ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF SOLID PROFILE IN WATERS

HUGO ESTEBAN CALDERÓN G. Code 201611810

Juliana Avendaño Laguna Code 20162181250
LEIDY TATIANA ROMERO SOLER
LINA MARÍA RADA B. Code 20161181031
LORENA LÓPEZ GONZÁLEZ Code 20161181012

GROUP 521

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT
SANITARY ENGINEERING
FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS DISTRICT UNIVERSITY
BOGOTÁ, MAY 2019

ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF THE SOLIDS PROFILE IN WATER

 EXECUTIVE REPORT PRACTICE No 2.
Jayerth Guerra Rodríguez

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
SANITARY ENGINEERING
DISTRICT UNIVERSITY FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS
BOGOTÁ, MAY 2019
INDEX

[Link]
2. JUSTIFICATION
3. ORIGINAL PRE REPORT
4. CORRECTED PRE REPORT
5. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
6. RESULTS
7. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
8. RESOLUTION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
9. CONCLUSIONS
[Link]

INTRODUCTION.

The solid profile can be determined through different procedures in

those that can quantify the solids present in a water sample, having
as a definition that the solids present in a water sample are a result of
a dissolution or incorporation of solid particles of different sizes
transforming some of these into solutes in the mixture with the solvent, among
the different types of solids that a sample can have include total solids,
total fixed, sedimentable, total dissolved, total suspended, floating and
volatiles, of which for the water sample from the Arzobispo River the only tests
The total solids were not determined as fixed, floating, and volatile.
The solids present in a water sample are determinants of the place of origin.
of this and its purity, for this reason it is important to carry out this profile for
determine the amount of solids that can be extracted from a water source.
The different procedures performed in the laboratory are according to the
good sampling and laboratory practices, it is known that when a fluid is left in
rest this sediment settles the settleable solids to be redundant, the cone of
Imhof is a suitable container for observing this process, likewise the
evaporation is another process that the water sample can undergo, having
According to the law of conservation of matter, when the solution is evaporated, it will become
subsequently the water vapor that will go into the atmosphere and the solids present
they will remain in solid state in the container, so different can be determined
classes of solids present in the sample in the same way with the help of different
laboratory implements such as filter paper.
...All water pollutants, except for dissolved gases,
they contribute to the load of solids. They can be of organic or inorganic nature.
It arises from different domestic, commercial, or industrial activities.
A generalized definition of solids is one that refers to all solid matter...
(William, 2010)
Natural, wastewater, or treated wastewater with high solids content
sedimentables cannot be used directly by industries or the
purification plants. From this arises the interest in determining in a way
quantitative is this parameter. (INDUSTRIAL, 2000). In the world there are different
natural and man-made pollutants in ecological resources,
Therefore, it is of utmost importance to know the composition of water resources.
that will later be used by man for domestic use,
agricultural, industrial, among others.

2. JUSTIFICATION.

In sanitary engineering, the greatest motivation is to help people.

providing them with fundamental resources for a dignified life such as some
of them services of aqueducts, sewage, drinking water, in such a way that health
public in this way is a favorable situation for the community, that is why the
theoretical and practical studies and the associated good practices, in an engineer are the
the basis of the quality of the service that can be provided. Consuming quality water
For every living being, it is of utmost importance for individual and collective development.
It is no secret to anyone that many of the forgotten populations in Colombia
consume untreated water, the solids that can be present are
many in quantity, due to the ecosystem in which they are found, and operations
industries and extractive activities that take place there, the diseases caused, can be
prevent at least with a minimal water treatment, such as filters for
separate large particles from the resource, likewise the implementation of this is
from treatment plants in a more macro way but with the same purpose, a
a professional should help their community and work for it, and there is nothing better than
to grant something as fundamental to life as water.
3. ORIGINAL PRE-REPORT
4. CORRECTED PRE REPORT
5. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Analyze the results obtained in the laboratory, taking into account the
origin of the sample
Compare the results obtained in the laboratory with the parameters.
established in resolution 631 of 2015
Identify if there is a direct relationship between the results obtained in the
laboratory
●Compare the results of the solids profile in water for aesthetic use and
laundry, with the results obtained from the evaluated sample

6. RESULTS

For the calculation of the different types of solids present in the studied sample,
the following equations were used.

