MEASUREMENT OF WORK

The measurement of work is the application of techniques to determine the

time that a skilled worker invests in carrying out a task.

What is a time standard?

It is the standard that measures the time required to complete a unit of
work by means of the
use of a standard method and equipment by a worker who possesses the
required skill.
DEFINITIONS OF TIME STUDY
A time study: It is an important part of work measurement with
This aims to obtain actual work times.
It is a technique to determine as accurately as possible, based on
a limited number of observations, the time required to carry out
I complete a specific task according to a performance standard.
pre-established.
More simply, it could be defined as a technique that is used to
determine a defined standard time to perform an operation
specific operations.

Just Labor Day.

Standard time: It is determined through a time study.

OBJECTIVE:
The ultimate goal of work measurement is to obtain the standard time for
the operation or process under study.

TECHNIQUES FOR TIME STUDY

System of predetermined time standards.

Time study with stopwatch.
Job sampling.
Standards of expert opinion time and historical data.
1. PREDETERMINED TIME STANDARDS SYSTEMS
(PTSS)
Since the times of Taylor, management has begun to appreciate the
assign standard time to the basic elements of work. These times
they are known as 'predetermined times, they are assigned to movements
fundamentals and to movement groups that cannot be evaluated with
precision through the study of stopwatch times, they are also
result of a study of a large sample of various operations with
a timing device like a film camera capable of measuring
very short elements and they are predetermined because they are used only for
predict the standard times for new tasks that result from changing
methods. These predetermined time systems are sets of
movement-time tables with instructions on how to use them
values.
The predetermined times are the result of studying a large number
of samples of diversified operations, these basic movements are
they can group properly to form complete elements of
operations that allow quantifying time without the need for
stopwatch
PTSS is the best tool for the efficiency expert; it can:

in the operator training on the best method

supervisors,
engineers and employees.

Among the main predetermined time systems are highlighted:

1. MTM
2. MOST
3. Work–Factor
4. GDP
5. BMT
6. MODAPTS
Frank and Lilian Gilbreth formulated the basic philosophy of the systems of
predetermined times and movements. Dividing the work into 17
elements known as Therbligs. Each therblig was reduced to a table
over time, when they are totaled, a standard time is determined for
this set of movements.
MTM System: The measurement of time for MTM methods and the factors
In work, there are 2 popular predetermined time systems.
 inspired by the work of the Gilbreths. The MTM is probably the
preset time system most commonly in use today. It has
10
THE MOST TECHNIQUE (MAYNARD OPERATION SEQUENCE TECHNIQUE):
But with this technique, analysts can establish time standards to
five times faster than with MTM. MOST uses 16 fragments of
time, this technique identifies 3 basic models of sequences.
General movement
Controlled movement
3. Use of tools
The general movement sequence identifies the free movement of an object in
the space by air, while the controlled sequence describes the movement
of an object that remains in contact with a surface or subject to another object
during the movement. The final sequence of MOST is aimed at the use of
common hand tools and simple operations (cutting, calibrating, writing,
etc)
2. TIME STUDY WITH A STOPWATCH
This is a method that most manufacturing employees think about.
when they talk about time standards. Taylor started using around 1880
stopwatch for studying work. Time studies are defined as the
process of determining the time required by a skilled and well-trained operator
trained to work at a normal pace to perform a specific task.
THERE ARE GENERALLY 2 DIFFERENT PROCEDURES FOR STUDIES OF
TIMES:
Continuous study of time
2. Long cycle time study
The first one is used to determine what causes the poor performance of the
operation. The second is used either for very long tasks or for
jobs where tasks are often carried out out of sequence.
TIME STUDY TOOLS WITH STOPWATCH
Stopwatches
2. Tables to hold the stopwatch and paper
3. Video cameras
4. Tachometers
5. Calculators
6. Forms
Time study procedures:
Select the job that will be studied
2. Gather information about the work
3. Divide the work into elements
4. Carry out the actual time study
5. Make the extension of the time study
6. Determine the number of cycles to time
7. Qualify, level, and normalize the operator's performance
8. Apply tolerances
9. Verify logic
10. Publish time standards
ZERO RETURN READING METHOD:
ADVANTAGES
1. Provide the duration of each element directly.
notably reducing the office work.
It is very flexible since each reading always starts at zero.
A single less expensive relay is used.
DISADVANTAGES
It is less accurate, as time is lost during each of the setbacks.
Generates suspicions among workers and can create work conflicts already.
that the union or the employees can claim that the timekeeper was stopped
and started the clock according to his own convenience, without it being able to
to prove the contrary.
3. Since each of the readings starts at zero, any error made does not have
to be compensated.
4. The reading is done with the hand in motion

CONTINUOUS METHOD OF WATCH READING

ADVANTAGES
1. Allows to demonstrate exactly to the worker how time was used during
the study. This way, suspicions are avoided and good can be demonstrated
study faith.
No time is wasted on setbacks, which provides greater accuracy to the
readings.
Studies done through movies have shown that when performing the
during the setback, between 0.00030 and 0.000097 h is lost. (between 0.0018 to 0.00582 min)
Errors in the readings tend to compensate.
A single clock of the cheapest type is used.
DISADVANTAGES
A lot of office work is needed to perform the subtractions.
It is less flexible

The techniques for the study of time and motion are tools for
improve the operations of the areas that interest us.

