DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITIES
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
AREA OF STATISTICS
DEPARTMENT OF EXACT SCIENCES - ESPE
 Class # 15

Learning activity
Task 06
Proposed exercises
MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS WITH APPLICATIONS, WACKERLY, MENDENHALL,
SCHEAFFER, SEVENTH EDITION, CENGAGE LEARNING.
Chapter 2: Página 364, Ejercicios: 7.9, 7.13, 7.21
Página 373, Ejercicios: 7.43, 7.45, 7.53, 7.58
Página 394, Ejercicios: 8.1, 8.5, 8.8, 8.11
Página 402, Ejercicios: 8.21, 8.25
Página 409, Ejercicios: 8.39, 8.41, 8.43
Página 415, Ejercicios: 8.57, 8.61, 8.65, 8.67
Página 424, Ejercicios: 8,71, 8.75
Página 430, Ejercicios: 8.81, 8.83, 8.85

Student's name Rommel Andrés Erazo Molina

Career Civil Engineering
NRC 6625
Name of the professor Livino Manuel Armijos Toro

Instructions:
Do the exercises by hand and with a blue pen.
Any concerns, please present them through the Forum in order to resolve doubts.
the whole group
• Exercise 7.9

Refer to Example 7.2. The amount of liquid dosed by a

bottling machine is normally distributed with = ounce.
If n = 9 bottles are randomly selected from the production of the
machine, we found that the probability that the sample mean is
find at no more than .3 ounce of the true mean is .6318. Assume
what̅ It must be calculated using a sample of size n.
a. If n=16, what is (|P̅ − | <= 0.3)?

. (| − | ≤ 0.3) = P(-1.2≤ Z ≤ 1.2

. =0.7698

b. Find P − (|<= ̅ .3when

| )it must be ̅ calculated using
samples of sizes n = 25, n = 36, n = 49 and n = 64.

.P(|γ - μ| ≤ 0.3) = P(-0.3 n ≤ Z√ ≤ 0.3 √

. = 1 - 2P(Z 0.3 √

̅ P?| − ) .3
c. What pattern do you observe among the values (|for
What has been contemplated for various values of n?

The probabilities increase with n, which is intuitive since the

Variance of Y decreases with n

d. How do the respective probabilities obtained compare in

this problem (whereσ = 2) with those obtained in Exercise 7.9
(whereσ = 1)?

If these results are consistent since the probability was

less than 0.95 for values of n less than 43

• Exercise 7.13
 The Environmental Protection Agency deals with the problem of establishing
criteria for the allowable amounts of toxic chemical substances in
lakes and rivers of freshwater. A common measure of toxicity for any
contaminant is the concentration of it that would kill half of the
a type of test within a specific timeframe (usually 96 hours)
for fish species). This measure is called CL50 (concentration
lethal that kills 50% of the test species). In many studies,
values contained in the natural logarithm of CL50 measurements are
normally distributed and, consequently, the analysis is based on
data of ln(CL50). Studies on the effects of copper on a certain species of
Fish (for example species A) show that the variance of measurements
The ln(CL50) is around .4 with concentration measurements in
milligrams per liter. If n = 10 studies on the CL50 are to be completed
for copper, find the probability that the sample mean of
(CL50) was different from the true population mean by no more than .5.

. (| − |≤ . ) = (− . ≤ ≤ . )
0.9876

• Exercise 7.21

See Exercise 7.13. Suppose that n = 20 observations have to be

taking measurements (CL50) and that = 1.4. Denote with the variance
sample of the 20 measurements.

a. Find a number b such that ( ≤2 .975.

)

These values can be found using percentiles of the

chi-squared distribution with 2= 1.4and with n = 20,19 2he/she has a
1.4
Chi-square distribution with 19 degrees of freedom

− −
. ( ≤ )= ( ≤ )

= ( .
≤ .
)
= .

19
It must be true that = 32.8523. And 97.5% of this distribution
1.4
CHI_square, and thus b = 2.42
 b. Find a number b such that (≤ 2 0.975.
)

2≥ -2 2≥ -1
In the same way, ( )= ( 2 2

0.974

19
Thus,ª 8.96055, the 2.5% of this chi-square distribution, and so on
1.4
a = 0.656

c. If a and b are as in items a and b, what( is 2 ≤ )≤ ?

