Fluid Dynamics: Flow and Bernoulli's Theorem
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ScribdTranslationsPhysics2012
Fluids in motion
FLOW: Q. When a fluid flows through a straight pipe of cross-section A with a velocity v, it
define the flow Q as the volume of liquid transported per unit of time, that is,
Where Q is expressed in coherent units cm3/s y m3/s.
Note: The flow of a fluid through a section is referred to as the mass that crosses it in the unit of
time; it is also called mass flow rate. The gas consumption is defined by the product of the flow rate by the
time.
CONTINUITY EQUATION. In the case of an incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe of
variable straight section, it is verified:
Where they are the average velocities of the fluid in the straight sections y
respectively.
BERNOULLI'S THEOREM. In a perfect fluid (without internal friction), incompressible and in
steady regime, the sum of the energies, of kinetic (or velocity) and potential (or
The height) at any point of the liquid vein is constant.
(1)
Where the mass of the fluid considered is.
it is the density of the fluid
are the pressure, velocity, and height of a point in the flow,
it is the pressure, velocity and height of another point.
In the terrestrial or gravitational system, it is expressed in UTM, per kp/m.2, in utm/m3, in
3 2
kp/m , g = 9.8 m/s , come m/s, then m.
Dividing each term of equation (1) by m/ , it results,
(2)
Dividing each term of equation (1) by mg, we obtain,
Catholic University of Los Ángeles de Chimbote Ing. Raúl Mendoza García
Physics2012
(3)
It is worth noting that each of the terms in equation (1) has the dimensions of a
energy, those of equation (2) of a pressure and those of (3) of a length (height).
OUTFLOW VELOCITY of a liquid through an orifice = (Torricelli's Theorem), being it
height of the liquid above the hole, assumed constant.
Work done by a piston when displacing or compressing a liquid in a cylinder against
one pressure = average pressure x volume.
SOLVED PROBLEMS.
1. Oil flows through a uniform pipe with a diameter of 8 cm at an average speed of 3
m/s. Calculate the flow rate Q expressing it in a) m3/s, b) m3h
Solution
Q(m3/s) = = x 3 m/s = 150.7 m s 3
Q(m3/h) = 150.7 x 5.42 x 105m3/h
2. Knowing that the speed of water in a pipe with a diameter of 6 cm is 2 m/s, find the
speed acquired when passing through a section of the pipe with half the diameter.
Solution
Expense Q = where from
= 2 m/s x = 8 m/s
3. Find the volume of water that flows, per minute, from a tank through an orifice of 2
cm in diameter located 5 m below the water level.
Solution
How atmospheric pressure and is despicable (it is supposed to be the same steel),
applying Bernoulli's theorem between points 1 and 2 we have
Catholic University of Los Ángeles de Chimbote Ing. Raúl Mendoza García
Physics2012
That is,
where from y = = 9.9 m/s
3
Expense x (9.9x60) m/min = 0.186 m/min
4. Find the exit speed of the water through the small opening of the boiler that is
represent in the figure being the value of the pressure, above atmospheric, a) 106N/m2,
5 kp/cm2.
Solution
a) How h1= h2and v1it is negligible (supposed to be zero), applying Bernoulli's theorem
between points 1 and 2 results.
or well
where from
= y
b) From a) and
Catholic University of Los Angeles of Chimbote Ing. Raúl Mendoza García
Physics2012
5) Through a hole at the bottom of a tank filled with water, with a height of 4 m, a ...
flow rate of 50 l/min. Calculate the flow rate if a pressure is applied on the free surface of the water
overpressure of 0.5 kp/cm2.
Solution
The formula expresses that the exit speed is proportional to the root
square of the height of the water above the opening.
Now, since the height of the water is h = p/ a overpressure of 0.5 kp/cm2=
0.5 kp/cm2= 0.5 x 104kp/m2equates to a height increase of = 5 m. For
consequently, calling Q the flow rate obtained with the overpressure, of the proportion
it is deduced Q = 75 l/min
6) a) Calculate the work W done by a pump when raising 3 m3of water a height of 20
m against a pressure of 1.5 kp/cm2b) Find the work done by the same pump
to raise 5 m3of water at a height of 20 m against a pressure of 1.5 x 105N/m2.
Solution.
a) W = work to lift the water + work to balance the pressure
height x weight of 3 m3of water + pressure x volume
= 20 m x (3 x 103) kp + (1.5 x 104) kp/m2x 2 m3= 9 x 104kpm
b) W = 20 m x (5 x 103x 9.8) N + (1.5 x 105) N/m2x 5 m31.73 x 106J = 1.77 x 105kpm
7) Determine the maximum height of a siphon to transfer oil with a density of 0.8 g/cm.3if the
The barometer reading is 762 mm of mercury column. Density of mercury =
13.6 g/cm3.
Solution
Atmospheric pressure = oil pressure
Height x density of mercury x g = height x density of oil x g
762 mm x 13.6 g/cm3x g = h x 0.80 g/cm3x g h = 13000 mm = 13 m
Catholic University of Los Angeles of Chimbote Ing. Raúl Mendoza García
Physics2012
8) A horizontal pipe (section 1) with a diameter of 15 cm has a narrowing.
(section 2) with a diameter of 5 cm. The fluid velocity in the pipe is 50 cm/s and the
pressure of 1.2 kp/cm2Find the speed and the pressure in the cited narrowing.
Solution
Applying the continuity equation and considering that the straight sections are
proportional to the squares of the diameters, it results.
(15 cm)2(50 cm/s) = (5 cm)2 where from 4.45 m/s
On the other hand, as the conduction is horizontal, and Bernoulli's theorem
allows writing
o (B) = +
Where it can be expressed, for example, pen kp/m3y in m/s. Substituting values
in (B)
= m /s + 1.2 x2 kp/m
2 2
9) The pipe represented in the figure. (a) has a diameter of 50 cm in section 1 and
25 cm in section 2. The pressure in 1 is 1.7 kp/cm2and the difference in heights between
Both sections are 10 m. Assuming that a fluid of specific weight is circulating.
800 kp/m3at a rate of 0.1 m3Calculate the pressure in section 2 disregarding the
friction losses.
Solution
Catholic University of Los Angeles of Chimbote Eng. Raúl Mendoza García
Physics2012
Of Q = , = y
Applying Bernoulli's theorem between points 1 and 2 results in,
(1.7 x 104) kp/m2+ (800/9.8 utm/m3(0.51 m/s)2+ 0
= + (800/9.8 utm/m3(2.04 m/s)2(10 m)(800 kp/m 3).
2
From where it is deduced that the value of that is, 088 kp/cm