6.1 SEDIMENTABLE SOLIDS

( )
ó ( )= (Equation 1)
( )

6.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

( A - B) * 1000
( )= ú ( )
(Equation 2)

Where:
A=Final weight of the set (filter + glass) after the water has evaporated, in g
B=Initial weight of the set (filter+glass) before adding the sample, in g
TSS = Total suspended solids, in ppm

6.3 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

6.3.1 INDIRECT METHOD

( A - B) * 1000
( )= ú
(Equation 3)
( )
Where:

A=Weight of the evaporation capsule + dry residue (from the previously filtered sample), in
g
B=Weight of the empty evaporation capsule, in g
TDS = Total dissolved solids, in ppm

6.3.2 DIRECT METHOD

é
( ) = Equation 4
2

6.4 TOTAL SOLIDS

( A - B) * 1000
( )= ú
(Equation 5)
( )

Where:
A=Weight of the evaporation capsule + dry residue, in g
B=Weight of the empty evaporation capsule, in g
Total solids, in ppm

6.1 SEDIMENTABLE SOLIDS

After pouring 1 L of the sample into the Inhoff Cone and letting it rest for 1
At that time, the volume of the settled particles was calculated (see Image 1).
According to the Cone measurements, a volume of 2.5ml is observed.
of a total volume of 1 L. The respective calculation for the determination of the
solids, using Equation 1, is presented below

2.5ml
= 2.5ppm
1
 Image 1. Sedimented solids in the Inhoff Cone.

Source: Own preparation

6.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

After filtering the water sample through the funnel, we proceeded to

weigh the filtering medium for what was obtained:

= 36.0153g
= 36.0144g

Now, applying Equation 2, we obtain:

36.01536g− 36.0144g 1000

= = 18 ppm
0.05 1

6.3 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

6.3.1 INDIRECT METHOD

Using the electrical conductivity measured in practice 1 as a reference (250 ),

and applying Equation 4, the following was obtained:

250
( ) = = 125
2
6.3.2 DIRECT METHOD

After carrying out the respective weighings with the appropriate procedure, it
they obtained the following values:

= 86.6536g
= 86.6364g
= 0.1
That, applying Equation 3, yielded the following results.

86.6536g− 86.6364g 1000

= = 172
0.1 1

6.4 TOTAL SOLIDS

From the procedure carried out and the respective weighings, the following were obtained
following values

= 69.2684
= 9.2373

And that, applying Equation 5, yielded the following results.

( 69.2684− 9.2373 *1000

)
( ) = = 311
0.1

The results previously presented are summarized in the following table:

Table 1. Amount of solids present in the studied sample in ppm.

Unit
Type of solid of Quantity
measure
Sedimentables ppm 2.5
Total suspended ppm 18
Dissolved Totals ppm 172
Totals ppm 311

Source: Own elaboration

7. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

REFERENCE VALUE TABLES FOR RESULTS ANALYSIS

Table 2. Maximum permissible limit values in point discharges of water

non-domestic residuals.

PARAMETER UNITS LIMIT VALUES

MAXIMUMS
ALLOWABLES

Suspended solids mg/L 90

totals (SST)

Solids ml/l 5.00

sedimentables
(SSED)
Source: Own preparation, taking as reference the(Resolution 0631 of 2015 of
Ministry of Environment

Table 3. Maximum permissible limit values in point sources of water discharges

domestic waste

PARAMETER UNITS LIMIT VALUES

MAXIMUMS
PERMISSIBLE

Suspended solids mg/L 100

totals (SST)

Settling solids ml/l 5.00

(SSED)