.P(a ≤ s2<= b) = 0.95

• Exercise 7.43

An anthropologist wants to calculate the average height of men.

of a certain race. If it is assumed that the population standard deviation is
2.5 inches and if she samples 100 men randomly, find
the probability that the difference between the sample mean and the
true population mean does not exceed .5 inches.

Sea And the last half andσ = 2.5inches. By the central limit theorem:

. (| − | ≤ 0.5 )= -0.5
( ≤ γ - μ ≤ 0.5 )
-5(10)
.= ( −0.5(10) ≤ ≤ )
2.5 2.5
. P(-2 ≤ Z ≤ 2)
. 0.9544

• Exercise 7.45

Workers of a large service company have a salary

average of $7.00 per hour with a standard deviation of $0.50. The
the industry has 64 workers of a certain ethnic group who have a
average salary of $6.90 per hour. Is it reasonable to assume that the rate
 the salary of the ethnic group is equivalent to that of a random sample of
workers taken from employees in the military industry?
[Suggestion: calculate the probability of obtaining a sample mean
less than or equal to $6.90 per hour.

The average salary calculated from a sample of 64

workers. So:
√ 8(6.90 minus 7.00)
.P(γ ≤ 6.90) ≈ P(Z ≤ )
0.5
= (z ≤ -1.60 )
0.0548
• Exercise 7.53

Carbon monoxide concentrations at a certain time in samples of

the air of a large city averages 12 ppm (parts per million) with
standard deviation of 9 parts per million.
a. Do you believe that the concentrations of carbon monoxide in the
Are air samples from this city normally distributed?
Why yes or why not?

With these given values for y please note that the value or
(0-12)
it has a z-score of = 1.33This is not considered
9
extreme and, nevertheless, this is the smallest possible value for the
CO concentrated in the air. Therefore, a normal distribution does not
is it possible for these measurements

b. Find the probability that the average concentration in 100

randomly selected samples exceed 14 parts per
million.

And it is approximately normal:

√ 100(2)
P(γ > 14) ≈ P(Z > 9
)
.= Z( > 2.22 )
. 0.0132

• Exercise 7.58
 Suppose that , ,…, and what , ,…, they are random samples
independent populations with means y and variances y ,
respectively. Demonstrate that the random variable
( ̅ −̅ )− ( − )
=
√( +

satisfies the conditions of Theorem 7.4 and therefore that the function of
distribution converge to a normal distribution function
standard when → ∞. [Suggestion: consider = − , for
= , ,..., .]

For W = Xi – Yi, we have thatE(W1) = E(Xi) - E(Yi)

= 1− 2

Y ( )= ( )− ( ) as Xi and Yi are independent. Thus, =

1
∑ =1
1
. ∑ =1( −
)
.= −
Now: ( ) = 1− y 2 ( ) = ( 2 2
1+ 2)/ Therefore, given that
The Wi are independent.

− ( )
. = (( − )−(
2
1−
2
2)
=
√ 1+ 2/ √ ( )

Satisfies the conditions of theorem 7.4 and has a normal distribution.

limiting standard.
• Exercise 8.1

Using the identity

(̂ − )= [̂ − ( ̂ )] + [ ( ̂ ) − ] = [̂ − (̂ )] + (̂ ),

Prove that
(̂ ) = [( ̂ − ) ] = ̂ ( ) + ( (̂ ))

Sea = ( ); then :
. ( )= [( − 2 )]

.= [( − ( )+ )2 ]
 .= [( − ( )2 )] + ( 2 ) + 2B x E[θ - E(θ)]

.= ( )+ 2

• Exercise 8.5

Refer to Exercises 8.1 and consider the unbiased estimator. ̂ what

∗

you proposed in Exercise 8.3.

a. Express MSE ̂ ( * as a function of V(̂ )

Please note that0 ̂ ̂ ̂

.= ( ̂ )/ 2

So:
(̂ )
. (̂ ) = (̂ ∗) = 2

̂ ∗
b. Give an example of a value for a for which MSE( ̂
) < MSE( ).

