Design of Metal Structure

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1. SUMMARY
In this project, the design, calculation, and optimization of the metal structure has been carried out according to
the current regulations.

The necessary documentation has also been developed for the proper execution of the structure.
study of security budgets and measurements, and plans.

It is a metal structure for advertising that has the following measurements: 15 m long and 10 m.
high m.

The structure is made of ASTM A36 steel with welded joints using electrode.

2. INTRODUCTION
The structural design is carried out based on an appropriate balance between the inherent functions that a
material can fulfill, based on its specific natural characteristics, its mechanical capabilities
and the lowest cost that can be achieved. The cost of the structure must always be the lowest, but
obtaining the best result from a previous structural analysis.

The structural design must always achieve a balanced performance between the rigid part and
plasticity of the elements, since on many occasions, an excess in either of these two aspects
it can lead to structural failure.

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attached. Its goal is to inform about something that is going to happen or is happening; it is a great source of
information for people.
2.1 MOTIVATION
The reasons that have driven the development of this project have primarily been the following:

First of all, the application and expansion of the knowledge acquired during the course of
Applied Material Resistance MEC-223.

2.2 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to establish a methodology for calculating the metal structure.
(steel).

To achieve this main objective, the following partial objectives have been reached:

Gathering the necessary information for the structural calculation proposal.

Modeling of the structure.

3. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
The structural design encompasses the various activities that the designer undertakes to determine the
shape, dimensions and the detailed characteristics of a structure, that is, of that part of a
construction that has the function of absorbing the requests that are presented during the different
stages of its existence

3.1 BACKGROUND
3.1.1 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES

[Link] FUNCTIONALITY
An industrial structure is a 'set of resistant elements capable of maintaining their shapes and
qualities over time, under the action of loads and external agents to which it must be subjected
submitted.

[Link] ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF METAL STRUCTURE

The use of steel in structures has a number of advantages over other materials.

The following are some of its most notable properties:

Metal structures, when undergoing large deformations, before failure occurs

definitively 'they warn'.
The material is homogeneous and the possibility of human errors is much lower than in
structures built with other materials. This allows for more precise designs, and
therefore more economical.
Metal structures are built quickly, as they are prefabricated elements.
partially, they can be assembled in the workshop. They also have full resistance from the moment of
its placement in the work.

While they also present some disadvantages that require certain precautions when using them.
The main ones are:
 Additional devices are needed to achieve rigidity (diagonal braces, rigid joints,
screens, etc.)
It is necessary to protect metal structures from corrosion and fire.
The result of the welded joints is questionable, especially in pieces working under tension.
Defects: lack of penetration, lack of fusion, pores and inclusions, cracks, bites,
stings and overflow

[Link] STEEL
The metals used in metal structures are mainly ordinary steel, steel
self-sanding, stainless steel, and aluminum.

Steel is the structural material par excellence for great heights, as it successfully addresses
structural proposals for: supporting the weight with reduced dimension pillars, resisting the
push against the overturn and avoid movements caused by the action of the wind.

[Link].1 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEEL

The fundamental values for the design of steel components are:

a) The elastic limit. The elastic limit is the unit load at which the step begins.
cadence, that is to say from which the deformations are no longer recoverable.
b) The breaking point. The breaking point is the maximum unit load supported by steel in the
tensile test.

The values of the yield strength and rupture depend on the type of steel, but there are other characteristics that
are common to all steels:

. Modulus of Elasticity: E = 210 GPa

. Rigidity Module: G = 81 GPa
. Poisson coefficient: = 0.3
. Thermal Expansion Coefficient: = 1.2 × 10-6 ⁄ ℃
. Density: ρ = 7.850 kg/m
[Link].2 TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEEL
Weldability is the ability of a steel to be welded using conventional procedures without
that cold cracking appears. It is an important technological characteristic, regarding the execution of the
structure.

The resistance to laminar tearing of steel is defined as the resistance to the appearance of defects in
welded parts subjected to tensile stresses.

The bending aptitude is an index of the material's ductility and is defined by the absence or presence of
cracks in the bending test.

[Link].3 TYPES OF STEEL

Hot-rolled steels. This refers to non-alloyed steels, without characteristics.
specials of mechanical resistance neither resistance to corrosion, and with a normal microstructure.

