×7 . 5 9 )−April 14
Section 1-1 left 0≤x≤3.7

Q S( X 2
M X) =R A X
(
(
) − 2
)

X =0⇒ M=0
X =3.70⇒ M=0

T =R
X) A
( −Q S( X)
X =0⇒ T =14.04 kN
X =3.70 ⇒ M =−14 .04 KN

The maximum moments:

R A April 14
⇔X= = =1.85
T =0⇒
X)
( R A −Q S(
)
X
=0
7 . 5 9( 1.852 )
Q S7 . 5 9

M max=April 14×1.85− M max=12.99 kN.m

2 ….…….……..
The reinforcement:

For a strip of 1 ml
b=100Cm ; d=10Cm ; c=c' =2Cm ;
σ S =348Mpa ;
σ b =14.2 MPa
On span:
M Ut =18.11 kN·m
MU
μ=
σ b×b×d 2
18.11×103
μ=
14.2×100×102 μ=0 . 1 2 7
…………………………………………
On a
μ=0 . 1 2 7 ≤μ l=0.392
So we don't need the compression reinforcements. ( A'= 0)
α=0 . 1 7 0 β =0 .932
 MU
A=
β×d×σ
3
November 18×10
A= A t =5 . 5 8 C m 2
348×10×0 .932 …………………………….…………
Non-fragility condition:
ft28 2.1
ASmin≥0 . 2 3 ×b×d×( ) ⇒0 . 2 3 ×100×10× =1.20cm 2
fe 400 .
A=5 . 5 8 c m 2 ≥ A min=1 . 2 0 C m 2

We adopt 5φ12=5.65Cm2
Spacing
100
St= S t =20Cm
5 ………………………………………….………..
Distribution:
A 5.65
A rep = ⇒ A rep= A =1.41m
2
4 4 ……………………………..…. rep

We adopt 3φ8=1.51Cm2

Non-fragility condition:
ft28 2.1
ASmin≥0 . 2 3 ×b×d×( ) ⇒0 . 2 3 ×100×10× =1.20cm 2
fe 400 .
A=1 . 5 1 C m 2 ≥ A min=1.20Cm 2

We adopt 3φ8=1.51Cm2

Spacing:
100
St=
3 ………………………………..………………..S t =33.33 cm

verification of E.L.S :
In span:
M St =12.99 kN·m

Note:

As the non-harmful cracking, we checked the limit state of concrete compression:

. The rectangular section ……………………. (c.v)
 . Simple flexion
. The reinforcements used are in FeE 400 ...... (c.v)
γ −1 f C28 MU (November 18/12.99)−1
25
α≤ + /γ = ⇒α=0 . 1 7 0 ≤ + =0 . 4 4 7 0
. 2 100 M to be 2 100 ………
. (c.v).
No verification necessary for the stressed reinforcements, hence the reinforcements calculated at the U.L.S.

are valid.
tangent limit constraint:
fc 25
0.228;5Mpa 0.2 5 Mpa
τ U =min γb ⇒ τ U =min 1.5 …………..
τ U =03.33Mpa

VU 19.573
τU= =
And d ×b10×100 ………….....…. τ U =0.020Mpa
τ U =3 . 3 3 M p a ≥τ U =0 . 0 2 0 M p a ......(C V)

5-2-The ACROTERION:

DEFINITION:

The acroterion is a protective element found at the top of the building.

assimilated a console embedded in the floor by its weight and load due to the handrail.

THE ROLE OF THE ACROTERION:

prevents the flow of water.

 - has an aesthetic aspect.
Protection of individuals.

CALCULATION OF THE ACROTERION:

The acroterion will therefore be calculated as a cantilever embedded at the base, it will be subjected to
handrail taken to ensure the safety of workers.
In addition, efforts due to the currents and winds will not be taken into account because the
Calculations provide weak steel sections due to the small height of the element.
In the opposite case, a calculation for accidental limit state is mandatory, and for both cases.
For figures, a symmetrical arrangement of the reinforcements should be considered.
change of the sign of the bending moment due to the change in the direction of the
horizontal component of the earthquake.

The distribution reinforcement sections must be at least equal to a quarter of that of the
main armatures.
The acroterion works in combined bending with a compressive force.

Calculate the self-weight of the parapet:

G=G1 +G 2. / G Dead weight of the parapet.

G1 Weight of concrete. G2 Coating weight

G1= [ (0.050×.3) + (0.05×0.05) + (0.05+0.05/2) ] × 25= 1.68KN/ml.

For a coating of 2Cm on a : x=√(0.05)²+(0.05)²=0.07m.
G2 = [ 0.02 × (0.30 + 0.05 + 0.07 + 0.05 + 0.05 + 0.2) ] × 20 = 0.28 KN/ml

G=G1+G2=1.96KN/ml

Q=1 KN/ml
N=1.96×1m=1.96KN

With N: normal compression effort

The diagram:

Combination of charges:
E L U:
Nu=1.35NG+1.5NQ
Nu = 1.35(1.96) + 1.5(0)
2.64 kN

MU=1.35MG+1.35MQ
MU=0.35(0)+1.5(1*0.30)
MU=0.45KN/ml.