Source: Own elaboration, taking as reference the(Resolution 0631 of 2015 of

Ministry of Environment

7.1 COMPARISON OF RESULTS WITH FIELD RECORDING

The water from the Arzobispo River originates from the eastern hills and is channeled from the
5th avenue, with street 19. There begins a process of pollution that has a
impact generated by the anthropic activity in its surroundings (housing, commerce,
presence of street dwellers, garbage disposal, mechanical workshops among
others), it can be evidenced from the sampling the great variety of types of
waste that this body of water contains, which is largely due to the discharge
from domestic wastewater.
7.2 SEDIMENTABLE SOLIDS

In a body of water, there are different types of particles with variability of

densities and characteristics that settle; the number and size of these particles
they determine the turbidity present in a body of water. According to CÁRDENAS J.
(2005), the sedimentable solids are formed by particles denser than water.
that remain dispersed within it due to the drag force caused by
the movement or turbulence of the current. For this reason, they settle quickly due to
action of gravity, when the mass of water remains at rest.
In accordance with the regulations on water pollution, as stated
evidence in table 2, the volume occupied by the solid particles contained in the
sample volume (1L), decanted in an hour, exceeds the permissible limits
for types of water with community, social, and personal services which are
2.5 ppm, taking the above into account, the water quality level is seen to be so low
what the Arzobispo river currently presents. Likewise, the river sample is appreciated
it presents high turbidity and abnormal sedimentation of particles, since,
presented a non-uniform precipitation of orange/reddish color. This precipitation,
it can be due to the presence of metal oxides, such as ferric oxide produced by
rocks or negligence in the handling of the vegetation in the area where it is found,
since the algae and organic material present in the bed impart this color
characteristic of water. On the other hand, it can be due to fecal effects resulting from
the activities of the street inhabitants, and the discharges that are poured from the FFC.
The above is confirmed by CÁRDENAS J. (2005), the greater the turbulence of the water,
the higher its content in settleable solids, the larger the size and density of the
particles that are dragged. In this way, the settling solids are a measure
indirect effect of the turbulence of the water body from which the samples originate. The rivers
and flowing channels, unlike relatively static bodies of water, such as
Lakes and ponds tend to give high values of settleable solids.

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Dissolved solids in natural waters, represented by the international acronym TDS,

they are made up of the mineral salts that the water dissolves when it comes into contact with the
minerals of the Earth's crust (CÁRDENAS J. 2005)

Among those solids are organic and inorganic molecules and ions.
dissolution of water. It is verified that it is fresh water since it is within the range
corresponding to this classification, as previously mentioned, the SDTs have a correlation.
directly with the conductivity of water in fresh and brackish waters, likewise
correlates with the transmission of visible light through the body of water therefore
it interprets that the state of the aquatic vegetation is not in an optimal state;
It also indicates that the degree of dissociation of water with minerals is high.
Because these dissolved solids increase the water's ability to conduct
an electric current and the fact that this property can be measured with greater
ease and speed with which the direct gravimetric determination of TDS occurs, often
The electrical conductivity of water is taken as an indirect measure of its content.
in dissolved solids. However, it should be kept in mind that this hypothesis is
approximately valid only for natural waters, since in wastewater the TDS
they can be associated with organic matter in solution. Dissolved solids not only
they are related to the electrical conductivity of water but also with its color
true (CÁRDENAS J. 2005)". Thus, since our sample does not
it closes its cycle as natural water, it can be stated that the amount of dissolved solids,
125 SDT depends exclusively on the organic matter with which the water arrives.

7.4 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

It is the fraction of solids present in water as undissolved material. In the laboratory
They are distinguished from the dissolved ones by means of filtration. The suspended solids can
contain organic or inert substances (RAMOS R. et al 2002)
Due to the fact that the solid particles suspended in the filtering medium are not surpassed
the maximum values of surface waters with community service activities already
which must be less than 200ppm, according to the Regulation on Pollution Matters
Hydric. It is important as an indicator because its presence decreases the passage of light to
through water avoiding its photosynthetic activity in the currents, important for the
oxygen production.

