This project consists of the

design and construction, at the level of

model of an elevator that
will connect the first floor with the
second. The elevator is
electromechanical, as it works with
electricity and pulleys.

NATIONAL SCHOOL
MODESTO ELEVATOR
BASADRE
STUDENT
PROJECT

SUBJECT: TECHNOLOGY

Course and Section: 1 'B'

TEACHER: STEFANIA ALVARADO M.

2017

STUDENTS:
BERRIOS CUTIPA, ESTEPHANY
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Summary

The present project consists of the design and construction, at the scale model level, of a
elevator that will connect the ground floor with the first and second floor. The elevator is
electromechanical, since it works with electricity and pulleys.

To develop this project, we conducted research on the elevator or

elevator, such is the name by which it is also known, that is found in a
section within this same report.

The elevator was developed in the following stages:

1st Elevator Design.

2nd Project Planning.

3rd Construction of the elevator structure, designing the model in such a way that it accommodates

the electrical and mechanical components necessary for its movement.

4th Construction of the mechanical device for lifting and lowering, incorporating a system
of movement of the moving part of the elevator that allows raising the cabin to a
determined height.

5th Incorporate an electrical control system for the movement, in such a way that it is
It is possible for the moving part of the elevator to rise and descend as desired.

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Introduction

The use of a home elevator is not only for convenience but also
out of necessity, especially when there are people with mobility issues.

Almost all of us have used an elevator, but we have never asked ourselves how
Does it work or what physical principles were used in its design.

The implementation of technical projects close to the everyday environment motivates

inspect reality, investigating the technical systems that are used daily.

Therefore, aware of the great utility that elevators provide to society and of
the need that students have to contrast what they learned in class with the
technological environment of our surroundings, it was chosen to deepen in the research of design
and the construction of a two-story house, with electric light and an elevator.

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Hypothesis

· The source of movement of an elevator consists of an electric motor, and uses

basically two mechanisms: one for the transmission of movement and another for
transformation of movement.

· Parallel electrical circuits are the most recommended for installation.

electricity of a house.

General Objective

· Apply and convey the physical principles acquired in classes in the design and
construction of an elevator and electrical installation of a house.

Specific Objectives

· Analyze the functioning of an elevator and design a model based on it.

reality.
· Analyze and design the electrical lighting installation of a home.
· Correct use of tools and materials for technological use.
· Organizational capacity of the team.
· Satisfaction from a job well done through consistency and research.

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Historical Background
The first reference to a lift is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius.
what does ARCHIMEDES (ca. 287 BC - ca. 212 BC) say that he had built a first
elevator probably in 236 B.C. In some literary sources from later periods, the
elevators were mentioned as cabins supported by hemp rope and powered by
hand or for animals. Elevators of this type were supposed to be installed in the monastery.
from Sinai, in Egypt.

In 1000, in the Book of Secrets by Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi, from Islamic Spain
describe the use of an elevator as a lifting device, in order to lift a heavy weight
to strike and destroy a fortress. In the 17th century, some prototypes of elevators were
they were found in the palaces of England and France.

Ancient and medieval elevators used traction systems based on

of the crane mechanism. The invention of another system based on screw transmission,
It was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, which
finally led to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first
the model was built by Iván Kulibin and installed in the Winter Palace in 1793,
while several years later, another Kulibin elevator was installed in Arkhangelsk,
near Moscow. In 1823, a "elevator cabin" is inaugurated in London.

In 1845, the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese carried out work in the Royal Palace of

Caserta's 'Flying Chair', an elevator ahead of its time, covered with wood
chestnut exterior and interior made of maple, accompanied by a light, two benches, and a sign
with the plan, and it can be activated from the outside, without any effort on the part of the

occupants. The traction was provided by a mechanical engine with a set of wheels
toothed, and was equipped with a system to prevent the consequences of the division of
the strings: the notches of the image on iron plates along the walls between the
which is inserted a beam is placed under the railway the cabin and pushed towards it
exterior by a steel spring system. Eight years later, the American Elisha
Ots patented a security system practically identical to the Neapolitan.

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In 1851, a certain Waterman invented the first prototype of a lift. It was about
a simple platform connected to a cable, for raising and lowering goods and people.

As taller buildings were constructed, people felt less

inclined to climb long stairs. The department stores began to thrive, and emerged
the need for a device that would transport customers from one floor to another with the minimum
effort.

