Mathematical Reasoning

CONCEPT The deduction is reflected in the ability to apply.

the knowledge that is already possessed to the assimilation of
Developing human intelligence means developing other new ones; as well as the ability to in-
and exercise our mental skills and abilities, gathering isolated related data, eliminating
which, together, make up our 'SKILLS the improper information to reach a conclusion
MENTAL. These constitute our tools adequate.
fundamental tasks to solve problematic situations For example, from the propositions:
new both of a mathematical type or of another kind. Was - All of Mrs. Guevara's relatives are from Piura.
we will now discuss some of these mental skills and their we.
application in our course. - Luis is the nephew of Mrs. Guevara.
The logical conclusion we can reach is:
INDUCTIVE REASONING Luis is from Piura.
So:

Inductive reasoning allows us to 'build'

generalized knowledge, forming concepts and
formulate laws.
For example, based on the following propositions- Induction and deduction are two aspects of the
nes: joint inductive-deductive mental activity.
- Gold melts under the action of heat. Generally, to solve a problem, we use
- Silver melts under the action of heat. we analyze both forms of reasoning; but, depending
- Zinc melts under the action of heat. Oftheproblem,whethermathematicalornot,wewillmakegreateruse.

proportion of one of these "tools".

The logical conclusion we can reach is:
Metals melt under the action of heat.
A very important mental skill that has already been
DEDUCTIVE REASONING we had been using previously is the PEN-
CREATIVE FOUNDATION that is the base that supports
all kinds of reasoning make us ingenious
and skillful, opens the apparent limits and frees us
to fall into the absurd; in summary, being CREATIVE makes us
helps to develop and apply our intelligence.
CORRECTING A REASONING

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 Mathematical Reasoning

One of the most famous examples of possible 'fa-

“Llas” in inductive reasoning refers to the number
of regions formed when strings are built in
a circle. When two points on a circumference
they are joined by a line segment, a chord is formed.
Here it appears that for each additional point about
Locate a single point on a circumference.
the circumference doubles the number of regions. One
no cord is formed, only a region is present
A reasonable inductive conjecture would be that for six points
interior. See figure (a).
32 regions would be formed. But as figure (f) indicates,
There are only 31 regions!

No, there is no 'lost' region. What happens is that the pattern of

duplication ends when the sixth point is considered.
By adding a seventh point, 57 regions would be obtained.
The numbers obtained here are:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 57.

Put two points and draw a string. They are formed

It has been shown that, for 'n' points on a
two interior regions, as shown in the figure circumference, the number of regions is given by the
(b). formula:

Continue this pattern. Place three dots, and draw

All possible strings. Four regions are formed.
interiors, as shown in figure (c).

Four points produce 8 regions and 5 points produce

As mentioned before, only until a relationship
in 16 regions. See figures (d) and (e).
general has been demonstrated, one can be sure of the
validity of a conjecture, as there is always a counterexample
The results of the previous observations can it is sufficient to show that the conjecture is false.
summarize in the following table.

6 Fernández Ramírez E.W.

 Mathematical Reasoning

[Link] the sum of the digits of the result:

Response: ..........................................................

Response: ..........................................................
2. Find the sum of the digits of the result:

7. In how many ways can the following be read?

word?

Reply: ..........................................................

3. Find the sum of the digits of the result:

Response: .......................................................... Answer: .......................................................

8. Find the total number of sticks of:

4. Calculate the sum of the numbers in row 50.

Answer: ..........................................................

[Link] the total sum of: Answer: ..........................................................

9. Find the total number of triangles in:

Answer: ..........................................................
6. Find the sum of all the numbers in the following Answer: ..........................................................
matrix 10. Determine the total number of triangles in the
figure:

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 Mathematical Reasoning

..........................................................

11. Find the sum of the digits of the result of:

Answer: .......................................................... Response: ..........................................................

12. Calculate the sum of the digits of the result of

16. How many sticks can be counted in the following?
to carry out
castle?

Response: ..........................................................

13. Find the sum of all the numbers below

arrangement

Answer: ..........................................................

17. Find the total number of contact points in:

Response: ..........................................................

14. Find the total number of 12345678 that can be

form by joining neighboring digits:

Response: ..........................................................
18. In the following triangle. How many shaded balls
hey?

