Chapter III

Modulation course

I. The signals:

1. Definition: a signal is the physical representation of information.

2. Nature of signals: we distinguish:

a) Deterministic signals (certain) if the signal is of type m(t)=Asin(wt) we know at

we advance at every moment.
b) Random signals: we do not know a priori m(t).

We also distinguish:

a) Analog signals: they vary continuously over time (intensity, sound,

light intensity, pressure, voltage.
b) Digital signals: which carry information in the form of numbers.

II. Transmission of information

The transfer of information requires a transmission chain. It includes an encoder, which

code the information, which transmits it to a transmitter (which possibly encrypts it, compresses it,
module,...) which transmits it to a receiver (which possibly decrypts it, decompresses it, the
demodule,...) which decodes it and returns it.

Example :

Transmission chain in telephony:

Transmission can be either analog (continuous signal) or digital (discrete signal).

III. The different types of transmission channels

Information transmission always happens at a distance, a physical medium ensures the link between
the source and the recipient.
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a) two-wire cable, with low bandwidth and reserved for low-speed transmissions
(less than 2 Mbits/s for the telephone network). It most often involves twisted pairs
twisted to reduce the coupling surface to external disturbances.
b) coaxial cable, with higher bandwidth that allows for transmissions
with a relatively high throughput (up to 565 Mbits/s on the telephone network). Fibers
optics
c) Free space (radio waves): depends on the size of the antenna C/f).
Example: calculate the size of the antenna for f=1KHz and for f=1000 MHz. Conclusion?

IV. Interest of modulation

Suppose we want to transmit an audible sound signal. It would occupy a range.

frequencies ranging from 50 Hz to 30 kHz. The direct transmission of this signal, by
Hertzian waves are impossible because:
It would be impossible, upon reception, to distinguish this signal from all the others occupying.
the same
Frequency range.
The dimensions of the antennas are large by about one wavelength of the signal.
This one
It would then reach prohibitive dimensions.
For a 30 kHz frequency signal: the length of the antenna would be at least C/f=3.108/3.104=10
km.
So the direct transport of baseband information (at its original frequency) is
impossible. For this, we use a high-frequency signal known as the carrier, in which we
the information to be transmitted is modulation.
On the other hand, at a high-frequency signal, the transmission of a low-frequency signal is large.
distance is impossible.

V. Modulation
It is designed to transport information to be transmitted on a high-frequency carrier.
via a channel.
The processes used are:
Generation of a carrier at the transmitter.
Modulation of this carrier by information to be transmitted.
Detection and demodulation at the receiver level
 Chapter III

VI. Amplitude modulation

VII. 1. Principle of modulation
The modulating signal is called: ( ) ) (
The bearer: ( )( )
Amplitude modulated signal is the product and the sum of the carrier by the modulating signal.
Thus we obtain:
() . ( ( )+ )( )

( () () )on pose , so we will have:

() ( ) (( ) ) (III. I)
The diagram of AM modulation with carrier is given by:

( )
× + ()

( )

In general:
() ( () )( )

() ()()

( ( )) ( )

[%] is the modulation rate. For good modulation, k must be close to 100%. If k <
It is said that this is over-modulation.

With: ( ) and ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
 Chapter III

( ) ( )

( )

( )

Conversely
out of phase
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VII. 2. The spectrum of an AM signal

In the case: ()) (

The AM signal is written according to (III. 1): () ( ) ( ) ( )

() ( ) (( )) (( ))

The AM signal is composed of three components:

( ) The bearer.

(( ) ) The lower sideband (LSB).

(( ) ) The upper side band (USB).

The Fourier transform of ( )give

() ( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ( ))

( ( )) ( ( ))

The positive part of the spectrum has three lines:

() ( ) ( ( )) ( ( ))

( ) ( )

The baseband BLI BLS

Note: It should be noted that the low-frequency signal spectrum does not belong to the AM signal.

In the frequency domain:

() ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

There are always two sidebands in addition to the carrier.

The bandwidth of the AM signal, or spectral occupancy, is: BP=2fmax .

 Chapter III

Amplitude modulation is a spectrum translation of the signal around the frequency

carrier.

VII.3. The power of the AM signal

()
The power of a signal ( ) is| | ()
√

Therefore, the total power of an AM signal is:

( ) ( )
|| | | | |
√ √ √

( ) ( )

( )

The power of the carrier is:

( )
The power of each of the sidebands:

( )
The active power used for transmission is:

For k=1, the active power is maximized.

VII.4. Power Efficiency

( )

( )
( ) ( )

For me=1 In AM modulation, the maximum power that can be used for the
transmission is of the total power.
 Chapter III

VII.5. Demodulation

It is the inverse operation of modulation, it involves extracting the information from the carrier.

Envelope detection

Detector Low-pass filter

envelope high

The first part is a rectifier. It eliminates the negative part of the voltage.
To obtain the best rectified voltage, the threshold voltage must be as low as possible.
the threshold voltage of the diode induces a "deformation" of the rectified voltage.
It is therefore better to use the germanium diode with a threshold voltage of 0.2 V than the silicon diode with a threshold voltage of 0.6 V.

V).

After filtering using capacitor C and removing the direct current component using
from the capacitor C', we obtain the envelope of the amplitude-modulated voltage which is the message
transmit.

b) Synchronous demodulator

In synchronous demodulation, we simply multiply the AM signal by a sinusoidal signal.

in phase (synchronous) with the carrier:

() ()
()
PB filter

Mixer

()

According to (III. 1) () ( ) (( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( () )
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On a:

() ( ) ) =(( ) ) ( ) () (

=( () )
) { (( ) (( ) )}

If: the signal becomes:

( () ) ( ) ()*( ) ( )+

() ( ) )+
( ( )) ( ) ()*(

PB Filter

A low-pass filter eliminates the high frequency part.

After filtering and removing the DC component, we obtain the signal: = ()

( ) which
( )is proportional to the message transmitted.

It is necessary that: cos ≠ 0.

6. Conclusion

Advantages: simple implementation.

Disadvantages: noise tolerance - low power efficiency - wide bandwidth.

III. Amplitude modulation without carrier DSB-SC

To increase the efficiency in power, the idea is to eliminate the carrier and
to emit only the two sidebands (Double sideband modulation, in English:
Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission).

Let it be a sinusoidal signal () ( )

()

The simplest idea for achieving AM modulation is to use a multiplier of

tensions as illustrated in Figure II.1:
 Chapter III

() ()

( )

Figure III.1: Diagram of the principle of 'carrier-suppressed' amplitude modulation.

The resulting signal will be: () ( )( ).

()

()

Figure III.1: signal ( ) in time presentation (solid lines) obtained by

()()
multiplication of a sinusoidal carrier and a modulator

Spectral aspect:

The Fourier transform ( )of ( )is written:

() ( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ( ))

Figure III.1: Spectra of the modulating and modulated signals.

 Chapter III

VII.3. The power of the DSB-SC signal

The power of the DSB-SC signal is given by:

( ) ( ) ( )
|| ||
√ √

( )
The power of each of the sidebands:

( )
The active power used for transmission is:

VII.4. The power output

( )
, the yield is 100%.
( )

Spectral congestion or bandwidth: BP=2fmax .