The elevator inspired an American from Vermont, Elisha G. Ots, to invent

a lift with a security system to cushion the fall in case of cable failure
almost identical to that of the Neapolitan Gaetano Genovese. As strange as it may seem, the talent of

Elisha Ots as a designer discovered himself while working as a mechanical teacher in a

bed frame factory in Albany (New York state). He invented several
devices that saved work, and for that reason he was sent to Yonkers (New York), where
he could use his aptitude better. There he designed and built this first elevator with
automatic safety mechanism, in case there is any failure in the cable. For
In 1853 he had established his own elevator manufacturing business, the elevator company.
Ots Elevator Company, which still exists today and is the first company of
lifts of the world as it has 2.5 million elevators and escalators
installed all over the planet. The following year, Ots demonstrated this invention in

an exhibition that took place in New York.5

On August 30, 1957, the automatic door system was launched in the
passenger elevators, disregarding the process of opening and closing the door
manually.

The elevator counterpart is the well-known paternoster; it consists of a series of

open cabins, with limited capacity, that move slowly through two shafts
Continuous. One by one the cabins go up and, upon reaching the top, they switch to the other shaft.
for which they go down in a continuous cycle, without stopping. The passengers go up and down in

staircase. It was very practical in places with a lot of foot traffic between floors, although
It had security problems, which is why it was advantageously replaced by the stairs.
mechanics, much safer.

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Design and construction of the School Elevator

An elevator is a system composed of other subsystems.

SYSTEM ELEMENTS

Mechanic Structure

Electric Motor - Circuit - Power Supply

Control Calls and stops

Our elevator will consist of:

It is the first that must be built since it will provide support to

all the other parts. The structure must be able to support the
other systems for which it will be done in wood (plywood), material
to which we have easy access. The cabin will also be made of wood.
triple play
a) Mechanical System
And it will be held by a thread to the reel that will pick it up. To guide the
The cabin will use two U profiles made of wood (plywood).
To increase the strength of the engine and prevent the weight of the cabin
To overcome it, we will use a pulley system (reduction motor).
The motor to be used is powered by direct current. The source
The power supply will be a battery or a transformer. For
b) Electrical System
Building the electrical circuit will use cables of different
colors that will allow for identification or handling.

Relays will be used to control the calls and stops.

limit switches and push buttons. Additionally, it is added
c) Control system
A security system that will allow for the interruption of the system
in case of any emergency.

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a) DESIGN OF THE MECHANICAL SYSTEM:

After evaluating the different options to solve the stated problem, a decision was made to opt for a
structure like the following:

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Problems that must be overcome during construction:

1) Method of building the cabin: It cannot be too light as it would rise too much.
quick or it wouldn't drop, which would bring the need to add weights. Instead, if the
the cabin is very heavy, the engine couldn't lift it. By adding side walls it
achieve an acceptable weight.

To prevent the weight of the cabin combined with...

pulley wins over the motor and the elevator falls, a motor with a system will be used
gears extracted from a toy car and a gear motor with pulleys.

3) If there is no cabin guidance system, the elevator would collide with the
structure and would not trigger the limit switches: the best option for this problem
it is the U profile, as the cabin slides smoothly and has sufficient firmness
so that it does not deviate from its trajectory. Silicone was added in the cabin.
middle of the cabin. The roundness of the attached point allows for a smooth movement
for the guide.

4) Another problem is where the thread is wound. At first we thought about winding it on the
toy wheel, but its diameter created a leverage effect and caused
that the cabin overcame the engine, despite the gearbox. Therefore the
The solution would be to wind the thread directly onto the motor reducer (system of
pulleys), which, when having a small diameter, prevents the previous issue.

5) The problem is to design the way the cabin activates the limit switches.
quick actions to stop the engine and thus the ascent or descent of it. It was chosen
place the pulley system on the guide, so the platform rises and falls in a manner
suitable, on the floor
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6)

When the motor stops, the elevator must have a braking system. This
it appears in the royal elevators. To solve this problem, one can use
a wheel that has rubber laminates from the same toy that we used for the
motor. During the operation of the engine, it does not produce any noticeable effect.
about the system but when the power supply is stopped, these plates halt the movement
from the motor axis with the consequent stop of the elevator.

b) DESIGN OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:

To facilitate the construction of the electrical circuit, it was decided to obtain colored wires.
that are thin and easy to handle. The option is to use UTP network cable that inside
I have 8 cables of different colors and a phone cable that has 4 colored wires.
distant.

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A variable voltage transformer will be used as the power supply. This in

part to achieve finding the right tension for the proper operation of the motor.
the motor should be 6 V, this allows us to change the source if necessary, that's why
we opted for 9 v batteries.

The buttons and limit switches are responsible for sending signals to the system.
control to indicate to which floor the cabin should move and stop the engine upon arrival at the
floor of the one who was called. We will also try to place emergency buttons on each
floor to stop the elevator at any movement. The characteristics of these
the components are the following:

a) Call and emergency buttons:

The following diagram clearly shows how this works.
type of buttons consisting of a 'button', which is the red part of the image, the
Which, when pressed inward, closes the internal switch of the sensor. These
the buttons are called 'Normally Open' (NO) and are the ones we need to call
to the elevator from each floor.

