High Heels

PHASES OF THE JUMP

The high jump is performed in four phases: the approach run, the takeoff, the flight, and the landing.

The sprint event takes place on a straight section and subsequently in a

curve. This run should be fluid and performed with long strides.

The takeoff begins with the support, then it follows with the cushioning and ends with the
complete leg extension.

The flight begins when leaving the

contact with the floor.
 The fall is performed on the back with the chin pressed to the chest, the
arms above the head and apart.

HIGH JUMP CHAMPION

Javier Sotomayor

Javier Sotomayor Sanabria

(Limonar, Matanzas, Cuba, 13
of October 1967) is a
former Cuban athlete, considered
the best in history in jumping
of height. It holds the records
worldwide both outdoors
as in an indoor track; achieved
an Olympic title, two
world championships,
four on the indoor track and three
Race Pan American titles, among
others. His first record the
Brand 2.45 m (RM)
obtained at sixteen years old.

In 1993, he received the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports, but in the
the decline of his career was suspended on two occasions due to the
involvement with prohibited substances
 HIGH JUMP CHAMPION

Maria Aleksandrovna Lasitskene

(born Maria Kuchina); born on January 14, 1993, is a Russian athlete.
specialized in the high jump. Double gold medalist in the
world championships in Beijing 2015 and London 2017.

Modality Height (m) Place Date

High jump (Outdoor) 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) Lausanne July 6, 2017

High jump (Track 2.03 m (6 ft 7 3/4 in) February 20

Moscow
Cover in) 2017
 HISTORY OF ATHLETICS
History of athletics
Athletics is a sport that encompasses numerous disciplines grouped into races,
jumps, throws, combined events and race walking. It is the art of overcoming the
performance of opponents in speed or in endurance, in distance or in
great heights.
The number of tests, whether individual or team-based, has varied over time and
mindsets. Athletics is one of the few sports practiced
universally, whether among enthusiasts or in competitions of all levels. The
The simplicity and the few resources necessary for its practice explain this success.

The first traces of athletic competitions date back to ancient civilizations.

ancient. The discipline has been developing over the centuries, from the earliest
tests until its regulation.
The calendar is dominated by four types of events: meetings, meetings between
clubs, nationals and the main international events. The Olympic Games
They are the most prestigious international event. They have been held every four years since 1896.
and athletics is the most important discipline among them. Since 1982, the Association
International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the body responsible for the
regulation of discipline has relaxed its rules to end the period
enthusiast of the discipline. The first World Athletics Championship was organized in
1983 and they have been held every two years since 1991.

History
Running, walking, throwing, and jumping are natural movements in humans and, in fact,
the concept of athletics dates back to very ancient times, as confirmed by
some rock paintings from the Lower Paleolithic (6000 BC - 5500 BC) to the Neolithic
that demonstrate rivalry between various runners and throwers.1 The sources are made
more precise in Egypt in the 15th century before our era, with the written reference
older, referring to the foot race, found in the tomb of Amenhotep II (c. 1438-
1412 B.C.)1 At the same time, the Minoan civilization (Crete) also practiced the
races, as well as javelin and discus throwing.
The first encounters in Greece took place in the 8th century BC. In them
the test called stadion stood out, which was a foot race of 197.27 meters,
equivalent to 200 times the foot of Heracles. This is the oldest proof of which
It is recorded, although it is supposed to have been practiced earlier. A short time.
then more evidence appeared, such as the double stadion or dual, the race of
middle distance or equestrian and the long-distance race or dolichos. All these events are multiples
from the distance of the stadium.

The pentathlon, which combines running, jumping, throwing, and wrestling, is another
athletics discipline introduced in the Olympic program before the end of the 8th century
a. C.
Apart from the Olympic Games, there were other sporting events at different
Greek city-states, which were eclipsed by the first. No fewer than 38 cities
Greeks celebrated their own Olympic games (called Isolympics for
differentiate them from those held in Olympia) and 33 were carrying out Pythian Games.

