STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

For the design of the gable roof, two types of structures will be analyzed, which will have a
profile suitable for both dead and live loads.

Dead Weight:

It is the weight of the materials, service devices, equipment, partitions, and other elements
supported by the building, including its own weight, which are proposed to be permanent.

The actual weight of the materials that make up and that it must support will be considered.
buildings calculated based on unit weights, using lower unit weights if necessary
when duly justified. The actual weight can be determined through analysis or
using the data indicated in the designs and manufacturers' catalogs

Live Load:

It is the weight of all occupants, materials, equipment, furniture, and other movable elements.
supported by the building

The minimum live loads will be as follows:

For roofs with an inclination of up to 3º relative to the horizontal, 100 kg/m2.

For roofs with an inclination greater than 3º, 100 kg/m2reduced by 5 kg/m2for each
slope degree above 3º, up to a minimum of 30 kg/m2.

For curved roofs, 30 kg/m2.

For roofs with lightweight coverings of asbestos-cement, corrugated sheet, fiber cement or fabric and
for awnings and canopies, regardless of their slope, 30 kg/m2, except when they can
There will be snow accumulation, in which case the load will be established by the designer.
 LOAD CALCULATION

Before calculating the weights, we must first determine the type of roof and the dimensions.
what we are going to consider in our calculation, for this we refer to the ETERNIT page for
to be able to determine what we need.

According to our selection, we will choose corrugated sheets in 50 wave. Their uses are
for: Housing, Warehouses, Industrial Buildings, etc.

WIND LOADS

Wind Load: First, we must determine the wind speed in the city.
from Juliaca.

0.22
h
Vh V*
10

EXTERNAL WIND LOAD:

PhEXTERIOR 0.005*C*Vh 2

PhEXTERIOR 0.005* 65.76 2 12.97Km

m2
INTERNAL WIND LOAD:

PhINTERIOR 0.005*C*Vh 2

phINTERIOR 0.005*0.6*  65.76 2 12.97Km2

PhTOTAL
P hEXTERIOR
P hINTERIOR
 PhTOTAL 12.97Kg 2
 12.97 Kg 2 25.94Kg
m m2
Then the load generated by the wind will be:

P 25.94 Kg 90.48 2347.0512 kg 5174.3622 lbf

m2

SNOW LOAD

GENERALITIES
The structure and all roof elements that are exposed to the action of snow load,
they will be designed to withstand the loads produced by the possible accumulation of snow on the
roof. The snow load on a covered surface is the weight of the snow that, in the
more unfavorable weather conditions can accumulate on it.

In areas where there is a possibility of significant snowfall, special attention must be paid.
pay attention to the appropriate selection of roof slopes. The snow load must
to be considered as live load. It will not be necessary to include the simultaneous effect in the design of
wind and snow load.

BASIC SNOW LOAD ON THE GROUND (QS)

To determine this value, geographical and climatic conditions must be taken into account.
the region where the structure will be located. The basic load will be established from a statistical analysis
from the available information in the area, for a mean return period of 50 years
(annual probability of 2% of being exceeded).

The minimum value of the basic snow load on the ground (Qs) will be
0.40 kPa (40 kgf/m2) which is equivalent to 0.40 m of fresh snow (specific weight
from 1 kN/m3 (100 kgf/m3) to 0.20 m of compacted snow (specific weight of
2 kN/m3 (200 kgf/m3).

SNOW LOAD ON ROOFS (Qt)

a) For roofs with one or two slopes with inclinations of 15º or less (slope 27%) and
for curved roofs with a span/rise ratio 0.1 or a vertical angle less than or equal to 10º
(calculated from the edge to the center) the design load (Qt), on the projection
horizontal, will be:
Qt = Qs
b) For roofs with one or two slopes with inclinations between 15º
and at 30º the design load (Qt), over the horizontal projection, will be:

Qt = 0.80 Qs
c) For roofs with one or two slopes with inclinations greater than 30º, the load
of design (Qt), on the horizontal projection, will be: 15

Qt = Cs (0.80Qs) where Cs = 1 - 0.025(º - 30º), with Cs being a dimensionless factor.