The emergency buttons are similar externally but are "Normal

"closed" (NC), meaning that when pressed, the circuit opens.

b) Contact Sensor:

It is one of the simplest devices, as they are switches that are activated if
they are in contact.

As for its operation, it is also very simple: in a resting state the

common plate (C) and the resting plate (R) are in constant contact until the
pressure applied to the lever makes the small inner steel plate jump out and
then the contact moves from the resting position to the active position (A). This step of
sensors are what we will use for 'end of stroke'. When the cabin activates the
sensor, the circuit will open, and this signal is sent to the control system that stops the
motor.

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To facilitate the connections of the buttons and sensors with the control unit, it was used
a small terminal block of 10 terminals where the wires would be connected.

c) Control System Design:

The control system is basically an electromechanical system, which implies the use of
relays for its construction.

Relay: It is an electromechanical device that

It consists of a coil wrapped around a core, to
pass a small current through the coil this
it magnetizes and attracts upon contact, which closes or
open a circuit, allowing or not allowing the passage of
a larger amount of current than the one that
applied to the coil. It was invented by

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Joseph Henry in 1835 and since the relay is capable of controlling a larger output circuit
power than that of the input, can be considered, in a broad sense, a form of
electric amplifier. If we have to compare it with an electronic device, the
transistor is the one that fulfills a similar function. Basically, there are two types: contact
double and of simple contact.

The final circuit is as follows:

E0, E1, E2: EMERGENCY BUTTONS

P0, P1, P2: CALL BUTTONS
S0, S1, S2: END OF TRAVEL SENSORS
D1.2, D1.3: DIODES
RELAY 1: GROUND FLOOR RELAY
RELE 2, RELE 3: RELAYS OF THE FIRST FLOOR
RELAY 4: RELAY OF THE SECOND FLOOR
RELE 5: LOWER RELAY
RELAY 6: RISE RELAY

Diode: A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that allows the

circulation of electric current through it in a single sense. This term
It is generally used to refer to the semiconductor diode, the most common in the
current; consists of a piece of semiconductor crystal connected to two terminals
electric. Depending on how we polarize the diode, it will behave like a switch.

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closed (conductor) or open switch (isolator). The band around the diode indicates
that is the Cathode (-).

The diodes had to be added because in a first attempt, when the cabin was moved,
All the ends of the race were closed, and cutting the S0 or S2 sent a pulse.
to the relay on the first floor that activated it and the system sent current to the motor through another
circuit with the consequent non-stop of it.

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Explanation of Functioning
To explain how it works, we will do it based on the positions of the elevator and according to the
floor that is called. This gives us 6 possibilities:

The cabin is on the ground floor and is called from the first floor: In this position S0 is
open and all the other sensors are closed. When pressing P1, only the RELAY is energized
2 since RELAY 2 has S0 open.
This is how only the RELAY 2 is powered, which is the ascent relay. When the pulse stops, the RELAY 1
It remains activated since the coil is still being supplied through S1, until the cabin
it reaches S1 by opening the circuit and the engine stops.

2) The cabin is on the ground floor and is called from the second floor: In this position S0 is
open and all the other sensors are closed. When pressing P2, only the RELAY is energized
1. This only powers the RELAY 2, which is the upward relay. When the pulse stops, RELAY 1
It remains activated since the circuit is closed through S2, until the cabin reaches S2.
opening the circuit and the motor stops at pressure calculation.

3) The cabin is on the first floor and is called from the second floor: In this position S1 is
open and all the other sensors are closed. Pressing P2 energizes only the RELAY
Thus, only the RELAY 2, which is the upward relay, is powered. When the pulse ceases, the RELAY 1
It remains activated since the circuit is closed through S2, until the cabin reaches S1.
opening the circuit and the motor stops.

4) The cabin is on the second floor and is called from the first floor: In this position S2 is
open and all the other sensors are closed. When pressing P1, only RELAY 2 is energized.
since the RELE 1 has S2 open. This way only RELE 2 is powered, which is the lowering relay.
When the pulse ceases, the RELAY 2 remains activated as it continues to be powered through S1.
to the coil, until the cabin reaches S1 opening the circuit and the motor stops.

5) The booth is on the second floor and is called from the ground floor: In this position S2 is
open and all other sensors are closed. When pressing P0, only the RELAY is energized.
1. This way, only RELE 1, which is the descending relay, is powered. When the pulse stops, RELE 1
It remains activated as the circuit closes through S0, until the cabin reaches S0.
opening the circuit and the motor stops.