Special characteristic steels. The following types are considered:

a. Normalized fine-grain steels for welded construction.

b. Thermomechanically rolled fine-grain steels for welded construction.
c. Steels with improved resistance to atmospheric corrosion (weathering steels).
Tempered and annealed steels.
[Link] with improved resistance to deformation in the direction perpendicular to the surface
of the product.

Cold formed steels. This term refers to steels whose manufacturing process consists of
a cold-formed product, which gives them specific characteristics from the perspectives of the
section and mechanical resistance.

[Link] STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS

Some of the resistant elements that make up industrial structures are the following:

Supports
Supports are vertical elements subjected mainly to compression and slight bending or
null. They are the elements that transmit vertical loads to the ground through the foundations and the
bases

To size a support, the following will be taken into account: the type of steel, the type of load it will receive.
profile, the length of the support (in case there is buckling) and the axial compressive load.

Beams
The beams or girders are linear elements in which one dimension predominates over the other two. Their
the work form is almost exclusively bending, which is why they often adopt the shape of an I, to try to
obtain the maximum inertia and the highest resistance module with the available material, trying to improve
the performance.

The beams are the horizontal supporting elements, or like in the roofs, slightly inclined.
which receive the vertical loads and transmit them, working in bending, to the columns or supports.
The loads that the beam receives produce the following stresses in its sections: bending moment,
shear stress and torsions (sometimes).

-Belts
The straps are the beams on which the sheet or another type of roofing rests, so they have to
to support its weight, as well as that due to possible snow and wind loads.

They are also supported on the trusses or the frames, usually on an inclined plane, which
which also tends to bend in the direction of the inclination.

Their separation is variable, depending on the covering material, etc.

The support of the straps on the trusses or frames will be ensured well through welded joints (a
cord on each side of the strap with the maximum thickness that allows the joint), either through unions
remachadas putting on an angular sleeve.

Bracings
They have the function of transmitting the stresses produced by the front wind on the extreme portal to
the side walls, which will in turn transmit them to the ground.

This type of configuration has the disadvantage of being statically indeterminate, which means
we have to make hypotheses to arrive at a determined one. These hypotheses are made regarding
the crossed diagonals, noting that when one diagonal is in tension, the counter diagonal is
in comprehension. Generally, two methods of analysis are taken:

If the diagonals are designed to be slender, it is reasonable to assume that they will not withstand compression loads.
Otherwise, they could easily shear. Therefore, the shear force will be absorbed.
entirely along the tension diagonal, while the compression diagonal is supposed to be a
an element that does not work, that is, for all intents and purposes, it is as if it did not exist.

If the diagonal bars are constructed with robust sections, they will be able to withstand forces of
tension and compression. In this case, we will assume that each diagonal takes half of the force
cutting that appears.

Due to being subjected to tensile stresses, these elements will be slender and have a circular section or
rectangular (bars and rods), also existing in angular section.

The rods (circular section) must be thickened at their ends to compensate for the loss of section.
which involves creating threads for their fixation, although sometimes it is chosen to design by taking
as the resistant section corresponding to the cross-sectional area of the thread, since this
the solution is usually more economical, although the part in this case turns out to be more sensitive to effects
of impact and fatigue, tending to fail in the threaded area.
Union Means

Bolted joints:
The fastening means considered are those consisting of screws, nuts, and washers that must
be normalized and correspond to the same grades of the material they join: elastic limit and
tensile strength.

Welded joints:
A steel is considered weldable according to a grade, a specific procedure, and for a particular application.
specific, when the appropriate technique can achieve the metallic continuity of the
union and this meets the required demands.

The usable contribution material for welding (electrodes) must be appropriate.

for the welding process, taking into account the material to be welded and the welding procedure; besides
it must have certain mechanical characteristics, in terms of yield strength, tensile strength,
deformation under maximum load, etc.

Welding methods
Manual welding with coated electrodes, with rutile or basic type coatings.
Semi-automatic welding under gas protection, with solid tubular wire filled with flux,
with rainfall transfer.
Semi-automatic welding with flux-cored wire, without gas protection, with
rain transfer.
Automatic submerged arc welding.