Please note that ( ) = (̂ ) + ( ̂ ) = (̂ ) + [( ̂ +

1) θ + b]2a sufficiently large value of willpower
. (̂ ∗) < (̂ )Example: a = 10

̂ ∗ ) >
c. Give an example of values for a and b for which MSE(
MSE(̂ )

A widely small value of a will does:

. (̂ )∗ > (̂)
Ejemplo: a = 0.5; b = 0

• Exercise 8.8

Suppose that Y1, Y2, Y3 denote a random sample of a

exponential distribution with density function

1 − /
( ) , 0

. ( )
0 , en
 Consider the following 5 estimators of :
1+ 2 1+2 2
. ̂ 1= !1, θ2=̂ ,̂ 3 , ̂ 4= min( 1, 2, 3
2 3
. ̂ 5=

a. Which of these estimators are unbiased?

Please note that 1 , 2 ,̂ ̂ 3 ̂ 5theŷ are linear combinations
simple of y1, y2, y y3. Then it is easily proven that these
four estimators are unbiased. From exercise 6.81 it
showed that ̂4it has an exponential distribution with the mean of
θ/3so this estimator is biased.

b. Among the unbiased estimators, which one has the highest variance?
small?
It is easily demonstrated that ̂ ( 1 ) = 2, ̂( 2) = 2
/
2, V( θ̂ 3 ) = 5θ/9y
2
5= ̂ /9So the estimator 5 , it
2 ̂
impartial and has the smallest variant
• Exercise 8.11

Sea , ,…, a random sample of size n from a population

with an average of 3. Suppose that ̂ it is an unbiased estimator of E( ) and that

̂ it is an unbiased estimator of E( Propose an estimator.

unbiased for the third central moment of the underlying distribution.

The third central moment is defined as:

. [( − 3 ]= E[(Y - 3)3 ] = ( 3 ) - 9E(Y2 ) + 54
One of the unbiased estimators 2y 3̂ It can ̂ be easily demonstrated.
what ̂ 3-9 theta2+̂ 54it is an unbiased estimate
• Exercise 8.21

A researcher is interested in the possibility of combining skills of

television and Internet. A random sample of n = 50 users of
The Internet said that the average weekly time spent watching television was
of 11.5 hours and that the standard deviation was 3.5 hours. Estimate the
average population time that Internet users spend watching
television and I set a limit for the estimation error.

Using table 8.1, we can estimate the population mean as y = 11.5

and use a two-standard – Margin of error of2(3.5) 50√0.99

• Exercise 8.25

A study was conducted to compare the average number of calls

emergency to the police in each 8-hour shift in two districts of a
big city. They were selected
random samples of 100
8-hour shifts of the records
police for each of the two
regions and the number of was recorded
emergency calls for each shift. The sample statistics are
provided in the following table.

a. Calculate the difference in the average number of emergency calls

to the police for an 8-hour shift between the two districts of the city.
b. Find a limit for the estimation error.
 We estimate that the difference is 2.4–3.1 = -0.7
1.44 plus 2.64
With an error limit of2 √ = 0.404
100

• Exercise 8.39

Suppose that the random variable Y has a gamma distribution with

parameters a = 2 and unknown. In Exercise 6.46 you used the
method of moment generating functions to demonstrate a
general result that implied that 2 / it has a distribution with
4 degrees of freedom. Using 2 / as a pivot quantity, deduce a
90% confidence interval for .

Using table 6 with 4 degrees of freedom:P(0.71072 ≤ 2X/B ≤

9.49773) = 0.9

2 2
So: (9.48773≤ ≤ 0.71071= 0.9
2 2
Y(9.48773 0.71072
, ) forms a 90% confidence interval for β

• Exercise 8.41

Suppose that Y is normally distributed with mean μ and variance σ².

unknown. So / it has a distribution with a degree of
freedom 1. Use the pivot amount / to find:

a. 95% confidence interval for 2

Using table 6 with 1 degree of freedom:

.0.95 = P(0.0009821 ≤ x)2 / 2<= 5.02389)
. 0.95 = P( 2 /5.02389 ≤ θ2≤ 2 /0.0009821)

b. Upper 95% confidence limit for 2

. 0.95 = P(0.0009821 ≤ X2 / 2

. 0.95 = P(θ)2≤ 2 0.0009821

c. Lower 95% confidence limit for 2

. 0.95 = P(θ)2 / 2≤ 3.84146

. 0.95 = P(A)2 /5.02389 ≤ θ2
• Exercise 8.43

Let y1, y2, …, yn be a random sample of size n from a population.

with uniform distribution in the interval (0, θ) let y(n) = max (y1, y2,
…; yn) y U(1/θ) Y(n)

a. Show that U has a distribution function

0, u< 0
Fu(u) ,0≤u≤1
1, u1

The distribution function for Y(n) is Gn(y) =( )2 , 0 ≤ ≤ θlike this

that the distribution function will be:
. ( )= ( ≤ )= ( ( )≤ )= ( )=
.0 ≤ x ≤ 1

Since the distribution of u does not depend on θ, U is a quantity.

pivot. Find a 95% lower confidence limit for ϴ.

( )
We require the value of a such that ( ≤ a) = Fu(a) = 0.95For
so much, = 0.95for = (0.95)1/ and the confidence limit
inferior isY(n)(0.95)-1/

• Exercise 8.57

Refer to Exercise 8.29. According to the result given there, 51% of

the n = 1001 adults surveyed in November 2003 said they were
Baseball enthusiasts. Build a 99% confidence interval for
the proportion of adults who in November 2003 said they were
baseball fans (after the World Series). Interpret this
interval

With 0.005= 2.576, the 99% of the interval is:

.0.51 ± 2.5760.51(0.49)
√ o0.51 ± 0.04
1001

We are 99% confident that between 47% and 55% of adults in

 November 2023 are baseball fans

• Exercise 8.61

A small amount of selenium, from 50 to 200 micrograms (mcg) per day, is

considered essential for good health. Suppose that you
they selected independent random samples from = = 30
adults from two regions of the United States who registered
for each person a daily intake of selenium both from liquids and
of solids. The mean and the standard deviation of daily intake of
selenium for the 30 adults of region 1 were = 167.1
̅ g y 24.3
mg, respectively. The corresponding statistics for the 30
adults from region 2 were = ̅ 140.9 g y = 17.6 mg. Find a
95% confidence interval for the difference in mean intake of
selenium for both regions.

With 0.005= 1.96, 55% is:

2
(24.3) +(17.6) 2
.167.1 - 140.9 ± 1.96 √
30

ó .(15.46 ; 36.94

• Exercise 8.65

For a comparison of the percentages of defective parts

produced by two assembly lines, from each line were selected
independent random samples of 100 pieces. Line A produced 18
defective pieces in the sample and line B contained 12 pieces
defective.
a. Find a 98% confidence interval for the true
difference in proportions of defective parts for the two lines.

The 98% CI is with 0.01= 2.326; es:

0.18(0.82)+0.12(0.88)
.0.18 - 0.12 ± 2.326 √
100

Ó .0.06 ± 0.117 ó (−0.057; 0.177)

b. Is there evidence here that suggests that a line produces a

higher proportion of defective parts than the other?
 Since the interval contains positive and negative values, it is
likely that the two assembly lines produce the same
proportion of defective items

• Exercise 8.67

A suggested method to solve the shortage of electrical energy in a

region includes the construction of floating nuclear plants
electricity generating plants a few miles off the coast in the ocean.
The concern about the possibility of a ship collision with the plant.
floating, but anchored, has increased the need for an estimation of
the density of boat traffic in the area. The number of boats that
they pass daily no more than 10 miles from the proposed location of the
electric plant, registered for n = 60 days during July and August, had
a sample mean
[Link] a 95% confidence interval for the mean number of
boats that pass no more than 10 miles from the proposed location for the
electric plant for a period of 1 day.

8.8
The 95% CI is7.2 ± 1.96√ ó 7.2 ± 0.75
60

It was expected that traffic density would decrease during the months
in winter. A sample of n = 90 daily records of sightings
for ships for December, January, and February gave an average and variance
de = y s2 = 4.9. Find a 90% confidence interval for the
difference in the average density of ship traffic between
summer and winter months.