Roman civilization practiced athletics in two different versions starting from the year
186 B.C. The first is of Etruscan inspiration (runners), while the second is
an adaptation of the Greek disciplines (athletae). The Stadium of Domitian was
built in the year 86 and was dedicated to athletics in its Greek variant.
Ireland organized games between the years 632 and 1169 that included unknown tests.
for the Greeks, like pole vaulting, hammer throw and a form of
cross-country. These disciplines were introduced in Scotland in the 4th century and
they changed until they transformed into the Mountain Games.
Classical Period (from the Middle Ages to the 19th century)

There are sources that inform us that races were already being held in England since
the 11th century. The enthusiasm was such that local authorities reserved a space
dedicated only to these contests in 1154 in Lord.1 In the stories of Havelock the
in 1275 the description of a stone thrower appears. On the other hand, according to
historians, King Henry II of England had sports fields built in
the outskirts of London for the practice of hammer throw, the bar and the javelin
also for ball games. At the same time, the youth of London challenged themselves
in long runs through the city.
In 1365, King Edward III enacted the first in a series of laws to prohibit
practically all sports activities, except archery which was possible
continue practicing for military reasons.1 The races and jumps were on the list
of the banned sports. However, the competitions continued, as
demonstrates the renewal of the prohibitions, so that Henry VIII finally
allowed foot races in London in 1510.
Henry VIII promoted the practice of daily exercise, while the theorists of the
period, such as Thomas Elyot, placed great importance on sports in the
study plans. In the 16th century, athletic meetings are described for the first time.
at the Cotswold Games, a kind of 'sports meeting'
organized in Gloucestershire and directly inspired by the heroes of the ancients
Greece.
Athletic competition developed quite a bit in the United Kingdom in the 17th century. The
the most popular sports were then the hammer throw, the high jump, the
long jump and running. With the rise of puritanism, the Church
Anglicana wanted to abolish the sport, claiming that athletics competitions
held throughout England usually ended in fights and drunkenness. In
reaction to puritanism, King James I encouraged his subjects to practice
sport after the Sunday afternoon services. He also promoted the
sport through the publication of the Book of Sports.
The first professional runners appeared in England at the end of the century.
XVII. These runners were itinerant and competed against the local champions in
paid contests.1
In Spain, Korrikolaris has been practiced since the Middle Ages. It is a
long distance foot race, held between two runners
In the rest of the world, one of the oldest medieval races outside the islands.
the British one was the one celebrated in Rome in the mid-15th century. Pope Andrew
He authorized the celebration of the annual sports festival that took place for two centuries.
The program reproduced that of the Greek athletes and the athletes competed in the Greek way, it is
to say, naked.
The Republic Olympics was a sports competition held in 1796, 1797.
and 1798 in Paris. The ultimate test of this attempt to rehabilitate the Games
Olympics was a footrace.
This event marked the transition between the sport of the Old Regime and the sport
modern, as demonstrated by the use of the metric system in sports for the first time.
Additionally, for the first time also in sports, the races were timed.
using two naval war clocks.
19th century

The first modern athletics meeting in England was held in 1825 in

Newmarket Road, near London. Numerous pieces of evidence were still missing, but under
the influence of the Test matches at Lord's Cricket Ground held since 1826 and of
Tara in Ireland (1829), the program began to expand. The first 100 yards.
obstacles were contested at Eton College in 1837.
In 1849, the British army created competitions for the London arsenal in
Woolwich. In 1850 a silver cornet was offered as a prize to the winner of the major.
number of tests. Captain Wilmot won the 1850 edition, and that same year he
he created the first athletics track in England. Exeter College in Oxford celebrated its
first meeting in 1850, which in 1856 would become the first competition of the
University of Oxford. The first athletics competition between Oxford and
Cambridge was celebrated in 1864.

In 1866, the first version of a national federation was created in England.

athletics. All professional athletes were automatically excluded from it and
also the workers and craftsmen so that only those could belong to it
gentlemen.
Professional careers were conducted outside of these rigid tests and, without
embargo, gathered a large audience. To open athletics to social classes
The Amateur Athletic Association was created in 1886 for the less fortunate.