[Link].1 STRUCTURAL TYPOLOGIES

The combination of the different structural elements and the materials they are made of is referred to as
denomination structural system. Such structural systems can be constituted by the
combination of one or more basic types of structures. Below is a brief summary
Introduction to some of the most common structural types in industrial constructions.

The combination of the different structural elements and the materials they are made of is referred to as
denote structural system. Such structural systems may consist of the
combination of one or several basic types of structures. A brief summary is provided below
introduction to some of the most common structural types in industrial buildings.

-Covers:
They are the main part of the cover. The straps are supported on them, allowing that
the acting loads on the belts are transmitted to the supports.

There are many different types of trusses, and depending on their triangulations, they can be for greater or
less light
Porticos or frames:
They are made up of beams and columns that are connected to each other either rigidly or through
joints.

They are classified into simple portals and multiple portals, depending on whether they consist of one or several spans.
[Link] DURABILITY OF STRUCTURES
The durability of a steel structure is its ability to withstand, during the useful life for which it is designed.
it has been projected, the physical and chemical conditions to which it is exposed, and that could reach
to provoke its degradation as a consequence of effects other than loads and requests
considered in the structural analysis.

To achieve proper durability, it will be necessary to follow a strategy that considers all the
possible degradation mechanisms, adopting specific measures based on the aggressiveness to the
that each element is subjected.

The following aspects must be included, at a minimum:

Selection of the structural form, defining in the project the structural schemes, the
geometric shapes and the details that are compatible with achieving a proper
durability of the structure. Preparation of surfaces, painting, will be facilitated,
inspections and maintenance.
Efforts will be made to avoid the use of structural designs that lead to susceptibility
highly resistant to corrosion, choosing simple shapes for the elements.
Direct contact between steel surfaces and water will be minimized.
Direct contact of steel with other metals (the aluminum from the carpentry of
enclosure, curtain walls, etc.
When the structure presents enclosed areas or hollow elements, care must be taken that they are
effectively protected against corrosion through continuous welding.

[Link] PROTECTIONS FOR METAL STRUCTURES

Once the construction of the metal structures is finished, problems may arise due to some
of the following causes:

effects of heat, as a consequence of fires

excessive oxidation and consequent corrosion

[Link].1 FIRE PROTECTION

Although iron is not combustible, it cannot be considered fire-resistant, not only because
its resistance decreases as it exceeds 300º, not because of its expansion effect it undergoes great
deformations.

The protective materials for steel that can be used are: granite, marble, concrete, brickwork.
ceramic brick with cement mortar, plasterboards, intumescent paints, etc.

[Link].2 CORROSION PROTECTION

Oxidation is the worst enemy of metal constructions. To prevent it, a coating is applied.
protective coating and it is essential that the surface to be treated is free of dirt and rust.

The fire protection treatment should be considered together, since the

its requirements can determine a degree of defense against corrosion far superior to the
strictly necessary, especially in the case of intumescent paints and sprayed mortars.
3.1.2 ACTING LOADS ON STRUCTURES
The design of a structure begins with those elements that are subjected to loads.
main ones that the structure must take, and proceeds sequentially with several supporting elements until
reach the foundation.

Once a structure is conceived, the prior step to its resolution is to establish under what loads it
It is assumed that she will be subjected throughout her life.

Generally, the establishment of the loads to be considered is regulated by

Official rules, instructions, or regulations, with the establishment occurring only in a few rare cases.
value of such actions in the hands of the project manager. However, it should always be kept in mind that
These standards are merely a guideline, so the final responsibility for the design lies with the engineer.

Therefore, to design a structure, it is necessary to first specify the loads that act on
She. Generally, a structure is subjected to various types of loads that, by their nature,
Variation in space or permanence in time can be classified into different groups.

[Link] CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS BY THEIR NATURE

Shares can be classified according to their nature into the following groups:

Direct actions
These are those that are applied directly to the structure. This group includes the self-weight.
of the structure, the remaining permanent loads, the service overloads, etc.

Indirect actions
It is those deformations or imposed accelerations capable of giving rise, indirectly, to
forces. This group includes the effects due to temperature, foundation settlements,
rheological actions, seismic actions, etc.