Response: ..........................................................
15. Calculate the total number of sticks in:

8 Fernández Ramírez E.W.

 Mathematical Reasoning

Answer: ..........................................................

Answer: ... 1. Find the sum of the digits of the result of:

19. How many sticks make up the following figure?

Response: ..........................................................
20. Find the total number of diamonds in:

B) 888
A) 360
C) 304
B) 400
D) 500
C) 900
E) 120
D) 888
3. Find the sum of the terms in row 30.
E) 320
2. Find the sum of the digits of:

A) 668
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 Mathematical Reasoning

A) 9000
A) 340
B) 2000
B) 239
C) 3000
C) 2401
D) 27000
D) 240
E) 54000
E) 240+ 1

4. Find the maximum number of spheres.

A) 400
B) 190
C) 420
D) 210
E) 100
5. How many balls are there in the figure P(40)?

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 Mathematical Reasoning

READING:
Exploiting the ingenuity

On the Island of the Zombies

On an island near Haiti, half of the inhabitants were bewitched by a Voodoo and transformed into Zombies, those
Zombies do not behave according to typical conventions: They speak and cannot be distinguished from humans.
normal, the only difference is that Zombies always lie and humans always tell the truth. The situation is
enormously complicated by the fact that although the natives understand our language perfectly, an ancient taboo
They are prohibited from using foreign words when they speak. Therefore, when asked a question that requires an answer
Of yes or no, they answer 'Bal' or 'Da', one of which means yes and the other no. The problem is that we do not know if 'Bal'
"Yes" is either yes or no.

You are on that island and you want to marry the king's daughter. The king wishes for his daughter to marry.
only with someone very intelligent. So you have to pass a test. The test consists of
ask the king's sorcerer a single question. If he answers "Bal" then you will be able to marry the daughter.
of the king, but if he answers 'Give' you will have failed the test. The problem is to find
a question such that, regardless of the fact that the brujoseahumano or Zombie is
Regardless of the fact that 'Bal' means yes or no, the sorcerer answers '13al'.

Solution

One possible solution would be to ask the healer: Are you human? 'iBal, is the answer to
the question of whether you are human!

How do you turn on the light?

There are two rooms. In one of the rooms, there are 4 switches and in the other room
there is a light bulb.

The problem consists of the following: assuming that you are in the switch room, and that you cannot see
nothing between room and room, how could we know which switch turns on the light bulb if we can only
go to the room where the light bulb is just once?

Solution
We left the first and second switches on for a while.
Next, we turn off the first one and turn on the third one.
Immediately after, we enter the light bulb room and proceed to touch the light bulb.
* If the bulb is on and also hot, we are certain that the switch is the second one, because it is connected to it.
turned on for a while.
* If despite the bulb being on, it is cold, the switch is the third one, since it hasn't had time.
to heat up since we just turned it on.
* If, on the other hand, the light bulb is off, the unknown is reduced to the first and fourth switches: if the
the bulb is hot, it's clear that the switch is the first, as we have left it on for a while, if it is
Turn off the switches the last one because it hasn't turned on at any moment.

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 Mathematical Reasoning

1. Which card continues? 5. Juan, Andrés, Renzo, and César are sitting.
one next to the other. Neither Juan nor Andrés is next to
César, Andrés is between Renzo and Juan.
Given the following propositions:
I. Juan is further from César than from the
others.
Juan is next to Andrés.
III. Renzo is not next to César.
Which ones are true?
A) B) * Only I * I and II
* Only II * II and III
* Only III

Response: ..........................................................
C) D)
5 friends: Nano, Jesús, Mario, Manuel, and Carlos
They live in a 6-story building, each on a floor.
different. If it is known that:
E) – The fourth floor is vacant.
Answer: .......................................................... – Manuel lives in a flat adjacent to Nano's.
of Mario.
– Carlos does not live on the top floor.
2. There are 6 coins arranged as shown in the
Who lives on the top floor?
figure, how many coins are required at minimum
move to form two rows that have 4 coins Answer: ..........................................................
in each one?
4. Four friends: Alonso, Beto, Catty, and Karim, are
sit around a circular table with 6 seats
symmetrically distributed. If it is known that:
– Between two people of the same sex there is a
empty seat adjacent to them.
– Karim sits next to Alonso.
Answer: .......................................................... We can affirm that:
I. Catty sits next to Beto.
3. In the figure: II. Alonso sits in front of Beto.
III. Beto sits next to Karim.
Which ones are true?
* Only I * I and II
* Only II * II and III
* Only III