The 90% CI for the difference in mean densities is(7.2 -

8.8 4.9
± 1.645 √ 60 + ó 2.5 ± 0.74
30
 c. What is the population associated with the estimation in section b? What
there could be something wrong with the sampling procedure for items a

Presumably, the population is sightings of ships during

all the summer and winter months. It is very likely that the days
used in the sample have not been selected randomly
(the months were chosen in the same year).

• Exercise 8.71

A state wildlife service wants to calculate the average number

of days that each licensed hunter dedicates to this activity really
during a given season, with a limit on the error of
estimation equal to 2 days of hunting. If the data collected in studies
previous ones have shown that s is approximately equal to 10,
How many hunters should be included in the study?

WithB = 2
. sigma = 10 Therefore, n = 100

. n = 4σ2 / 2

• Exercise 8.75

A state wildlife service wants to calculate the average number

of days that each licensed hunter dedicates to this activity really
during a specific season, with a limit on the error of
estimation equal to 2 days of hunting. If the data collected in studies
previous ones have shown that s is approximately equal to 10,
How many hunters should be included in the study?

1 2
1 2
Here,1,645 √ + = 0.1
1 2

But 2 2
1= 2= 0.25 1= 2=

Therefore, the sample r = 136 from each location

• Exercise 8.81
 The lengths of the shells of ten examined lobsters in a
study of the infestation of the lobster Thenus orientalis by two types of
Lapas, Octolasmis tridens and O. lowei are shown in the following table.
Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean length of
shell (in millimeters, mm) of T. orientalis lobsters caught in
the seas near Singapore.

The sample statistics are: = 60.8 , = 7.97

Therefore the 95% CI is60.8 ± 2,262(7.9760.8 ± 5.70
√ 10

• Exercise 8.83

Chronic anterior segment syndrome is a health condition.

characterized by exercise-induced pain in the lower part of the
legs. Swelling and impaired function of nerves and muscles
are also accompanied by pain, which is relieved with rest. Susan Beckham and
your colleagues conducted an experiment that involved ten runners in
good physical condition, as well as ten cyclists also in good condition
physical conditions, to determine if the pressure measurements inside
from the previous section of the muscle differs between runners and cyclists.
The data —pressure in the section, in millimeters of mercury —are
summary in the following table:

a. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the difference in

average of the pressures in the section between runners and cyclists in
condition of rest.

Using the CI sample-sample for µ1 - µ2 using an assumption

of normality, calculate the variance of the grouped sample

2
9(3.92) +9(3.98) 2
. 2 =
18
15.6034
Therefore, the 95% CI for the difference in mean accuracies
of behavior is:
 1 1
√
14.5 − 11.1 ± 2.10115.6034( + )
10 10
13.4 ± 3.7ó (10.3, 7.1)

b. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the difference in the

average of the pressures in the section between runners and cyclists that
They exercise at 80% of maximum oxygen consumption (O2).

The variance of the grouped sample for runners and cyclists that
They exercise at 80% of the maximum oxygen consumption.
given by:

2
9(3.49)2+ 9(4.95)2
= = 18.3413
18
Therefore, the 90% CI for the difference of the mean precisions
the behavior here is:

1 1
√
12.2 - 11.5 ± 1.73418.3413( + )
10 10
= 0.7 ± 3.32ó (−2.62 4.02
c. Consider the intervals constructed in parts a and b. How
Would you interpret the obtained results?

Since both intervals contain 0, we cannot conclude that

the socks in any case must be different from each other.

• Exercise 8.85

It is common for organic chemists to purify compounds

organic compounds through a method known as crystallization
fractional. An experimenter wishes to prepare and purify 4.85 g of
aniline. Ten specimens of 4.85 grams of aniline were prepared and
They were purified to produce acetanilide. The following were obtained
dry results:
Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean number of
grams of acetanilide that can be recovered from 4.85 grams of aniline.
The variance of the grouped sample is:
2
15(6) +19(8) 2
. 2 =
34
= 51.647
So the 95% CI for µ1 - µ2 is

1 1
√
11 - 12 ± 1.9651,647 ( += -1) ± 7.72ó (−5.72 ; 3.72)
10 10
Here we approximate ± 0.025 with 0.025 = 1.96