6) The cabin is on the first floor and is called from the ground floor: In this position S1 is
open and all the other sensors are closed. When pressing P0, only the RELAY is energized.
1. Thus, only RELE 2, which is the down relay, is powered. When the pulse stops, RELE 1

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It remains activated as the circuit closes through S0, until the cabin reaches S0.
opening the circuit and the motor stops.

The emergency buttons E0, E1, and E2 are in series so that any of them that
If active, it interrupts the main power at any time by deactivating all.
The relays. The previously mentioned software has the capability to design the board on
the one that would draw the circuit. The result, after some corrections, was the
Next:

The construction of the control unit was carried out on a protoboard or test board.
since this allows us to make corrections on a first attempt.

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To place the relays we will use integrated circuit sockets, this will allow us to
º replace them if any of them burns.

From the control unit, 6 cables come out that will go to the terminal block and thus connect to the others.
systems.

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Experimentation (Organization and Management):

The following are the steps to follow for assembly and the list of materials:

a) Mechanical System:

First step: Cutting the wood according to the measurements indicated in the plan.
Second step: Assembly of the support columns with the plants. Construction of the
cabin.
Construction of the supports for the buttons.
Third step: Placement of the guides.
Fourth step: Secure the structure to the base wood using 4 L profiles over the
columns.
Fifth step: Place the cabin within the guides. Attach the thread to the top of the
cabin.
Sixth step: Disassemble the toy car to obtain the gearbox and the motor.
Seventh step: Place the motor on top of the structure and tie the thread to the axle.

b) Electrical System:

First step: Placing the call and emergency buttons in their supports.
Placement of career finals.
Second step: Disassembling the UTP and telephone cables to obtain thin cables of
different colors.
Third step: Placement of cables in the push buttons and in the limit switches.
Fourth step: Connect the cables to the terminal block.

c) Control System:

First step: Construction of the control unit by soldering the sockets as indicated in the
diagram.
Second step: Verification with a multimeter that the connections are correct. Third
step: Addition of cables to complete the circuit and to connect the system to the terminal block.

Fourth step: Place the relays.

Fifth step: Test the control unit.
Sixth step: Connect the control unit to the terminal block.

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MATERIALS LIST:

Description of the most important materials

· 1.5V ELECTRIC MOTOR: responsible for generating rotary motion, in this case
generates movement to a set of gears that are connected to some pulleys.

· 9V BATTERY: supplies direct current, which is connected to the relays.

· FINAL CAREER CONTACT SENSOR: dispositionyou are located at the end of the route of a
mobile element, with the aim of sending signals that can modify the state of
a circuit.

· RELE: electromechanical device in which an electromagnet is used to operate

a game of one or more contacts that allow opening or closing electrical circuits.
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Test

Once the assembly is complete, the elevator must be tested. For that
we must consider the six possibilities for a two-story elevator. Let's verify:

Ground Floor First Floor Second Floor

Cabin Call X

X Cabin Call

X Call Cabin

Call Cabin X

Cabin X Call

Call X Cabin

At this stage, the adjustments of the race finishes are made so that the elevator is
stop where appropriate. We also tested the emergency stop circuit
stopping the elevator at any point in its journey.

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Results

· The load goes up and down, activating a direction change switch. The source of
movement is an electric motor. The mechanisms are: one of transmission of
movement and the other of transformation of movement.

· When the elevator finishes ascending, it stops manually, with intervention.

human. When the elevator finishes descending, it must stop manually.

· TRANSMISSION MECHANISM: The transmission mechanism is circular, the

The driving element is the electric motor. The transmission system consists of pulleys.
with belts, gears. It is easier to build with pulleys.

· TRANSFORMATION MECHANISM: The transformation mechanism is circular.

a linear because the movement of the elevator must be linear. The motor reducer,
it has an added advantage, it makes it easier for the elevator to rise slowly and smoothly
safe, although the hand-crank winch is simpler.

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Conclusion

The scale model works correctly. We could improve and lower the prices.
for example using a PCB instead of a breadboard. We believe that the system
it can be improved and can be implemented in the next school year. It is central to this project.
the integration of scientific and technological knowledge. We consider that this resource
didactic allows students to explore different stages of the technological project and to
teachers have a team to teach and model, propose improvements, and contribute to
develop new perspectives on the teaching of technology and its derivatives
scientific.

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Bibliographic References

· SALINAS Edmundo. Physics 3, Electricity and Electromagnetism. First Edition.

Editorial J.R.L. Loja - Ecuador. 2005

· Sánchez Vicente. Scientific Research. First Edition. Zamora - Ecuador. 2006.

· Sánchez Vicente. Physics Laboratory. First Edition. Zamora - Ecuador. 2006.

· Websites:

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YouTube sites for project design:

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