SYNCHRONIZATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

The distribution system is defined as the set of mechanical organs that regulate
the entry and exit of gases in the cylinder to achieve perfect operation of the
system, the openings and closings of the valves must occur at the moments
timely, and a perfect synchronization with the crankshaft rotation

We can see in a distribution system corresponding to a motor with valves in the

head, started at the cylinder head, opposite the head of the piston driven by the camshaft
starting at the engine block

The tree has as many cams as there are valves in the engine, that is, two per cylinder.
generally, and they are also part of the eccentric that gives the movement to the pump
fuel feeding and the pinion that does the same with the oil pump and the
ignition distributor

For the correct operation of this system, the valves must close perfectly and
to ensure this closure, you must leave a gap between the valve tip and the tip of the rocker arm
that allows the expansion of the cylinder head and the valves with heat, without touching it
with the seesaw in which case it would remain open this light is called a game of tackles

CAMSHAFT

The camshaft is the mechanical component that receives the rotational movement from the crankshaft and it
it transmits to the valves where it is transformed into rectilinear motion arteno
 The engines that operate on the four-stroke cycle, the camshaft consists of a
carbon steel shaft on which levers are machined, in a number equal to the valves
of the engine, where it can be seen that the prominences of the cams are arranged in a way
that produce the openings and closings of the valves according to each cylinder and in the
appropriate moments

As each engine valve must open and close once for each complete cycle, the
four-stroke engines the camshaft must make one revolution for every two revolutions of the crankshaft
crankshaft

CAMSHAFT CONTROL

As already mentioned, during two complete turns of the crankshaft.

an intake phase and an exhaust phase are carried out in the cylinder, the intake valve must
to open only once in this time frame and the same for the escape by
Hello, the camshaft must turn half as much as the crankshaft, and to achieve this, it is coupled.
through a gear that has a ratio of 2:1.

The camshaft uses a pinion with double the number of teeth as the crankshaft.
The distributor gears are housed in the control panel, located at the part
front, also called the timing cover.

The camshaft control system essentially depends on the positioning of

this. when located in the engine block, the control can be performed by engaging
directly on the crankshaft pinion with the camshaft that has double the number of
tooth and therefore it turns halfway around the crankshaft and in the opposite direction for
to achieve silent operation, the camshaft sprocket is usually made of
synthetic resin and helical teeth, in which case the teeth of the pinion are also like this
crankshaft

In most engines given the relative positioning between the crankshaft and the camshaft
you take, the control of the last one is done through a chain the valves are
operated by pushers and rockers

The camshaft gear has twice the number of teeth as the crankshaft and rotates in the
Same purpose to attenuate the operating noise, a tensioner is available on the
chain

The tensioning action can be achieved mechanically or hydraulically.

 In current engines, generally all camshafts are mounted on the cylinder head.
directly operating the valves through tappets without pushrods or rockers,
which significantly simplifies the control kinematic chain as in these
In cases, the chain of command must be longer, which results in being louder in its
functioning, but currently with the development of new materials, it has been
replaced by a toothed belt made of synthetic rubber and fiberglass this gives a
extremely quiet operation of the distribution system
VALVES

They are responsible for opening or closing the intake mixture or gas outlet openings.
burned in the cylinders
 at the right moments of each phase, sealing the ducts hermetically
access and evacuation of the combustion chamber during the remaining time of the cycle
Given its operation, it is subjected to great thermal mechanical demands.

The sealing of the combustion chamber is achieved by placing in the head of the
valve, which generally acquires an angle of 45 degrees, this surface supports
in its conical seat with the functioning and consequence of normal wear

It adapts to the surface of the valve head.

Valve seats are usually insert types, ring-shaped, and are mounted on the
combustion chamber housing, the seats are made of alloy
cobalt tungsten and chromium

In each valve, there are two parts: head and tail. The head, which is shaped like
Zeta is the one that acts as the true valve, as it is the one that opens or closes the orifices of
admission or escape.
The valves are cooled by the guides, mainly, and by the head.
The valves that deteriorate the most are the exhaust valves, due to the high temperatures.
that have to withstand 1000º C. the manufacturing of the exhaust valves with alloy of
chromium silicon or chromium nickel

HAVING THE VALVES

The arrangement of the valves in the cylinder and in its control system differs from one
engines to others

Systemsof distribution They are classified according to the camshaft:

Block or side camshaft.
Camshaft in the cylinder head.
The valves are generally placed in the cylinder head.
Camshaft in the block (OHV system)
It is a system widely used in medium and large displacement diesel engines.
Due to the revolutions that these engines reach, they are being used less and less.
it is a consequence of the inertial forces created in the elements that have
alternative movements.
Operation
The crankshaft gives movement to the camshaft and this drives the tappet, in which is
supported by the rod. When the rod is activated, it lifts and operates the tail of the rocking mechanism.
(rocking) that, by rotating around the pivot axis, makes it act on the tail of
the valve, overcoming the action of the spring, opening the corresponding orifice. To
once the action of the cam disappears, the spring regains its original length and the valve closes
the hole, as allowed by the lever.