[Link] CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS BY VARIATION IN SPACE

Actions can be classified according to their variation in space into the following groups:

Fixed actions
These are the ones that are always applied in the same position. This group includes
basically the actions due to the self-weight of the structural and functional elements.

Free Actions
They are those whose position can be variable in the structure. This group includes
fundamentally the usage overloads.

[Link] CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS BY VARIATION IN SPACE

Stocks can be classified according to their variation over time into the following groups:

Permanent actions
They are those that act at all times and are constant in magnitude and position. Within this
The group includes the self-weight of the structure, the embedded elements, accessories, and the
fixed equipment.
Permanent actions of non-constant value
They are those that act at all times but whose magnitude is not constant. Within this group
it includes those actions whose variation is a function of the time elapsed and occur in a
unique sense tending towards a limiting value, such as rheological actions, etc. Pretension (P)
it can be considered of this kind.

Variable actions
They are those that can act or not on the structure. This group includes overloads.
use, climate actions, actions due to the construction process, etc.

Accidental actions
They are those whose possibility of action is small but of great importance. In this group, there
they include actions due to impacts, explosions, etc. Seismic effects can be considered as
this guy.

This classification is included in the following table:

The following details more closely those types of cargo that can be considered.
as main considerations from the structural design perspective.

[Link].1 PERMANENT LOADS

The permanent loads are made up of the weight of the various structural elements and by the
weights of the bodies that are permanently attached to the structure. For any building, the
Permanent loads will consist of the weights of columns, beams, slabs, roofs, and fixed walls.
windows, plumbing, electrical installation, and other various devices.

To find the weight of the elements of the structure, one can refer to manufacturer catalogs or
files. Also in Annex C of the CTE-DB-AE (Actions in construction) the weights of
typical materials, products, or construction elements.
[Link].2 USAGE OVERLOADS
These loads can vary in magnitude and location, and are due to the weight of all the objects that
they can gravitate over the structure due to its use, or even during its execution
(execution overloads). Therefore, these loads can be caused by the weight of the objects.
temporarily placed on a structure, by moving vehicles, people, machinery,
installations, furniture.

To calculate the value of these shares, the charges due for each of them must be calculated, however,
In any case, they can never be lower than those indicated by the building regulations.

At times, it can be difficult to accurately predict the value of each and every one of these.
actions, which is why it is common to resort to the study of the history of existing structures of similar nature.
characteristics and functionality, in order to obtain an estimate as close as possible to the
reality.

[Link].3 SNOW LOADS

These loads are due to the weight of the snow that can accumulate on the structure such as
consequence of snowfalls in the area. The action of the snow fundamentally depends on the fact that a
Nevada does not thaw before the next.

Its determination will be linked to the geographical area in which the execution of the structure is projected.
mainly the topographic height.

In summary, for the determination of snow load, the following should be considered: general shape
of the structure.

[Link].4 WIND LOADS

The actions caused by the wind are determined as forces per unit area, which
they depend on the wind zone, the height above the ground, the topographical situation (normal or
exposed), of the construction (open or closed) and of the shape, position, and orientation of the elements
regarding the wind.

When structures impede the flow of wind, its kinetic energy is converted into energy
pressure potential, which causes wind load.

The direction of the wind is considered horizontal in any direction. Each case will be studied accordingly.
least favorable direction. The standard establishes the wind action as dynamic pressure, which
it depends on its speed, as well as its density.

The force acting on the elements will be said dynamic pressure, affected by a wind coefficient,
which depends on the shape and surface of the element, and its position with respect to the wind. This force is
It will consider the surfaces of the elements that make up the structure as perpendicular.

These coefficients will be obtained from tables and expressions provided by the regulations regarding
actions on the structures.
[Link].4 EARTHQUAKE LOADS
An earthquake is a shaking or abrupt movement of the Earth's crust. The earth can tremble due to.
different causes, such as meteorite impacts, cave collapses, volcanic activity... Nevertheless, the
The main origin of the most important seismic movements is in the sudden release of energy.
accumulated by relative movements between faults, resulting in the earthquake when the force of
friction is overcome by the accumulated tension.