Usually, a study of movements is conducted first in order to establish a

method on which to base the time standard.

3. WORK SAMPLE
Work sampling can be defined as the technique for analysis
quantitative time of the activity of men, machine or any condition
operation observable. The work sampling technique consists of the
proportional quantification of a large number of randomly taken observations
in which the condition of the operation is recorded.
This method can be used to study the circulation of materials, nature,
cause and magnitude of the interferences, the distribution of duties of a group of
people in such a way that the workload is balanced and everyone can
work without interruptions.
Work sampling is the process of randomly observing the unfolding of
employees to determine how they make use of their time, is divided into 3
techniques:
1. Studies of elementary ratios or proportions
2. Sampling studies of performance
3. Time standard establishment studies
The results of the work sampling are effective for determining utilization.
of the machines and personnel and the production standards, the sampling of
work helps to obtain information quickly and at a lower cost. This method has
several advantages compared to the conventional study procedure
times.
1. Does not require the continuous observation of the analyst for long periods.
2. Reduce manual time
The total hours-worked dedicated by the analyst are less
4. The worker is not subject to long timed periods.
A single analyst can easily study group operations.
However, it also has some disadvantages:
Generally, it is not economical to study a single human operation.
machine
2. En general no es económico para determinar tiempos tipo operaciones
repetitive with very short cycles.
3. Does not provide information as detailed about the elements that make up
an operation like the technique with a stopwatch.
4. Does not provide a detailed record of the method used.
It is more difficult to explain it to management and employees.

This technique has various applications, but in general it is used to determine:

The time spent by a person on any activity or task
2. The productive time and the unproductive time of people, machines, or
operations
3. The magnitude of the lost time and the causes that produced it
4. Group personal yields
5. The effective usage time of the equipment
6. The preparation and withdrawal time of the tools
7. The unproductive time of the team and the causes that motivated it
8. The number of machines and people needed to carry out a task
4. STANDARD DATA
The standard data is mostly standard elementary times taken
time studies that have proven to be satisfactory and are a catalog of
elementary times formed from a database gathered over the
years of study of time and motion. When standard data is discussed
refers to all the tabulated standards of elements, graphs, diagrams, and tables
gathered to measure a specific job.
Standard data should be the goal of all study departments.
of time and motion. They are the fastest and most economical technique to establish
time standards and can be more precise and consistent than any other
time study technique. Based on these standards, the industrial technician
try to find out what causes time to vary in different jobs or classes
of machines.
Each job consists of several elements, so for each of them,
they develop several elemental times, one of the main reasons for the
division of a work into elements when studying it is the development of data
standards, the time of each element varies for its own reasons. Some
elements are constants and their times do not vary in any way, others do not
sound and its times will vary depending on certain parameters such as size or weight.
Advantages:
The advantages of time standards taken from standard data are the
next:
1. They are selected from a standards book, it takes approximately 2 minutes.
choose a standard compared to the nearly 30 min. per standard using techniques
PTSS or time with a stopwatch.
They are more accurate than any other time standard technique.
3. Time standards can be set before the start of the
production.
4. Time standards for short-term jobs can be established
in an economical way.
Standard data reduce the need for timed studies with a stopwatch.
which can become costly and create conflicts among employees, the data
standards can minimize both disadvantages.
6. Time standards are easier to explain and adjust if they are
necessary, employees probably know better what causes the variation
time from one job to another. When time standards are established starting
The new standard can be easily explained to the operator.
since it is similar to some other work that I have already done at the station.