7.5 TOTAL SOLIDS

Total solids are the matter obtained as residue after subjecting to
water at a temperature between 103ºC and 105ºC until it evaporates. The total solids
are classified into suspended solids and filterable solids. The fraction of solids that
would be retained by a membrane filter with a pore size of 1.2 microns,
constitutes what is called 'suspended solids', and the rest constitutes the 'solids'
"dissolved or filterable" (DELGADILLO O. et al. 2010).
After evaporating the water sample at a temperature of 105°C and drying, it
it obtains a total solids amount of 311 ppm, it can be assumed that our
the sample is below the maximum permissible value (1600 ppm) for discharges of
freshwater; In parallel, according to tables 2 and 3, it can be inferred that for the
point discharges of domestic and non-domestic wastewater, (100 and 90
ppms), the discharge limit in the Arzobispo River is exceeded. Likewise, factors
how the temperature could interfere with the weight of the filter, since raising the
When exposed to high temperatures, these can volatilize some solids, causing them to
lose a minimal percentage of mass.

7.6 DATA ANALYSIS WITH THE RESULTS OF OTHER SAMPLES:

Below (Table 4) are the results obtained by the other groups

laboratory, according to the type of water sampled:
 Table 4. Results of solids present in samples from 2 laboratory groups
Group Type of Solids Solids Solids Solids Solids
water Dissolved - Dissolved - Suspended Total
(ppm) MD- MI- (ppm) (ppm) ppm
(ppm)

1 Water of 12 - 12.63*10^ 1130 1.7*10^

Use 6 3
Aesthetic

2 Water from 73042 85778

dry cleaner
Source: Own elaboration

In the first parameter (settleable solids); It is observed that the sample from the group
1 is the one that presents the greatest volume of settled solids in a water sample
of 1000ml, possibly indicating a greater presence of contaminants and generating a
greater turbidity in the body of water. Additionally, it can be deduced that this sample
it comes from a body of water with a slow dynamic system, which produces a greater
accumulation of nutrients, minerals, etc., and the possibility that they also occur
more dissolved solids, total and suspended as effectively confirmed in the
results obtained.
In the second parameter (dissolved solids), it is observed that the sample from group 1,
showed a high degree of mineralization of the water, as the ions of mineral salts
that the water has dissolved along its path is high; additionally, it is observed that it presents a
good capacity to conduct electric current. Regarding groups 1 and 2, it can be
to state the contrary, that this presents a low degree of water mineralization and that thus
the same, the ability to conduct electric current is minimal, due to the fact that it presents the
lowest value in all water samples.
In the fourth parameter (total solids), it is observed that group 1 presented the values
higher total solids in the water sample; this indicates that there is a high
presence of organic and inorganic materials or solids, which is greatly affecting
measure the composition and the specific characteristics of the body of water.

8. RESOLUTION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Explain with examples in which types of waters the types could be present.
of solids (settleable, dissolved, suspended, floating, and total).
Settling solids: The solid particles present in water can
settle due to their density. Many industrial processes discharge in their
significant amounts of these materials adversely influencing
the bodies of water obstructing the passage of sunlight, therefore
they decrease the photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants bringing as
consequence the decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water.
Dissolved solids: Industrial wastewater as they are the sum of the
minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions derived from industrial cycles. From
they can also originate from domestic effluents due to the loads of
organic matter (colloidal substances)
Suspended solids: The determination of suspended solids is of great value
in the analysis of contaminated waters; being considered one of the best
parameters used to evaluate wastewater pollution
domestic.