Earthquakes produce loads on a structure through the interaction of ground movement and
the response characteristics of the structure.

These loads result from the distortion in the structure caused by ground movement and the
lateral resistance of this. Its magnitudes depend on the amount and type of ground accelerations, thus
as from the mass and stiffness of the structure.

The seismic load to be considered will depend on factors such as the importance of the construction.
(moderate, normal or special, according to the damage to people or essential services), danger level
seismic activity of the territory where the construction will be located (this is obtained from some maps of
seismic hazard that will give us the value of the basic seismic accelerations), lifespan for
the projection of the construction, characteristics of the soil where it will be situated, etc. All of this
is included in the Seismic-resistant Construction Standard.

3.1.3 STRUCTURAL CALCULATION

[Link] CALCULATION METHODS

It is well known that the difficulty of applying the various structural calculation methods in cases
practical. The formulations of the different theories implicitly carry, in all cases, an approach
of increasingly complex systems of differential equations and partial derivatives, which make them
impossible to apply directly in practical cases, unless perhaps for the most basic ones and that
therefore they lack real technical interest.

Then the need arises to seek practical methods of structural calculation, which are based on the
more or less complex theories and a series of simplifying hypotheses of them allow the
analysis of structures regardless of how complicated their respective geometries or states may be
load to which they are subjected.

3.1.4 PRIOR CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

[Link] MODELING OF THE STRUCTURE

To properly analyze a structure, certain idealizations must be made about how they are.
supported and connected the different elements to each other. Once this has been determined and it
they have specified the loads, the forces in the elements and their displacements can be found
well using the theory of structural mechanics applied directly to the idealized structure,
well through a software program. In this section we will address some basic techniques that
they will allow us to simplify the tasks of the chosen resolution method, whether this is a method
analytical, good numerical ones.
The exact analysis of a structure can never actually be carried out, as it always has to
make estimates of the loads and the resistances of the materials that make up the structure.
In addition, the application points of the loads must also be estimated. The greater or lesser
the complexity of the structure to be analyzed and the obtaining of satisfactory results is determined
due to the way in which the modeling of the structure has been carried out.

Thus, if we want to achieve highly precise results, we must resort to complex models that
collect as many structural details as possible, which will greatly complicate the analysis
of the structure. If, on the contrary, we use a model that is too simple, the analysis will be simplified.
notably, while the results obtained will differ from reality the more so the greater the
simplicity of the model used. Therefore, it is necessary to reach a compromise solution, in which
let's use a model that gives us acceptable results while not complicating the analysis
excessively.

This implies that the validity or not of a model will depend on the degree of accuracy in the
results that are needed or desired in each case, in such a way that it is not always a model that collects
A greater number of structural details will be better than a simpler model.

[Link] CLASSIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURE

Once the structure has been idealized, the next step will be to find out if it is isostatic or hyperstatic.
Well, depending on one or the other, the analysis methods to be used will be different.

It is said that a structure is isostatic when all the loads can be determined.
they appear in the same from the equations of statics. It is necessary to distinguish between being so
externally, in which case the reactions at the supports can be obtained; if it is internally,
the stresses that appear in the bars can be obtained; or that it is globally, in that case we
They will be able to obtain both reactions at supports and forces in bars.

It is said that a structure is hyperstatic if there are more unknown forces than equations.
applicable balance.

In the case of hyperstatic structures, a new classification can be made, distinguishing between
transnational or intranational structures, with different resolution methods in each case.

It is said that a stransnational structure, when its nodes undergo displacements when loaded.

It is said that a structure is intraslational when its nodes do not undergo displacements when being
loaded.

For this distinction, it will be necessary to initially consider that the bars are inextensible, that is,
they are neither shortened nor lengthened, just as taking into account the acting load system, since depending
From this, a structure can be transnational or intrasnational.

In any case, it must always be kept in mind that the equilibrium equations will always be
applicable and must be complied with. The difference lies in that while in the isostatic structures
the simple application of these to the different elements of the structure may be sufficient to
to solve it, in the hyperstatic cases it will be necessary to seek additional conditions and equations.

