CHAPTER TWO

LETERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The literature review deals with the topics and the studies that would support
to understand Mobile Student Affairs Management System. And the existing systems
that are related to it. The objective of literature review are to analyze the related work
of Mobile Student Affairs Management System and mechanisms used in previous
studies. This chapter will be discussing about the literatures related to Mobile
Student Affairs Management System, the objective of literature review is to analyze
the related work of Mobile Student Affairs Management System and mechanisms
used in previous studies.

This chapter will contain or provide general understanding about the

literature reviews of Mobile Student Affairs Management System and any other
articles that explain the meaning of it in detail; also, this chapter will discuss or
review the previous related researches and it will compare these with this showing
the main difference between them and it will be clarified my extra work. In the long
run, this chapter will conclude with summarizing the chapter with few lines.

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 Literature review

2.1 Theoretical 2.2 Case study 2.3 2.4 Chapter

2.0
and Conceptual of the research Compare Summary
Introduction Development between
exiting
system

2.3.1 Student Affairs 2.3.2 Student Affairs 2.3.3 Mobile Student

Management System Management System Affairs Management
at University of at Columbia System for University
Pennsylvania University of Somalia

Figure 2.1: Literature Review Map

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2.1 Theoretical and Conceptual Development

This chapter will discuss the concept of Mobile, mobile app, student, student
affairs, management, information management system, University of Somalia.

2.1.1 Mobile

A mobile phone, cell phone, or hand phone, sometimes shortened to

simply mobile, cell or just phone, is a portable telephone that can make and
receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone
service area
mobile phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to
as smartphones.

2.1.2 Mobile application

A mobile app or mobile application is a computer program or software

application designed to run on a mobile device such as a phone/tablet or watch. Apps
were originally intended for productivity assistance such as Email, calendar, and
contact databases, but the public demand for apps caused rapid expansion into other
areas such as mobile games, factory automation, GPS and location-based services,
order-tracking, and ticket purchases, so that there are now millions of apps available.
Apps are generally downloaded from application distribution platforms which are
operated by the owner of the mobile operating system, such as the App Store
(iOS) or Google Play Store. Some apps are free, and others have a price, with the
profit being split between the application's creator and the distribution platform.
Mobile applications often stand in contrast to desktop applications which are
designed to run on desktop computers, and web applications which run in mobile
web browsers rather than directly on the mobile device ( David Pogue in 2009)

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2.1.3 Student

The “Student is a learner or someone who attends an educational institution.

In the United Kingdom, those attending university are termed "students" while
"pupil" refers to an attendee of a lower educational institute; the same was typically
true in the United States previously where student was considered a more lofty and
ambitious title, one who was actively seeking knowledge, not just learning it because
they were required to. In the United States, and more recently also in the UK, the
term "student" is applied to both categories: school and university students. In its
widest use, student is used for anyone who is learning, including mid-career adults
who are taking vocational education or returning to university. When speaking about
learning outside an institution, "student" is also used to refer to someone who is
learning a topic or who is "a student of" a certain topic or person. In the widest sense
of the word, a student is anyone seeking to learn or to grow by experience.”
(MacKinnon, Fiona J. D. (2004))

2.1.4 Affairs

The “Affairs an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has

previously been referred to”. “A matter that is a particular person’s concern or
responsibility”. “matters of public interest and importance” (Harper, Shaun R.
(2010))

2.1.5 Student Affairs

The “Student Affairs” is the department or division of services and support

for student success at institutions of higher education to enhance student growth and
development. (Ludeman, Roger B. (2009))

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2.1.6 Management

The “Management” is the organization and coordination of the activities of a

business in order to achieve defined objectives, machines, materials, and money.
Management involves identifying the mission, objective, procedures, rules and
manipulation of the human capital of an enterprise to contribute to the success of the
enterprise.[citation needed] This implies effective communication: an enterprise
environment (as opposed to a physical or mechanical mechanism) implies human
motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome. As such,
management is not the manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated
program), not the herding of animals, and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal
enterprise or environment. From an individual's perspective, management does not
need to be seen solely from an enterprise point of view, because management is an
essential function to improve one's life and relationships. Management is therefore
everywhere and it has a wider range of application. Based on this, management must
have humans. Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it
either through enterprise or independent pursuit. Plans, measurements, motivational
psychological tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be
necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management
functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans, meeting goals. This applies
even in situations where planning does not take place.( JosseyBass. Basinger, J.
(2013))

2.1.7 System

System: A set of detailed methods, procedures and routines created to carry

out a specific activity, perform a duty or solve a problem.( Cowley, W.J. (2016))

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 Systems theory views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts.
One scopes a system by defining its boundary; this means choosing which entities
are inside the system and which are outside—part of the environment. One can make
simplified representations (models) of the system in order to understand it and to
predict or impact its future behavior. These models may define the structure and
behavior of the system. (Christopher J. (March 2006))

There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may
not have an apparent objective but their behavior can be interpretedas purposeful by
an observer. Human-made systems are made to satisfy an identified and stated need
with purposes that are achieved by the delivery of wanted outputs. Their parts must
be related; they must be "designed to work as a coherent entity"—otherwise they
would be two or more distinct systems. (Anne M. (Summer 2014))

Open systems have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy
or information with their surroundings.

University of Somalia: is affiliated with a number of international universities

and institutions. It is located in Mogadishu – Somalia.