In France, foot races had prizes in kind starting in 1853.

mid-1880s, and in line with the social vision of sport in England,
George St. Clair and Ernest Demay launched a campaign for 'purification' of
French athletics succeeded in the prohibition of these professional races.
In Paris, the Union of Professional Athletics Societies was created.
The Union of French Athletic Sports Societies, multi-sport federation
founded on November 20, 1887 by the Parisian clubs Racing Club de France
and Stade Francés, especially emphasized its willingness to fight against the
professionalization of sports. The USFSA, which is responsible for the renewal of
the Olympic Games, imposed this vision as a model of competition for a long time
time. In 1888, he organized the first athletics championship in France with four
tests in the program: 100 m, 400 m, 1,500 m and 120 m hurdles. René Cavally won
two titles in 1888 about 100 and 400 m.
In the rest of the world, the United States was an important center of development
of athletics. The Olympic Club in San Francisco was founded in 1860, and the New York
Athletic Club was founded in 1868. The Intercollegiate Athletic Association was founded in
1876, and he was the one who organized the first competition on American soil. Germany
was influenced in 1874 by a group of English students from the University of
Dresden that imported the English tests.
Germany organized its first national championship in 1891. The championship
Australian was celebrated in 1893, after organizing an Inter in Sydney.
Colonial Meet on May 31, 1890.
In Belgium, the first national championship held in 1889 was limited to two events:
the 100 meters and the mile.
With the beginnings of electric timing in 1892 in England and the renewal of the
Games
In the Olympics, athletics entered the modern era.
Modern Era
From Amateurism to Professionalism
While amateur sports were gradually being organized, competitions were held in
both sides of the Atlantic many professional careers. Historical encounters that
they faced the best American and British clubs of the 19th century. On the other hand
partly, inspired by the steeplechase test, were established in certain races
Athletics betting predictions on races, mainly held in
grass tracks of some racetracks. Just like the great boxing matches,
The American promoters hired the best athletes of the moment in order to
to challenge other champions in face-to-face and paid matches.
Baron Pierre de Coubertin was the architect of the creation of the Olympic Games.
modern where the first edition was held in 1896 in Athens, where, of course, the
athletics featured among the events. It then tried, among other things, to put an end to the
money practice in sports, especially in athletics, in favor of
"amateur sporting event". Newly created in 1912, the International Federation
of Athletics, establishes in its Constitution the principle of amateurism, in the image of the
creed of the International Olympic Committee that protects the purity of competition
amateur about the professional career.
The American Jim Thorpe was one of the first athletes sanctioned for violating
the amateurism rule. Shortly after winning two Olympic titles at the Games
from 1912, he was disqualified for life and was forced to return his medals for
having received remuneration from a local baseball team. Another athlete found
guilty of brown amateurism, the Frenchman Jules Ladoumègue was also
lifetime disqualified by the French Federation, which made an example of him, in
response to the growing power of professional sports in France. Football became
in a professional during this same period. The reaction of the French public was unequivocal:
he boycotted athletics, which then faced a serious crisis in France during
the 1930s.
For more than half a century, amateurism remained the fundamental norm of
competitive athletics. Many specialists did not hesitate to abandon their
disciplines to join professional teams, such as American football clubs or
baseball in the United States, or rugby teams in Europe.
In 1982, the IAAF abandoned the traditional concept of amateurism taking
awareness of the time and resources needed to train and maintain the
elite athletes. Starting in 1985, funds are specifically allocated for the
athlete training.
Nowadays, athletes are freelance workers. Their main income comes from
in part of the fees received in the various meetings, based on your
results. Additional income comes from sponsors and patrons, and varies
depending on the athlete's popularity. On the other hand, some athletes receive
a remuneration from your club.
Thus, in the United States, the Santa Monica Track Club has a policy of rewarding
some of its headlines, such as Carl Lewis. The remuneration of an athlete
the elite is random and depends on the state of form and performance. Recently
True 'sets' of races have been created that integrate the best athletes.
and coaches; such as the management system of African long-distance runners or
the structure of HSI, a true multinational in speed racing
the United States.
The globalization of athletics
During the first half of the 20th century, the practice of athletics was essentially
prerogative of the United States and the nations of Western Europe such as the Kingdom
United, France or the Nordic countries stood out in the endurance tests.
Since 1930, African American athletes excelled over Europeans in the
sprint races, like Eddie Tolan, the first black man to be an Olympic champion
in the 100 m in the year 1932.
After World War II, some athletes from the colonies
Europeans began to stand out in their new country of adoption, while some
nations of the southern hemisphere emerged on the world stage, such as New
Zelanda. In 1950, communist countries invest in Olympic sports to
reaffirm its existence and demonstrate its power.