For a structure to be symmetrical, it must be symmetrical in both shape and loads. In these cases,
we will have that the points of the structure belonging to the axis of symmetry can only
to move in the direction of that axis, with the displacement in any other direction
restricted as well as the turn. This translates to the fact that in the sections belonging to the axis of symmetry
only axial forces and bending moments may appear, but not shear forces.

Therefore, in the case of having a symmetric structure, its solution will be limited to that of one half of the
same, to which we will impose the previous conditions in the sections of the axis of symmetry, for
what we consider applied to said sections are some efforts Mi, N, moment and axial
respectively, whose value will be obtained by restricting the rotations and displacements for such sections
in the direction of the axils.

A structure will be antimetric when it exhibits symmetry of form and antimetry of charge. In these
cases, we will have to ensure that the points of the structure belonging to the axis of antimetry cannot
to move in the direction of the axis of antimetry, allowing for rotation and movement in the
perpendicular direction to said axis. This translates to the sections belonging to the axis of
In antimetric systems, only shear stresses can occur, while axial and bending stresses are null.

Therefore, in case of having an antimetrical structure, its solution will be limited to that of half of the
same, to which we will impose the previous conditions in the sections of the antimetry axis, so that
we will consider applied over said sections shear forces Q, whose value is
It will obtain restrictions for such sections the displacements in the direction of the shear forces.

Although at first it may seem that these simplifications have little application due to the difficulty of
finding real situations where the load is symmetric or antisymmetric, the truth is that in reality it
the only thing that is really required to be able to apply this is that the structure has symmetry of
form, since any state of charge can be decomposed into a symmetric one and an anti-symmetric one. In this
we will find that this method is widely applicable, due to its usual use
structures with shape symmetry in construction, and thus calculations can be lightened
to carry out.

3.1.5 GEOTECHNICAL STUDY

[Link] GEOTECHNICAL STUDY

Before undertaking any project or building work, it is necessary to know the characteristics of
involved land. To this end, a geotechnical survey of the land must be carried out, whose
objectives are:

. Definition of the typology and dimensions of the work, in such a way that the loads generated by
foundations, excavations and backfills, or the loads supported by retaining structures,
do not create situations of instability or excessive movements of the structures themselves or
of the land, which endanger the work structurally or functionally.
 . Determination of the volume, location, and type of materials that need to be excavated, as well as
the proper form and machinery to carry out said excavation.

. Forecast of water-related issues: groundwater level depth, risks due to

leakage, dragging, internal erosion, siphoning, frost action, etc.; influence of
water in the stability and foundation of structures.

The geotechnical report will outline the results obtained from the geotechnical study, its
interpretation and the conclusions derived from its analysis, generally in the form of
recommendations for the project and/or construction of the work that has been the subject of study.

4 PROJECT ENGINEERING

4.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

4.2 COMPUTATIONAL PACKAGE

4.2.1 SolidWorks
SolidWorks is a CAD (computer-aided design) software for 3D mechanical modeling,
developed currently by SolidWorks Corp., for the Microsoft Windows operating system. Its
the first version was launched to the market in 1995 with the purpose of making CAD technology more
accessible.

The program allows modeling parts and assemblies and extracting both technical drawings and other types from them.
of necessary information for production. It is a program that operates based on the new
modeling techniques with CAD systems. The process consists of transferring the designer's mental idea to
CAD system, "virtually building" the part or assembly. Subsequently, all the extractions
(plans and exchange files) are carried out in a fairly automated manner.

The SolidWorks Enterprise PDM (EPDM) system helps companies in regulatory areas (such as
the development of medical devices) to comply with governmental regulatory requirements or the
industry standards in order to achieve product documentation and development processes
controlled, through the increase of operational efficiency, the assurance of compliance with the
regulations and the generation of the necessary information to demonstrate such compliance.

SolidWorks EPDM is implemented in just a few weeks (instead of the months that others need).
systems), in order to improve the performance of documentation and processes. The backing of a
a large number of users and the low total cost of ownership enable rapid improvement
make compliance efforts profitable, providing quick returns.
4.3 MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Location of the metal structure

The location of the metal structure of the advertising sign for the project is located in the
Bioceanic highway, on the stretch from Viacha to Chama highway 43 province Ingavi– La Paz– Bolivia.
Satellite View
4.5 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
4.5.1 STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS

WIND POWER
The National Institute of Standardization, INN, is the organization responsible for the study and
preparation of technical standards at the national level. It is a member of the INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) and the PANAMERICAN COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL STANDARDS (COPANT),
representing Chile before those organizations.