2.2 Case study of the research

The case study of this project is UNISO

University of Somalia was established in the former 2005 and it has got more
students and more academic staff. Currently, however, Uniso is located in five
different locations within the city. The first site is located in Barubax, other three
sites are located near Number Afar (KM 4) area and the fifth site is Located
Holwadaag. The university has got a well facilitated library, laboratories, lecturers,
rooms, among others.

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 University Background University of Somalia (UNISO), which was
established in 2005 by independent scholars, is a private higher education institution
which is categorically non-political, non-partisan and non-sectarian. University of
Somalia was established at a time when young Somali secondary leavers could
hardly get an opportunity to precede their education after secondary school due to
scarcity of affordable and creditable tertiary education institutions in Mogadishu.

The educators who stood for the establishment of UNISO at the hardest time
in the modern history of Somalia contributed a lot to the resilience of their country.
The enthralling vision and mission UNISO founders chose for the university will
continue to inspire and motivate all the university community to remain attached to it
in the delivery of tertiary education that meets skill gaps among the rising generation
in Somalia. Currently, More than 7,000 students are pursuing various degree
programs in the University of Somalia.

UNISO aims at providing tertiary education study programs that are highly
relevant to the market and social demands in its quest for better standards of living,
justice, equity and good governance among Somali people. To achieve that superior
objective together with the vision and the mission of University, UNISO always
seeks highly educated, committed, trustworthy, and disciplined personnel for all its
administrative and academic programs.

2.2.1 UNISO Value

 Leadership: The coverage to provide information to inspire the development

of Africa.
 Quality: The ability to provide information which will add value to the users.
 Commitment: The dedication to ensure current and correct information is
always available.
 Integrity: The ability to provide reliable information.
 Innovation: To be a catalyst for the development and advancement of Africa.

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2.2.2 UNISO VISION

University of Somalia to be the premier non-state and non-profit university in

Somalia, dedicated to provide affordable and accessible high quality education
attuned to the national values of the Somali people.

2.2.3 UNISO MISSION

• To instill hope in the Somali society impaired by the collapsed state institutions and
civil war, and revitalize community- based initiatives.
• To educate and nurture creative generations committed to peace, good governance
and Community services.
• To encourage intellectual and scholarly developments, and foster openness to a
wide range of ideas.
• To integrate social and Islamic values, scientific knowledge, and technical skills
required for sustainable development of Somalia.

2.2.4 UNISO OBJECTIVES

1. Bridging the Educational Gap.

2. Producing Educated Human Resource.
3. Developing Scientific Knowledge & Appropriate Technologies.
4. Conducting Community Education Programs.
5. Training Students with Better Skills.
6. Preserving National Cultural Heritage.

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2.3 Compare with existing system

There are some of Student Affairs Management Systems so they have some
differences when compared with this one, this research will make some comparisons
between the most famous Student Affairs Management Systems of today: Student
Affairs Management System at University of Pennsylvania and Student Affairs
Management System at Columbia University.

The research also carried out a joint study and the comparison is based on
their design, language, and the performance.

Through the comparison, their functionalities and performance will be clear

by talking about every one of them.

2.3.1 Student Affairs Management System at University of Pennsylvania:

The Office of Student Affairs is a central provider of resources and

experiences designed to supplement student’s classroom learning and to continue
significantly to their personal development. Through our program advising resources
and services, and various advocacies, Office of Student Affairs supports student in
their growth as leaders and builders of a strong community.

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 Student Affairs Management System at University of Pennsylvania: is a rich
desktop application that provides facility to handle the data of students it has been
designed and developed using:

Feature 2.3.1: student affairs at Pennsylvania University

2.3.2 Student Affairs Management System at Columbia University:

The Office of Student Affairs provides enrolled student with academic

counseling and advice about matters relating to their lives as students in the school
and at the university. The student affairs staff provides students with referrals to
other offices, both on and off campus, as necessary. But nothing substitute for face-
to-face meetings with and advisor.

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 We encourage you to come into the Office of Student Affairs whenever you
have questions or concerns. Our goal is to ensure your experience be as rewarding as
possible.

Student Affairs Management System at Columbia University: was developed

using the following programming languages or technologies:

Feature 2.3.2: student affairs at Columbia University

2.3.3 Mobile Student Affairs Management System at UNISO:

Mobile Student Affairs Management System is a mobile application which is

designed to solve the limitations of the current system that exists to University of
Somalia because of using a manual system that cannot solve their problems at
working time because it so hard to use manual systems for handling the data of a
large number of students.

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 The new proposed system is intended to enhance the current University of
Somalia’s System and it has the following features:

 Time saving.
 Secure.
 Easy to use.
 Reliable, accurate and more efficiency.
 Powerful, and focuses on storing, updating and deleting schedule
information.

The comparison of the current system with the proposed system is shown in
below table.

Table 2.3: comparison with existing systems

Features Student Affairs Student Affairs Student Affairs Mobile

Management System Management System Management system Student
at University of at Columbia at West Chester Affairs
Pennsylvania University University Management
System

Security  ✖  

Register   ✖ 

Report ✖   

Backup ✖ ✖ ✖ 

Restore ✖ ✖  

Privileges    

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2.4 Chapter Summary

This chapter discussed Theoretical and Conceptual Development of Mobile

Student Affairs Management System, Case study of the research University of
Somalia, Compare Between exiting system and Chapter Summary.

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