Response: ..........................................................
A) Remove four matches without moving the others and
shape of two squares. Three friends: Coné, Willy, and César like to watch television.
B) Move only two matches and form six squares. One likes sports programs, the other likes crime shows.
and on the other cultural ones. It is known that Willy enjoys watching
Answer: ..........................................................
competitive programs, César asks Cone to
With 6 equal sticks, form 4 triangles. I rented a movie with a lot of action.
equilateral.
So it is true that:
Willy likes to watch sports.
Response: .......................................................... II. Cone and sports programs.
III. César and cultural programs.
12 Fernández Ramírez E.W.
 Mathematical Reasoning

IV. Cone and action programs.

None 13. With nine matchsticks form three squares
equal, whose sides are made up of a stick
Answer: .......................................................... I enter each one.

9. Mario, Gino, and Nano have different occupations. Answer: ..........................................................

Nano and the doctor do not know each other, Gino is a brother.
from the doctor and friend of the reporter, if one of them is 14. How many straight lines should I draw on the paper (without
Professor, then it is true that: lift the pencil) in such a way that it manages to connect all the
Gino is a reporter. II. Nano is a reporter.
circles? (Give the minimum answer).
III. Gino is a doctor. Mario is a teacher.
[Link] is a doctor.
Answer: ..........................................................

10. Three people live in three different cities and have

various occupations. It is known that:
– José does not live in Lima.
– Luis does not live in Piura.
Response: ..........................................................
– The one who lives in Lima is not religious.
– The one who lives in Piura is a politician.
15.A person is at the bottom of a 26-meter well.
– Luis is not a professional.
Every day it jumps up 6m and slips back 2m. If the
– One of them is named Fernando.
Ascension began on Saturday, what day will it arrive?
– One of them lives in Huánuco. person on the edge of the well?
So it is true that:
I. The person from Piura is a professional.
II. The religious man is from Lima.
Response: ..........................................................
III. Fernando is a politician.
16. Axel is the smartest boy in his class. In the
IV. The person from Piura is political.
same class Rafael is smarter than Pedro and
[Link]é is a professional.
less intelligent than Coco. Later:
Reply: .......................................................... I. Rafael, Pedro and Coco are less intelligent than
Axel.
[Link] the sum of the points of the token that continues II. Axel is smarter than Coco and less
the sequence: smarter than Pedro.
III. Coco is more intelligent compared to everyone else.
Which ones are true?
* Only I * I and II
* Only III * All
* Only II

Response: ..........................................................

A) B) C) Nina's house is to the east of Beto's house.

Alex's house is east of Nina's. Rosa's house.
it is to the east of Daniel's but to the west of the house
from Alex. Which house is further east?

D) E) Response: ..........................................................
Reply: .......................................................... 18. Five friends A, B, C, D, and E sit around
a circular table. If it is known that:
It involves dividing the sphere of a clock into three regions.
in such a way that in each region the sum of the – A sits next to B.
the numbers on the clock be the same. What is the sum of – D does not sit next to C.
each region?
We can affirm that:
I. D sits next to A.
Answer: ..........................................................
II. And he sits next to C.
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 Mathematical Reasoning

III. B sits next to D. another kung fu; also one of them is a black belt,
one is a brown belt and the other is an orange belt.
Which ones are true? Their names are: PonTu, Ya Tan, and Chan Chin.
* Only I * I and II You know that PonTu and Ya Tan used to practice karate before,
* Only III * All but not now. The judoka is orange belt. Chan
* Only II Chin and the one with the brown belt do not know each other. Put it.