 Gabled roof

Initial Project Conditions

Location Juliaca

Wide 18 m
Wide 12 m
Height 5m

Wind SI
Snow Hail
Rain Variable

Gable Roof
INITIAL CONDITIONS

The overlap is 130 mm x sheet metal

18 meters long

18 meters / 1.030 = 18 corrugated sheets

7.81 meters / 3.900 = 2 sheets

Total roof area = 18 x 6.7

Total area = 120.6 m2

Calaminas measurements (measurements and specifications)

Length Width Thickness Weight

3.9 m 1.03 m 1/20'' 19 Kg
Useful measure

Length Wide
3.90 0.90

The total number of sheets is:

18.20/1.03 = 19
6.90/3.9 = 2

50 50 50 50 50
50
45
50 50 50 50 50

Note 1: We assume 10 cm of overlap for each side of the roof ends.

Total de calaminas usadas 42

Dead Loads

Total weight of the galvanized sheet = 42 x 19 Kg = 798 Kg.

PD= 119.7 Kg, due to the 15% of the weight of the cover, 15% was taken for
initial calculation of the structure.

Note: Due to inquiries made to teachers, the weight of the structure of the
They recommended that the roof take 15% of the total weight of the covering.

Live Loads

Load due to snow (hail)

By standard [Link] For roofs with lightweight coverings of corrugated sheets

or folded, corrugated sheets, fiber cement, plastic material, etc., whatever their
pending, 0.30 kPa (30 kgf/m2), except when there may be on the roof
snow accumulation in which case the provisions of 3.6 will apply.

BASIC SNOW LOAD ON THE GROUND (QS)

To determine this value, the conditions must be taken into account.

geographic and climatic conditions of the region where the structure will be located. The load
basic will be established from a statistical analysis of the available information in
the area, for a mean return period of 50 years (annual probability of
2% of being exceeded.
The minimum value of the basic snow load on the ground (Qs) will be 0.40
kPa (40 kgf/m2) which is equivalent to 0.40 m of fresh snow (specific weight of 1
kN/m3 (100 kgf/m3) or at 0.20 m of compacted snow (specific weight of 2
kN/m3 (200 kgf/m3).

SNOW LOAD ON ROOFS (Qt)

a) For roofs with one or two slopes with inclinations less than or equal to 15º
(pending 27%) and for curved roofs with a deflection/span 0,1 or ratio
vertical angle less than or equal to 10º (calculated from the edge to the center) the
design load (Qt), on the horizontal projection, will be:

Qt = Qs

b) For roofs with one or two slopes with inclinations between 15º
At 30º, the design load (Qt) on the horizontal projection will be:

Qt = 0.80 Qs

We take a qt value of 40 Kg/m2 because there is no snow but yes

hail.

Qt = 0.8 x 40kg/m2
Qt = 32kg/m2

This value is multiplied by the TOTAL USEFUL COVER AREA:

Qt = 32 kg/m2x 120.6 m2
Qt = 3859.2 kg x 2
Qt = 7718.4 kgf

Wind Loads

Design Speed (See attached wind map of Peru)

0.22
h
Vh V From the isocline map V = 70km/h
10

0.22
8
Vh 70
10

Vh 66.646 km/h

Wind External Load

Phe 0.005CVh2 C = 0.6 table 3.7.4 (form factor)

Phand 0.005 0.6 66.6462

Phand 13.32 kg/m2 120.6m2
Phe 1607.00 kgf

Internal Wind Load

Phe 0.005CVh2 C = 0.6 table 3.7.5 (shape factor)

Phe 0.005 0.6 66.6462

Phand 13.32kg/m2 120.6m2
Phe 1607.00 kgf

Total load due to wind: PW3214.00kgf

MAXIMUM LOAD DETERMINATION

LRFD METHOD

Formulas

a) 1.4 (D)

b) 1.2 (D) +1.6 (L) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

c) 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8 W)

d) 1.2 D + 1.3 W + 0.5 L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)

e) 1.2 D ± 1.0 E +0.5 L + 0.2 S

f) 0.9 D ± (1.3 W or 1 E)
The methodology used to calculate live load and dead load
to apply the formulas was as follows:
 Having a dead load D found at point 1.5, a ...
analysis of the SOLO structure with this load to obtain a load
maximum death in the structure as shown in the following
grafico:

Calculation of Pu, by the LRFD method

FORMULAS
KGF LBF N
Ceiling PD 798 1758.792
PD structure 119.7 263.8188 1174.257
S 7718.4 17011.354
PW 3214 7083,656 31529,34
PL 3618 7974.072
Total PD 917.7 2022,6108 9002,637