This standard establishes how the action of the wind should be considered for the calculation of
constructions.

Wind strength in La Paz

⁄ ]
= 30 − 38 [km/h; ⁄ ]m
30 kmℎ [≡ 8.33 [ ]⁄

According to the ISO 9001 standard, the wind pressure is:

2
= 4.34[
= ⁄ ]2 42.53 N [ ⁄ 2]
16
To determine the force applied on structures, it is first multiplied by the basic pressure by a
form factor:

Surface perpendicular to the direction of the wind = 1.2

Lattice surfaceC = 1.6

∴ ⁄ 2 = 42.53 2
( )
1.6 → ⁄ = 68.1[ ] 2
APPLYING FINITE ELEMENT IN 3D
DATA:

STEEL ASTM A36 ISO 9001 STANDARD

E = 2 × 10 11 [ ⁄ 2]

[ ⁄
ρ = 7850 kg 3]

G = 7.93 × 10 10 [ ⁄ 2]

= 0.26

Limit elastic: 2.5 × 10 8[ ⁄ 2]

limited tracking: 4 × 10 8[ ⁄ 2]

RESULTS OF SolidWorks:

− = 1.16 ×[ ⁄ 2]

− → . . = 2.1 ; F. S. = 276662

BASE STRUCTURE

2 − 1 2− 1 2 − 1
= ; = ; =

=√( 2 2 )2
2 − 1) + ( −2 )
1+ 2(− 1

[ ` =] `1 , ´2
2 − 2 − −
2 − − 2 −
∙ 2− − − 2
= ∙ 2 2
− − −
2 2
− − −
[− − − 2 ] 2

STRUCTURAL MEMBER–2

Finite Element Superposition Method

Materials
Assembled, we have:

1 20.97 0 −10.48 5.08 −10.48−5.08 0 0 1

2 0 90.93 5.08 −2.46 −5.08−2.46 0−86 2
3 −10.48 5.08 20.61 0.124 0 0 −10.12−5.21 3
4
= 10∙6 5.08−2.46 0.124 5.15 0 0 −5.21−2.68 ∙ 4
5 −10.48−5.08 0 0 20.61−0.124−10.12 5.21 5
6 −5.08−2.46 0 0 −0.124 5.15 5.21 −2.68 6
7 0 0 −10.12−5.21−10.12 5.21 20.24 0 7
[ 8]
[ 0 −0.86 −5.21−2.68 5.21−2.68 0 91.34 ] [ 8]

−3.89 × 103 90.93 5.08 −2.46 −5.08−2.46 2

0 5.08 20.61 0.124 0 0 3
0 = 106∙ −2.460.124 5.15 0 0 ∙ 4
0 −5.08 0 0 20.61−0.124 5
[ 0 ] [ −2.46 0 0 −0.124 5.51 ] [ 6]

Where:

2 −4.46× 10−5
3 −0.2
3 1.113 × 10−5
4 = −2.61 × 10−5 [ ] ;[]=[ 4 0.158 ] [ ]
5 5 0.202
−1.113 × 10 −5
0.158
[ 6 ] [ −2.16× 10 −5 ] 6

The resultant forces are:

1 0
[ 7=] [ 0 ][ ]
8 3.89

Calculating the axial effort in element 3

 1 0
2 2 × 1011 −4.46× 10−5 ]
3 = ∙ [0 1 0−1 ]∙[ =] ∙ [0 1 0−1 ]∙[
7 2 0
8 0

2 times 1011
3 = ∙ (−4.46 × 10 −5 )
2

3 = −4.46 [ ]

SAFETY FACTOR:
c
= −4.46 × 10 6[ ⁄ 2]

3.84 × 103
=−=− ; = −4.46 × 10 6[ ⁄ 2]
8.6 × 10−4

9 × 108
F. S. = ; F. S. = 89.68
4.46 × 106

4.6 CONCLUSIONS