He is a friend of the other two. So, it can be stated

Answer: .......................................................... what:
I. The karateka is a brown belt.
19. Three food vendors in three different II. Put You are a karateka.
ciudades:Tacna, Lima, Arequipa. Cada uno venden III. I am already a judoka.
different products: rice, milk and sugar; in addition, it [Link] Chin is a black belt.
You know that:
.aketsak
tiaeb
lrgneaaeo
hTr
I. José does not sell in Tacna.
Dante is not in Lima.
Answer: ..........................................................
He who lives in Tacna does not sell rice.
IV. The one who lives in Lima sells milk.
[Link] does not sell sugar.
1. Form six squares with twelve matchsticks.
What does Tomás sell?
equal, whose sides are made of a stick
I enter each one.
Response: ..........................................................

Answer: ..........................................................
20. Three fighters practice martial arts in
different gyms; one practices judo, another karate and
2. In the figure, move only two matches and form 7 squares.

C) Martin D) Dino
E) Andrés

5. In a house live a fat man, a skinny man, and a dwarf who

they have different temperaments. One for cheerful,
one angry and the other sad. It is known that the fat one
he is never seen laughing; the dwarf is annoying because
Answer: .......................................................... They always tease him about his size. So it's true.
what:
How many coins must we move at a minimum? The fat for the hot-tempered.
to form a triangle and for each side of the triangle
The dwarf for sad.
Are there 4 coins?
C) The skinny one for happy.
D) The fat one for happy.
E) The dwarf for happy.

A) 4 B) 0
C) 2 D) 1
E) 3

Pepe is taller than Martín, Dino is shorter than

Andrés is taller than Lucas, Andrés is shorter than
Martin. Pepe is shorter than Renzo. Who is the
louder?
A) Renzo B) Pepe

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 Mathematical Reasoning

A man says he loves a woman very much who is that one of them is a cardiologist and the other is a pediatrician,
the daughter of the wife of the only offspring of her mother. what we can deduce is that:
Why? I. Ana and Manuel are pediatricians.
II. Ana and Marco are cardiologists.
III. Sergio is a cardiologist.
Response: .......................................................... IV. Sergio is a pediatrician.
.na i c i r t a iddenptas igoloidrsaaacinA.V
In a meeting, there are three mothers, three daughters, three
sisters, three aunts, three nieces and three cousins. What? Response: ..........................................................
What is the minimum number of people in the meeting?
[Link]:
– Some A that are B are not C.
Answer: .......................................................... – All B are A.
– No A is C.
If the yesterday of the day before tomorrow is Monday. What day So:it?
is
Will it be the day after tomorrow of the tomorrow of the day before yesterday? I. No B is C.
[Link] A are B.
III. Some C are not A.
Answer: ..........................................................
Which ones are true?
* Only I * I and II
4. If Monday is the Tuesday of Wednesday and Thursday is
* Only II * II and III
the Friday before Saturday, then what day will it be
* Only III
Sunday of Monday?
Answer: ..........................................................
Answer: ..........................................................
8. Knowing that:
– All A are B.
5. Alex is Roger's brother-in-law because his only sister ...
– All B are C.
[Link] – All C are A.
Alex and Roger are Carmen's godchildren - sister of Which ones are true?
Alex – but not Juan – brother of Roger – then I. No A is C.
thechildreninrelationtoJuanturnouttobe:
II. Some C are not B.
I. Either godchildren or children.
III. Some B are A.
Both his natural nephews.
III. One is his natural nephew and the other is his godson. Which ones are true?
IV. One is his political nephew, the other his godson. * Only I * All
One is a natural nephew, the other is a political * Only II
nephew. * None
* Only III

Answer: .......................................................... Response: ..........................................................

6. Sergio, Ana, and Manuel are doctors. Two of them are
9. If Dora performs activities A or B then
cardiologists and one is a pediatrician. Ana and Manuel affirm
do C or D, but if you don't do B, then do

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 Mathematical Reasoning

C; however, it does not perform C. What activities city. That day, more so its morning, will be the same day
What does Dora necessarily do? when will we be back. What day is yesterday of
* A * B * D return?
* By D * A, B and D
Response: ..........................................................
Answer: ..........................................................