A(4-1) 1284,78 2831,6551 12603,692

A(4-2) 10749,24 23691,325 105450,04
A(4-3) 16021,88 35312,224 157174,64
A(4-4) 10947,64 24128,599 107396,35
A(4-5) 4453,92 9816,4397 43692,955
A(4-6) 5004,13 11029,103 49090,515
A(4-6) -3352,27 -7388,403 -32885,77

After evaluating the 6 equations of the LRFD method, it is determined as

maximum Pu

157174.64 N

STRUCTURE 1
MAIN TIE x 7

FRONTAL VIEW

Applying a maximum Pu found earlier of 157174.64 N in the structure.

Image 1 Front view Structure 1

ANALYSIS OF THE ALGORITHM

Image 2 Load Analysis

DISPLACEMENT
 Image 3 Displacement of the structure

STRUCTURE 2

FRONTAL VIEW OF STRUCTURE 2

Quantity 2 units

Image 4 Front view Structure 2

ANALYSIS IN THE ALGORITHM TO FIND MAX AT COMPRESSION AND

TRACTION
 Image 5 Analysis of the structure 2

DISPLACEMENT

Image 6 Displacement of structure 2

CHAPTER 3
SELECTING THE PROFILE TO USE IN THE STRUCTURE

Given the LRFD formulas, we found:

Maximum compression load = 264163 N

Max traction Pu = 102947 N

To select our profile, we will use the area method.

MAXIMUM TRACTION

FLUENCY
Pu
Ag
t Fy

A FRACTURE
23.143 kilopounds-force
Ag
0.9 36ksi

Ag 0.71inch2 For the fracture calculation, U=1 is assumed (According to standard

E90 Annex Pg 36)

Ae U*Ag
Ae 1*Ag
Ae Ag
Pu
Ag
t Fu

23.143 k lbf
Ag
0.9 58ksi

Ag 0.443 inches2

Profile selection

In order to select the profile to be used, a profile greater than will be sought.
Calculated area of 0.71 inches2

Entering LRFD tables

FIRST SELECTION

PROFILE C 3 x 4.1
Area 2.4 bug2
Rx 2.34
Ry 0.537

CHECK

Maximum compression

With the maximum Pu to compression, the calculation will proceed:

KL
r
K 0.8 (table 5.1 McCormac
L longitude member compression bug With the turning radius
r turning radio
smaller (Ry 0.537)
0.8x7.21x12 KL/r = 129.0 value in
29.58
2.34
table of ------Fc*Fcr =
0.8x7.21x12 12.74
129
0.537

Verification of the minimum area.

 Pu c*Fc*Ag

Pu
Ag
c*Fc
Pucompression_ 264163N

59.386 klbf
Ag
12.74
Ag 4.66 inches2

The proven area is greater than the selection of the profile.

4.66 > 2.40 (FAIL)

A beam with a larger area will be selected for verification.

To select our profile, we will use the area method.

MAXIMUM TRACTION

Fluency

Pu
Ag
t Fy

23.143 kilopound-force
And
0.9 36,000 psi

Ag 0.71 inches2

A FRACTURE

For the fracture calculation, U=1 is assumed (According to standard E90 Annex Pg.

36)
 Ae U*Ag
Ae 1*Ag
Ae Ag
Pu
Ag
t Fu

23.143 kilopound-force
Ag
0.9 58ksi

Ag 0.443 inches2

Profile selection

In order to select the profile to be used, a profile greater than will be searched for.

Calculated area of 0.71 in²

SECOND SELECTION

PROFILE C 8 x 13.75
Area 4.04 tick2
Rx 2.99
Ry 0.6159

CHECK

Maximum compression

With the max. compression Pu, the calculation will proceed:

KL
r
K 0.8 table5.1 McCormac
L length member compression tick With the turning radius
r turning radio
minor (Ry 0.525)

0.8*86.61 KL/r = 112.6 value in

23.17
2.99 table of ------Fc*Fcr =

0.8*86.61 15.81
112.6
0.615
 Verification of the min. area.

Pu c*Fc*Ag

Pu
Ag
c*Fc
Pucompression_ 264163N

59.386 kilopounds-force
Ag
15.81
Ag 3.7 inches
2

The proven area is greater than the selected profile.