In the laboratory, five samples are processed to determine

the concentration in ppm (mg/L) of some of the parameters of the profile
solids.
Image 2. Solid profile parameters 2 (Guerra, 2015)

Source: Guerra, 2015

Total Solids
Settling Solids, Wo: mass of the empty capsule, W1: mass of the capsule
after process, Wpo: mass of the filter paper before filtration, Wp1: mass
from the filter paper after filtering, drying, and cooling, Vm: Sample volume,
Vm.s.s.: Sample volume, measurement for sedimentable solids and Vs.s: volume
of sedimentation. The reported masses are given in grams except for (*)
y (**) which were measured in Kg.
 Table 5. Reference values for practice

ST SD Ss SS

M1 0.004703 0.00221 20.2 0.0025

M2 0.001992 0.010748 0.03066 0.00095

M3 0.007141 0.01168 2,831 0.005818

M4 0.008458 0.000498 1,468 0.02884

M5 0.0046 0.0000888 37.42 0.005745

Source: Self-made

It is assessed according to resolution 0631 of 2015 from the Ministry of Environment, for
which establishes the parameters and the maximum permissible limit values in
the point discharges to surface water bodies and to the systems of
public sewerage and other provisions are issued. In which is found
assigned for the agro-industrial sector the maximum permissible limits of solids
sedimentables and suspended solids are 5mg/l and 100 mg/l, respectively,
evidence that all samples meet these parameters, in sample 5 there
find the deviation of the suspended solids data with 37.42 being the highest
of the samples.

Establecer tres diferencias y tres semejanzas experimentales entre la

determination of total solids and dissolved solids.
Similarities

In both processes, the sample is evaporated with the help of a

capsule on a heating plate.
In both procedures, the mass of the capsule is evaluated before and after.
of the evaporation process
The presentation of the calculations for both processes is expressed in mg/l

Differences
For the determination of dissolved solids as opposed to total solids
a pre-filtration is done before evaporation.
In the determination of dissolved solids, it is taken into account for the result.
finally the mass of the filtering medium added to that of the capsule, on the other hand for the
Total solids only take into account that of the capsule.
Mention and explain the types of containers, preservatives, times, quantities
of sample, tags, and field record that must be used to make
an appropriate application of BPM in the sampling of samples for the
evaluation of the solids profile.

A minimum volume of one liter must be collected separately, in bottles.

plastic or glass, avoiding the adhesion of suspended matter to the walls
from the container. Refrigerate immediately. Perform the analysis as soon as possible,
preferably upon receipt of the sample. In case storage is required,
do it at a temperature of £ 6°C for a maximum time of 48 hours

Mention and explain at least 5 interferences that may occur in the

evaluation of Total Solids and dissolved solids.
Total solids (interferences)

Strongly mineralized water with significant concentration of Ca2+

Mg2+, Cl- and/or SO42 can be hygroscopic and require prolonged drying.
proper drying and fast weighing.
The results of samples rich in fats and floating oils can be
questionable due to the difficulty of drying them at constant weight in a
reasonable time.
Excess residue in the capsule can form a hydrophilic crust, so
the sample size should be limited to try to obtain a residue
no more than 200 mg.
The temperature at which the residue dries has a very important effect.
about the results, as there may be losses of organic matter.

Dissolved solids (interferences)

The temperature at which the residue dries has an important effect on

the results, as weight loss in the material may occur
organic matter present during the drying stage and/or gas release
by chemical decomposition and/or by the oxidation of the residue, as well as by the
water occlusion.
The type of filter, the pore size, the thickness of the filter, the size of the
particle and the amount of material deposited in the filter are the main
factors that affect the separation of suspended and dissolved solids.
Excessively mineralized waters with a considerable content of
calcium, magnesium, chlorides and/or sulfates, can be hygroscopic and require a
prolonged drying, an adequate degree of desiccation, and a quick weighing.
Since excessive residue in the capsule can form a crust
hydrophilic, the sample size should be limited in order to try to obtain a
residue not greater than 200 mg.
Considering the corresponding regulations and through a table
mention what type of solids should be evaluated according to the type of waters
according to its use or destination.

Table 6. Solids to evaluate according to their use or destination (Authors)

Type of water according to its use or Solids to evaluate

destination

Domestic and Industrial Suspended

Industrial Sedimentables

Source: Own elaboration

9. CONCLUSIONS
Considering the origin of the sample, and that it is presented there
domestic and industrial discharges, it was to be expected that the solids there
presents will be found in high concentrations. Likewise, it was possible to relate
the turbidity of the sample with the presence of such solids.