15. It is not true that Samuel is not Gino's nephew.

10. Sara has to complete four tasks: go to the bank, clean
Who is Pedro's uncle. If it is false that Pedro and
his car, preparing his class and practicing sports. Yes:
Samuel is siblings and also Samuel and Mayra
– He/She will go to the bank if he/she prepares his/her class.
They are siblings. Therefore:
– He/She will prepare his/her class if he/she doesn't clean his/her car.
I. Pedro and Mayra are spouses.
– He will not prepare his class if he does not clean his car.
II. Mayra and Pedro are siblings.
We can say: Mayra and Pedro are cousins.
If he/she cleans his/her car, he/she will go to the bank.
IV. Mayra is Gino's granddaughter.
If he doesn't go to the bank, he will practice sports.
III. He/She will not practice sports if he/she does not clean his/her car. V. Pedro is Mayra's father.

* Only I * I and II Response: ..........................................................

* Only II * II and III
* Only III
16. If A is heavy, B is light. If C is light, D is neither.
Answer: ... neither one nor the other. But A is annoying while C.
it is light. Therefore:
What is the relationship of my brother's son with me? I. B is light.
brother of the son of my son? II. D is neither light nor heavy.
I. Uncle - nephew
Grandson - grandfather III. It is heavy or light.
III. Father - son
[Link] - first Which ones are certain?
None * Only I * Only III
* Only II * I and III
Answer: .......................................................... * I and II

12. At a dinner there is: 1 grandfather, 1 grandmother, 2

parents, 2 mothers, 4 sons, 3 grandchildren, 1 brother, 2 Response: ..........................................................
sisters, 2 male children, 2 daughters, 1 father-in-law, 1 mother-in-law
and 1 daughter-in-law. What is the smallest number of people?
17. Coco and Rosa decide to meet at 8:00 pm. Coco has
what satisfies those relationships? a clock 15 minutes fast and Rosa 15 minutes
late. If Coco arrives at the appointment 15 minutes early
Response: .......................................................... according to his watch, Rosa arrives 15 minutes late
according to his watch. How long did Coco wait?
13. If the tomorrow of two weeks ago was Sunday,
What day was the day before yesterday?
Answer: ..........................................................
Response: .......................................................... 18. At a meeting, Mr. Grández was present.
If today is Saturday, then the day after tomorrow more Medium and Small. "It's curious that we weigh 45,
one day will be the same day we arrive at the 65 and 95 kg, but none of us weigh that much.

16 Fernández Ramírez E.W.

 Mathematical Reasoning

"So there is a direct relationship with his last name," he said.

the one who weighed 65 kg is right, said Mr. Grández. Response: .........................................................
How much did Mr. Pequeño weigh?

20. If you do not pass or solve this problem,

Answer: .......................................................... then it is false that you have studied or mastered it
logical deduction. But you do not master deduction.
logic even though you have studied.
19.
Therefore:
– If I study in the morning then I don't
I will wake up early. I approve and do not solve the problem.
– I study in the morning or I don't go to the cinema. II. You do not approve and resolve the problem.
afternoon. III. You do not approve and you do not resolve the problem.

– I will go to the cinema in the afternoon.

IV. You approve and resolve the problem.
[Link] of the above.
It can be concluded that:
I. Study in the morning.
I don't get up early. Answer: ..........................................................
* Only I * Missing information
* Only II * None
1. If Pablo is the grandson of Richi's grandfather and not
* I and II
he is Richi's brother. What is the relationship between

Pablo and Richi?

brothers

nephew
C) cousins 5. If Jimena is tall, Yessica is short. If Susy is short,
D) dad - son Ana is neither tall nor short. Jimena is tall at the same time as

uncle Susy is short. Therefore:

I. Yessica is short.
At a lunch, there were: 1 father, 1 mother, Yessica is tall.
1 uncle, 1 aunt, 1 brother, 1 sister, 1 nephew, 1 Ana is neither tall nor short.
niece and two cousins. What is the smallest number of
Are there any people present?
They are true:
A) 5 B) 10 A) I and III
C) 6 D) 4 B) Only I
E) 8 C) Only II
D) Only III
3. Since tomorrow is the day after tomorrow, Tuesday, what
E) II and III
What day will be the day before yesterday of tomorrow?

Thursday B) Monday
C) Friday D) Saturday
E) Sunday
If the day before yesterday of yesterday four weeks ago was Monday.
What day will the day after tomorrow be?
Sunday B) Saturday
C) Thursday D) Friday
E) Monday

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