3.7 < 4.04 ( NO - FAILURE)______________________________ok!

CHECKING OF THE SELECTED BEAM FOR STRUCTURE 2

Max compression force = 401164 N

Max traction force = 146522 N

MAXIMUM TRACTION

THE FLUENCY

Pu
Ag
Fy

32.9 kilopounds-force
Ag
0.9 36ksi

Ag 1.0 inch2 THE FRACTURE

For the fracture calculation, U=1 is assumed (According to E90 Annex Pg)
36)
 Ae U*Ag
Ae 1*Ag
Hey Ag
Pu
Ag
t Fu
32.9 kilolbf
Ag
0.9 58ksi
Ag 0.63 inch2

PROFILE C 8 x 13.75
Area 4.04 tick2
Rx 2.99
Ry 0.6159

Maximum compression

KL
r
K 0.8 (table5.1 McCormac
L length member compression flea
r turning radio

0.8*39.37
10.53
2.99

0.8*39.37
51.21
0.615

With the smaller turning radius (Ry 0.615)

KL/r = 51.21 value in table of ------Фc*Fcr = 26.68

Minimum area verification.

 Pu c*Fc*Ag

Pu
Ag
c*Fc

90.18 kilopound-force
Ag
26.68
Ag 3.38 inches2

3.38 < 4.04 ________________________ OK

Calculation and selection of beams.

Beam design

For the design of the beam, the following factors must be taken into account:
aspects:

Cover load 1.56 lbf/in^2

Wind load 5.46 lbf/in^2
Earthquake load = 19.48 N/m² 0.4068 lb/ft²
Snow load 13.1 lbf/in^2

We assume a beam weight of 3 lbf/ft.

Distance between girders 3m 9.84 feet

wux 1.2D 0.8W

6
wux 1.2 (1.56 3) 9.84  0.8 (5.46) 9.84
6.7
lb
wux 91.20
pie

wux 1.2D 1.3W

6
wux 1.2 (1.56 3) 9.84  1.3 (5.46) 9.84
6.7
lb
wux 118.06
pie
whey 1.2D 1.6S
3
whey (1.2x(1.56 3) x 9.84 1.6x(13.1)x9.84
6.7
whey 116.45 klb pie

We use:
lb
wux 118.06
pie
lb
whey 116.45
pie

L2 9.842
M ux wux 0.11806 1.42Klb pie
8 8
L2 9.842
M uy wuy 0.116241 1.40Klb pie
8 8

First Selection W 6 x 9

From table 4-21 of the LRFD, we obtain:

bMp 16.8Klb pie

From table 1-43 of the LRFD, we obtain:

Zy 1.73 inches3

1.42 1.40
 0.38 1
16.8 0.9 36 1.73
12
The selected profile is W 6x9, for the longitudinal beams.

NOTE.- According to McCormac's book, only beams were used, making the
calculations without using tensors.

WELDING CALCULATION

-154029
 102947 N

43896 N 43896 N

For the calculation of the welding, the method obtained from the book will be used.
McCormac in the chapter welded connections.

Filet thickness table

We use electrode E 70 XX which has a resistance of 70000 lb/inch.2

Tension load at the angle = 34.67 KLb

The maximum size of the weld is reduced by 1/16 inch =

Minimum size of the weld pulg

Source - Table J 2.4 LRFD

An average size of 5/16 inch will be used.

Effective throat thickness =

Welding capacity per inch =

Fw = (0.75 x 0.6 x 70) x 0.221 x 1 = 6.96 klbs

Required length:

Lr = 34.67 / 6.96 = 4.98 in.

Voltage load = 23.143 Kblf

Maximum welding size=

Minimum weld size (according to table j2.4 RFD manual)= inch.

We use a size of 5/16 inch.

Effective throat thickness =

Welding capacity per inch =

Fw = ( 0.75x0.6x 70 )x0.221x1 = 6.9615 klbs

Required length:

Lr = 23.143 / 6.96 = 3.324 in. Min

GENERAL STRUCTURE

ISOMETRIC VIEW 1

ISOMETRIC VIEW 2
ISOMETRIC VIEW 3

ISOMETRIC VIEW 4
ISOMETRIC VIEW 5

Pu / 2 = 78587.32 N

157174.64 N

ISOMETRIC VIEW WITH LOAD

ANALYSIS OF THE ALGORITHM

MAXIMUM COMPRESSION 3025740 N

MAXIMAL TRACTION 2356270 N

SELECTION OF THE PROFILE BASED ON THE STRUCTURE

Max compression force = 3025740 N

Max traction Pu = 2356270 N

To select our profile, we will use the area method.