5. STANDARDS OF TIME OF EXPERT OPINION AND HISTORICAL DATA

A standard of expert opinion time is an estimate made by a
person with a lot of experience required to do a job
specific. The person designated in a system of opinion time standards
an expert is generally a supervisor, in larger departments it is possible
consult a specialist.
The expert is one who has a vast accumulation of experience with which one can
estimate the work requested in your area of expertise with accuracy
acceptable.
Historical data is an accounting procedure of the standard systems of
expert opinion time, consists of keeping a record of how much time it took
each job. When a new job arises, it is compared with the standard of
previous work. These standards are then used in the control system of
labor productivity. The issue of time standards
historical records do not show the time it should have taken for the work due to which
it can be considered ineffective.
BASIC RESPONSIBILITIES PRIOR TO A TIME STUDY
ANALYST'S RESPONSIBILITY:
An analyst must be sure that they are using the correct method.
Accurately record the taken times.
Evaluate the employee's performance honestly and refrain from
to criticize it.
How time study analysts directly affect the
workers' pockets and the profit and loss statements of the
Companies must be reliable and thorough in their work.
It is also of utmost importance that the time study analyst is
well rated.
The final objective that the analyst should pursue is to evaluate all the
variables and determine the time required for the skilled operator
do your homework.
A supervisor must also know how to answer any questions.
related to the operation.
Once the time study is completed, the supervisor must sign a
report to indicate your agreement with the study. If any changes occur in
a method of the supervisor has the responsibility to inform the
department of methods for adjusting the corresponding standard.
SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITY:
The supervisor must notify the operator in advance that their performance will be studied.
assigned work.
The supervisor must verify that they are using the appropriate method established by
the methods department and that the selected operator is competent
and has the appropriate work experience.
The supervisor must check that the tools are in good condition.
state and the proper selection of equipment is made to do the
work to measure.
You must be sure that the worker follows the prescribed method and help train.
to the employees so that they perfect the method

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE UNION:

The union representative must ensure that the time study
includes a complete record of the working conditions, that is, the
method and the distribution of work.
It will also ensure that the full description of the task is accurate and
it will complete and encourage the worker to cooperate in the analysis.
Through training programs, the union must educate everyone.
their affiliates in need of a time study.
Unions must be aware and recognize that the standards are
necessary to have an operation with continuous profits and benefits
inclusive for their own workers.
OPERATOR'S RESPONSIBILITY:
Every employee must have enough interest in well-being for the
company and support the practices and procedures implemented by the
administration.
Workers must thoroughly test the new methods and cooperate.
to eliminate the failures.
Making suggestions for further improvement is also a responsibility.
of the worker since he is closer than anyone to the job.
The worker must assist the methods analyst in dividing the task into
its elements.
You should work at a normal and steady pace while the study is being conducted.
introduce the least number of strange or additional movements that
it would be possible.
You must use the exact prescribed method as failing to do so could generate
incorrect standards.

CHARACTERISTICS:
This method is commonly used when:
There are repetitive work cycles of short or long duration.
It performs a wide variety of unequal work.
ELEMENTS TO PERFORM an E.T
SELECT
The work that will be the subject of study.
Registrar
All data related to the circumstances under which the work is carried out, to the
methods and the elements of activity they involve.
EXAMINE
The recorded data and the details of the elements with critical meaning for
verify if the most effective methods and movements are used, and separate the
unproductive or strange elements of the productive.
MEASURE
The amount of work of each element, expressing it in time, through the
most appropriate technique for measuring work.
DEFINE
Precisely the series of activities and the method of operation to which
corresponds to the computed time and notify that this will be the standard time for
the specified activities and methods.
START OF TIME STUDY.
At the beginning of the time study, the time is recorded simultaneously as
start the timer. One of two techniques can be used, the technique of
return to zero or the continuous technique.
BASIC EQUIPMENT FOR A TIME STUDY
STOPWATCH:
1. Traditional stopwatch: with tenths of minutes (0.01 min), it has 100
divisions on the dial and each one is equal to 0.01 min, a travel of the
the minute hand requires one minute for each revolution of the minute hand.
it takes one minute.
2. Electronic stopwatch: Provides a resolution of 0.001 seconds,
allows taking times from any number of individual elements,
provides continuous time and time with return to zero.
VIDEO RECORDING CAMERA
They are ideal for recording the worker's methods and the time elapsed.
In this way, the analyst can record the exact details of the method.
used, and then assign values of normal times.
They can also set standards by projecting the tape onto it.
speed at which the recording is made and evaluate the operator's performance.
With the camera, potential improvements can arise that rarely happen.
they are detected when studying only with the stopwatch
Videotapes are also excellent for training.
time analysts can repeat the sections until
acquire sufficient skill.
TABLE FOR TIME STUDY
When using a stopwatch, it is advisable to have a suitable table.
to support the time study method and the stopwatch
The table must be light so that it doesn't tire the arm.
CALCULATOR
Time studies require numerous mathematical operations and do not
can exaggerate in precision.
The calculator speeds up the process and makes the results more accurate.
FORMATS FOR TIME STUDIES
All the details of the study are recorded in a study form.
times. The form contains the space to record all the information
pertinent.
The operation being studied is identified with information such as name and
worker number
machine number, special tools, etc.
In a form like this, it is better to have too much information rather than not enough.
Note: There is also special software for time studies, but this does not.
will be seen on this occasion.
EXAMPLE FORM FOR TIME STUDY