1
Overhead camshaft (OHC)
It is the most widely used system. The valve actuation is either direct or via
some organ. This causes it to be used by engines that reach a high number of
revolutions, although the command is more delicate.
The drive can be:
or Direct.
or Indirect.
Direct drive OHC system
It is a system that has few elements. It is used for revved-up engines. The
transmission between the crankshaft and camshaft is usually done through a toothed belt of
neoprene. It uses a hemispherical compression chamber, being used very frequently.
three or four valves per cylinder. Thisthe systemsthey present the problem that the cylinder head is of
susceptiblecil design.
It can have one or two camshafts in the cylinder head, called a DOHC system, if there are two camshafts.
of levers.

2
Indirect drive OHC system
This system is practically the same as the previous one, with the onlydifferenceof that he
camshaft, activates a rocker arm, placed between the cam and the valve stem.
ThefunctioningIt is very similar to the direct drive system.
By turning the lever, it pushes the half-rocker, which comes into contact with the valve's tail,
producing the opening of this.

BALANCERS, PUSHERS AND TANKS

Balancers (9 and 0)
They are levers that oscillate around an axis (rocker axis), which is located
placed between the valves and the rocker arms (or between the valves and
the camshafts, in the case of a camshaft in the head).
The rockers are made of steel. They oscillate around a hollow axis through which circulates.
pressurized oil. This shaft is drilled to allow for thelubricationof the rocking chair.
The mission of the rockers is to command the opening and closing of the valve.
There are two types of rocking chairs:
The oscillating balance beams.
Swinging balance.
Oscillating balance beams
It is used by engines with overhead camshafts. The axis of rotation passes through one end.
of the seesaw. It is also known by the name of 'semiseesaw'. It receives the
movementthe camshaft directly and transmits it to the valve stem through
its free end.

9
Swinging balance beams
It is used by engines with side camshafts.
The valves are placed on top. The axis of rotation passes through the center of the rocker arm. One of its
extremes receives ethe movementfrom the push rod and transmits it to the shaft of the
valve at the other end.

0
Systemsof distribution
They are classified according to the camshaft:
The block or side camshaft.
the camshaft in the cylinder head.
The valves are generally placed in the cylinder head.
Camshaft in the block (OHV system)
It is a system widely used in medium and large displacement diesel engines.
Due to the revolutions that these engines reach, they are being used less and less.
it is as a result of the inertia forces created in the elements that have
alternative movements.
Operation
The crankshaft givesmovementto the camshaft and this operates the tappet, in which is
the rod is supported. When the rod is activated, it lifts and operates the tail of the rocker.
(rocking) that when rotating around the rocker axis causes it to act on the tail of
the valve, overcoming the action of the spring, opening the corresponding hole. To
disappear the action of the cam, the spring returns to its initial length and the valve closes
the hole, as allowed by the cam.

1
Overhead Camshaft (OHC)
It is the most widely used system. The actuation of the valves is either direct or through
of some organ. This causes it to be used by the engines that reach a high number
of revolutions, although the command is more delicate.
The drive can be:
or Direct.
or Indirect.
Direct drive OHC system
It is a system that has few elements. It is used for high-revving engines. The
Transmission between the crankshaft and camshaft is usually done via a timing belt.
made of neoprene. It uses a hemispherical compression chamber, being used with great
frequency three or four valves per cylinder. Theseis systemsthey present the problem of
that the buttstock is of ddifficult design.
It can have one or two camshafts in the cylinder head, called a DOHC system, if there are two.
camshafts.

2
Indirect drive OHC system
This system is practically the same as the previous one, with the onlydifferenceof that the
camshaft operates a semi-rocker arm placed between the cam and the valve stem.
The operationit is very similar to the direct drive system.
By turning the lever, it pushes the semibalancer, which comes into contact with the tail of the valve,
producing the opening

Push rod
They do not exist in engines that have overhead camshafts.
The rods are placed between the rockers and the tappets.
They have the mission of transmitting to the balance beams andthe movementoriginated by the cams.
The push rods:
Solid or hollow, in steel or lightweight alloy.
Its dimensions are minimized so that they have weak inertia and at the same time
a good timeresistanceto the deformations.
The side of the taqué is spherical in shape.
The side of the rocker has a concave shape that allows for receiving the adjustment screw.
They are elements that interpose between the cam and the element they actuate.
The mission is to increase the contact area between these elements and the cam. The tappets
They must be very strong to withstand the push of the levers and [Link] resistanceof the
valve springs.
To extend the lifespan of the tappets, they are positioned in such a way that during their
operationcarry outa movementof rotation about its geometric axis.
The tappets are always lubricated due to their proximity to the camshaft.
Lightness is a necessary quality to reduce the effects of inertia.

6
Hydraulic stops
The hydraulic tappets operate in an oil bath and are supplied with lubricant.
of the lubrication system circuit ofthe motor.
The pushers or tappets adjust automatically to fit variations.
in the length of the valve stems at different temperatures. They lack adjustment.
The most important advantages of this system are its silenceiOS operationand his
great reliability.