MAXIMUM TRACTION

FLUENCY

Pu
Ag
t Fy

529.7 kilopound-force
And
0.9 36 ksi

Ag 16.34 inches2
A FRACTURE

For the fracture calculation, U=1 is assumed (According to standard E90 Annex Pg 36)

Ae U*Ag
Ae 1*Ag
Ae Ag
Pu
Ag
t Fu

529.6 kilopound-force
And
0.9 58ksi

Silver 10.1 inch2

Profile selection

To select the profile to be used, a profile greater than the Area will be sought.
calculate 16.34 in²

Entering LRFD tables

FIRST SELECTION

PROFILE W 24 x 104
Area 30.5 worm2
Rx 10.1
Ry 2.91

CHECK
Maximum compression

With the maximum compression Pu, the calculation will proceed:

 KL
r
K 0.8 (table5.1 McCormac
L longitude member compression bug
r turnaround radio With the turning radius
minor (Ry 2.91)
0.8*196.85 KL/r = 54.10 value in
54.10
2.91
table of ------Fc*Fcr = 26.25

Verification of the min. area.

You c*Fc*Ag

Pu
Ag
c*Fc
Pucompression_ 3025740N

680.2 kilopounds-force
Ag
26.25
Ag 25.91 inches2

The proven area is less than the selection of the profile

25.91 > 30.5 (NO _FAIL)

Beam for base W 24 x 104

CALCULATION OF THE BASE PLATE IN CONCRETE

ACCORDING TO ANALYSIS IN ALGOR FOR THE BASE

Pu = 3025740 N = 680.2 Klbf - maximum compression

Zapata
A2 9 9 feet
f c' 3 lbf/in²2
A2 108x108 11664 inches2

 

  

0.5 0.95d 0.80bf  6.3 inches

N A1
306 6.3 23.79 inch

N IT_WILL_BE_USED_ 26in

306
B 12.75 inches
24

B 15-inch USA

VALUE OF THE AREA OF SHAPE H

 Pu
Po bfd
B N
680.2
12.75 24
26 15

533.69Klb

By Po
AH
A2 (0.6)(f)
0.6 0.85 '
b fd f c

533.69
AH 56.49 inches2
11664
0.6 0.85 x3
12.75x24

533.69
AH 174.40 inches2
0.6  1.7 3

Overhang length

 d b  t
f f    d b  t f f  2
4 A H  tf b f 
c
4

 12.75 24 0.750    12.75 24 0.750  2

 4  56.49  0.750 1 2.75 
c 0.677 inch
4

Thickness of the plate

 2Pu
tp m
0.9FyBN

2 680.2
2 0.656 inch
0.9 36 15 26

2Pu
tp n
0.9FyBN

2 680.2
2.25 0.738 inch
0.9 36 15 26

2P O
tp c
0.9FyAH

2 680.2
0.677 0.583 inch
0.9 36x56.49

THE PLATE PL ¼ x 13 x 24 WILL BE USED

 ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 Technical Data ETERNIT

ANNEX 2 Table A36 Design Stress For Compression Members

ANNEX 3 Profile Beam C

ANNEX 4 Wind Map of Peru

ANNEX 5 W profile beam - Longitudinal member

ANNEX 6 W 24x104 beam profile

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Steel Structure Design and Behavior, Fourth Edition 1996, Charles G.

Jack C. Mc Cormac Steel Structures Design. LRFD Method. 2nd

edition. Alfaomega. 2002.

Salmon- John E. Johnson-HarperCollins College Publishers.

Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) [Link]

NTE 020 Metallic Structures-SENCICO-Ministry of Housing and

Construction.

NTE 030 Metallic Structures-SENCICO-Ministry of Housing and

Construction.

NTE 090 Metal Structures-SENCICO-Ministry of Housing and

Construction.

American Institute of Steel Construction Inc. (AISC) [Link]

Manual of Steel Construction AISC-LRFD.