E L S:

NSER=NG+NQ
NSER=1.68+0=1.68KN
MSER=MG+MQ
MSER=0+(1×0.30)=0.30KN/ml

REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION AT E L U:

Nu=2.64KN

Mu=0.45KN/ml
We must check that the section is partially or fully compressed.
It is a compression effort.

e = MU / NU = 0.45 / 2.64 = 0.017 cm

e=H/2-d'=10/2-2=3………………..17>3

So, the center of pressure is located outside the boundary segment by AA'.
The section is partially compressed.

M1=MU+ [NU×(h/2-d’)]

M1= 0.45 + [2.64 × (0.05/2-0.02) ]

M1= 0.46KN/ml

We use steel
F eE400 f C28=25MPa σ b =14.2 MPa .

µ=0.46×103/14.2×100×820.005

µ=0.005<0.392……….A’s=0

We pull the table:

α=0.014 and β=0.994

As1= 0.46×103/0.994×8×348= 0.16 cm2.

the fictitious steel section

The actual reinforcement section is:

As=As1-(Nu/σs)…As=0.08 cm2The steel section is very weak.

NON-FRAGILITY CONDITION:
Amin = (0.23 × b × d × Ft) / Fe = 0.97 cm2

0.97 cm20.08 cm2.

According to the B.A.E.L 'article b5.3.1 and 2 (regarding elements that have cracking
harmful) :
It needs to be: 0.005 of the concrete section and it will be: 0.005 b h 0.005 10 100 5cm
2

This section is placed on either side of the neutral axis, each side comprises A/2.
5
2.50 cm2.
2
We adopt 5φ 8= 2.51Cm2 .

Distribution armature:
A2.51
A rep = = =0 . 6 3 C m 2
4 4
2
On adopt 4φ 6=1.13Cm

REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION at E.L.S

5-3-BALCON
The balcony is made up of a solid slab embedded in the beams.
We adopt a thickness of 15cm
E-L-U:

QU =1 . 3 5 ( 5.6×0 . 6 5 ) +1.5 ( 3.5×0 . 6 5 ) ………………….. QU =8 . 3 3 k N /ml

THE MOMENT ON TRAVEE:

M=QL²/8=8.33×5.75²/8=34.42KN/ml
 CALCULATE THE SHEAR FORCES:

E-L-S:

QS = ( 5 . 6 ×0.65 ) + ( 3 . 5 0 ×0 . 6 5) …………………………….Q S =5 . 9 1 K N /ml

THE MOMENT ON TRAVEE:

M = QL² / 8 = 5.91 × 5.75² / 8 = 24.42 kN/ml

CALCULATE SHEAR FORCES:

T=QL/2=5.91*5.75/2=16.99

THE MAXIMUM FLOOR BOARD VALUES

THE REINFORCEMENT:
E-L-U

Reinforcement on span:

Mu=M max=34.42KN.m……………………… Mu=34420 N.m

h0
M 0 =σ b ×b×h 0 ( d− σ̄)/b =14.2MPa
2
d= ( 0.9×h ) ……………………………………………
d=18Cm
4
M 0 =14.2×65×4 (18− ) M 0 =59072Nm
2 ………………………………..…..

M0=59072>Mu=34420…………………….. Rectangular section

MU
μ=
σ b×b×d 2 =34420/14.2*65*18²=0.115
On a

µ=0.115<µl=0.392

So we don't need the compression reinforcements. ( A'= 0)

α=0 . 0 7 2 β=0 . 9 7 1
MU
A=
β×d×σ s
A=34420/0.971*18*348 = 5.65cm²

Checking the non-fragility condition:

f tj=0.6+0 . 0 6 f c28
f t28 =2.1Mpa
ft28 =0.6+0 . 0 6 ( 25 ) ………………………………………

ft 28
ASmin≥0 . 2 3 ×b×d×( )
fe
 2.1
AS min≥0 . 2 3 ×65×18×( ) 2
400 ………………………………A men =1.41Cm
Amin<5.65cm²

So:
 General conclusion

At the end of our third year engineering thesis, we would like to indicate

Greatly helped to put into practice all our knowledge acquired during

Our cycle, to improve our knowledge based on the documents

Techniques and even the application of regulations and certain methods.

As a result: this is our first experience, we made a lot of efforts.

In order to prepare this modest work, and also to understand

Everything concerning the calculation of an R+1 housing, to help us in

The Master's in Civil Engineering.

Finally, this project has helped us greatly improve the scientific aspect and

Technique and in the computer aspect since the use of tools

Computer science (AUTOCAD) remains a very important step that requires

Knowledge of certain basic concepts in engineering sciences

1-Algerian seismic regulations (RPA 99 version 2003).

2-Reinforced concrete (BAEL 382 modified 99 and associated DTU).

3-Permanent charges and operating charges (technical document

Regulation D T R-B C.22.

4-Course and TD of 3rd year General Chemistry.

5-Software AUTOCAD 2010.