When comparing the results obtained with the standard, it was found that the water
analyzed does not comply with the established provisions in resolution 0631 of 2015, since
triples the maximum permissible values established there for total solids in
domestic and non-domestic discharges.

Due to the abnormal behavior of the settleable solids in the sample

(non-uniform precipitation of orange/reddish color) it is inferred that there is the presence of
fecal matter and metal oxides, which can be the causes of this coloration.

- When comparing the results of the solid profile in waters of different uses, it
found that the one with the highest concentration of solids is the water for use
aesthetic. This is because the sample comes from a lentic body of water,
what favors the increase of solid concentration in it.

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

10.1 CYBERGRAPHY:

●INDUSTRIAL, S. D. (2000).MEXICAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF

WATER. Retrieved on October 20, 2013, from [Link]:
Unable to access or translate content from the provided link.
 William. (April 23, 2010). Scribd. Retrieved on October 20, 2013, from
[Link]:[Link]
Solids
Ammonium carbonate. MERCK. Extracted from:
Unable to access external links or documents.
●2. WAR Jayerth. 2016. Agreements for the start of academic work. University
District Francisco José de Caldas. Bogotá, Colombia. Page 91
●3. WAR Jayerth. 2016. Water Quality Practices Manual. District University
Francisco José de Caldas. Bogotá, Colombia. Page 9
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. March 17, 2015.
Resolution 0631
Total solids dried at 103-105 C. Retrieved 05/28/2019, from
Total solids dried at 103
+-+105°C..pdf/d4faab4a-34e4-4159-bf4c-50353b101935
Resolution 631 of 2015, Ministry of Housing. Retrieved 28/05/2019, from
Invalid input. Please provide a valid text for [Link] to process the request as the provided text appears to be a file name or reference rather than translatable text.
● Agenda Environmentallocality Teusaquillo Recovered 28/05/2019 of
[Link]
Teusaquillo/Environmental Agenda - Teusaquillo Locality

10.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY

●1. BRUNO Emiliano. 2008. Chemistry in Restoration. 2nd edition. NEREA Publishing.
Page 485.
 4. CORRECTED PRE REPORT

Group 521 (class)

Group 2 (laboratory)

Lina María Rada Code 20161181031

Hugo Esteban Calderón Code 20161181017
Lorena López González Code 20161181012
Juliana Avendaño Laguna Code.20162181250
Leidy Tatiana Romero Soler Cod.20151181020

PRE REPORT PRACTICE No. 2

ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF SOLIDS PROFILE IN WATER.

1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Determine the solid profile in a water sample through tests.

experimental in the laboratory.

2. REVIEW

The solids contained within the liquids constitute various mechanisms and
phenomena associated with the dynamic behavior of the solutions, where by
generic definition, a solution is when a solid is incorporated into a liquid
such a way that this solid becomes the solute and the aqueous medium the solvent and in its
set the solution, according to this, solutions can be obtained as diluted,
moderately diluted, concentrated, saturated, or supersaturated. In this way,
with the aim of evaluating the analytical quality of water in terms of solids is
It is necessary to carry out some analysis processes both physical and physicochemical for
determine total solids, settleable solids, total dissolved solids, solids
total fixed, total suspended solids, floating solids, volatile solids at
moment to carry out these tests and calculate the concentration for each of the
types of solids, a comparison will be made with the corresponding regulations
Considering that the waters collected are from waters
industrial waste, although the methods used to calculate the concentration
solids are applicable to all samples; such as drinking water, water
raw, wastewater (domestic or industrial, water intended for different uses;
such as agricultural, transport, industrial, livestock, recreational, etc.). This type of study
it may present changes when repeating the analysis on the same water body,
that is to say, when it is carried out in the field and in the laboratory they can
present variations due to the change in conditions.

3. MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT, AND REAGENTS

MATERIALS EQUIPMENT REAGENTS

Universal support Conductimeter Distilled water

Double metal nut Heating oven

with a capacity of up to
250°C

Metal ring

Asbestos mesh

Metal tweezers for

capsule

Erlenmeyer 100 and 250 ml

Cone Imhoff

Filtration funnel
50 or 100 ml graduated cylinder

Beakers from 100 to 250 ml

Porcelain capsule of
100 ml

Filter paper
Table 1. Materials, equipment, and reagents practice 2 (Authors)
 4. PROCEDURE

Image 1. Procedure (Authors)

5. PREVIOUS CALCULATIONS

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Equation 1.
 ( − )∗
=

Where:
Final weight of the filter with dry residue, mg
Initial weight of the filter, mg
V: Volume of filtered sample, in ml

Settled solids (SSSD)

=
volume of sediments
Total volume

Total Dissolved Solids

Direct method
The conductivity is taken and divided by two.

Indirect method
−
:
final weight
Wi: initial
V: total volume of the sample

Total Solids
−
:
final weight
Wi: initial
V: total volume of the sample

6. RESULTS
Generally speaking, this chapter should contain three parts:
6.1. Qualitative results: Field record (in the case of Water Quality
only). Additionally, in this item, all and each of the
characteristics that were observed in the development of the laboratory practice.
6.2. Complementary calculations: Here the application of the must be indicated in detail.
mathematical equations, procedures, and calculations leading to the obtaining of
final results based on the data obtained experimentally.
This chapter should be built upon the event of each of the activities
developed in practice and taking into account not to repeat the
procedure (already included in the pre-reports), therefore, they must be drafted
the characteristics of the qualitative observations recorded in each test with
your own language. In the case that the observations are of a quantitative type, they
it is necessary to build a results table. It is very important to emphasize that it
They can use other additional tools in order to communicate the results.
obtained, such as: figures, diagrams, schemes, concept maps,
photographs, among others. These tools must be properly identified.
with the number, respective name, and source of origin. In addition to being of vital importance,
it is to give added value to the previous tools, for which they must
be related in the written text corresponding to the results chapter and if
results analysis is also desired. If the tool used was obtained
It is necessary to report the corresponding source for any bibliographic reference.
In summary, the results chapter corresponds to WHAT WAS OBTAINED without stating the
because. NOTE: REMEMBER THE TOOLS MENTIONED ABOVE FOR
IF SOLOS DON'T CONTRIBUTE MUCH, IT IS NECESSARY TO ALWAYS CONNECT
THESE TOOLS WITH THE WRITTEN TEXT THAT YOU
RESULTS: this chapter corresponds to all those reasons for which
The reasons for the results obtained in the chapter must be argued.
previous. These arguments may be based on a deeper understanding of
the theoretical foundation, (NOTE: A PARAGRAPH FROM THE REFERENCE
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY PRESENTED AT THE FOOT OF THE LETTER NEVER CORRESPONDS
A RESULTS ANALYSIS), therefore, it should be taken into account that the
relevant information should be read, analyzed, and fundamentally applied in the
event of the explanation of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the
tests carried out. It is possible that the quantitative data recorded in the
experimental practices do not constitute concrete results of the tests and therefore
require the application of mathematical and/or statistical components for the effect. These
operations can be part of the results analysis chapter as long as
when the reason for the operation applied is sufficiently argued. Otherwise
part, the product of the mathematical and/or statistical data obtained must be
technically analyze in relation to the characteristics of the test carried out.
Just like in the results chapter, remember that the tools that are
use to communicate the experimental information must follow the same
aforementioned guidelines. It is very important to mention that this chapter
It constitutes the most evident proof of the technical and scientific construction process.
of their professional training process.
Regarding the analysis of results from the academic space on water quality, it is
It is necessary, in addition to the previous recommendations, to analyze the results.
determined in the laboratory in relation to: correlation between the results of the
same sample, correlation of results with other samples, correlation with
the field data obtained from the field record and in the sampling process,
correlation with the corresponding and current environmental regulations and finally with
regarding the possible interferences that may be involved in the development of each one
from the techniques that were used to obtain the results
corresponding.