The world of sports is then bipolar and there are two rival blocs: the countries
Western countries and the countries of the Eastern Bloc. The 1960s and 1970s are characterized by
due to the emergence of Caribbean nations, like the sprinters from Jamaica, but
especially due to the arrival of runners from Black Africa and North Africa in the
medium and long distance.
The Ethiopian Abebe Bikila is the pioneer, becoming the first African to win the
Olympic marathon (in 1960), while France is already lining up long-distance runners.
natives of the Maghreb countries since the 1920s. Alain Mimoun won the
marathon four years before Bikila.
Since the 1980s, athletics has become increasingly universal and continues to evolve.
world geopolitics. The number of national federations and the number of licenses
increases significantly in developing countries.
On the contrary, the practice of sports competition stagnates in the countries.
developed, partly due to their level of demand in terms of training, and
also due to the growing diversity of sports and leisure offerings.
Today, athletics is the most universal competitive sport. Recently, the
athletes from nations with small populations have reached the top of the sport.
During the 2003 World Championships, Kim Collins, sprinter from Saint Kitts
Nieves won the 100 m race. More generally, the success of the
The majority of athletes from the Caribbean region is due to studying at universities.
from the United States that offer better training conditions than their countries of
origin.
Since the mid-1990s, some athletes, mostly Africans, have chosen to
expatriation and the change of nationality. Thus, in 1995, the 800 m runner Wilson
Kipketer can be considered a precursor for choosing Danish nationality.
The IOC prohibited him from competing in the 1996 Olympic Games, but later the ex
Kenyan was imitated by several of his compatriots. In 2003, Stephen Cherono
He became a naturalized citizen in Qatar and is now called Saif Saaeed Shaheen.

Another example, Olympic medalist Bernard Lagat chose in 2005 to continue his
career, U.S. citizenship. This brain drain, justified by the athletes
due to the lack of recognition in their countries of origin, it is mainly a way of
enter into lucrative contracts with federations or sponsors.
Currently, Gulf states, such as Qatar or Bahrain, offer a
good financial conditions to their new citizens and promise to the athletes
young people finance their education and secure their future.

Athletics events
The term athletics encompasses a variety of activities grouped into two categories.
mainly: outdoor athletics and indoor track, which include: races,
jumps, throws, combined events, and out-of-stadium events such as the
race walking, marathon, cross country and other road races of varying distances

Official athletics trials corresponding to a championship

worldwide
Careers:
Of all the sports activities, racing
speed are the most practiced, and in the Games
Olympics have been included since their beginning.
They consist of covering a short distance (from 100 m
up to 400 m) in the shortest possible time.

Sprint races:
60m, 100m, 200m and 400m
 Middle Distance

800 m , 1500 m y 3000 m

Background:
5000 m , 10000 m , Campo traviesa,
Half Marathon and Marathon

Saltos:
Obstacle races, unlike the
most athletic disciplines do not have roots
in ancient sport. In reality, they are an invention
modern attributed once again to the British,
who were inspired by obstacle courses
from the equestrian. 60m hurdles, 100m hurdles, 110m hurdles,
400m hurdles and 3000m steeplechase.

Relays:
Relay races have their origins in the
ancient societies, where speed and
resistance of the runners to transmit
messages from one city to another were very important
4 x 100 m and 4 x 400 m
March
20 km and 50 km

Race walking is an event of British origin

data from the 19th century. Between 1775 and 1800
they held six-day marches, sparking a great
popular enthusiasm. The first championship of
march took place in 1866 over 7 miles, and 1908

Releases:
Peso , Disco , Martillo, Jabalina
The launch takes place in the area included
the interior of an oval. The Discobolus of Myron
symbolized by its famous sculpture of the thrower of
disco in the Pentathlon, comes to us early
as a true story of the launches of the
antiquity.

Combined tests:
Pentathlon, Heptathlon and Decathlon

Combined tests require all the

necessary qualities for the practice of athletics.
Since Ancient Greece, there were disputes
multidisciplinary competitions to reward
to the most complete man.
 Usain Bolt WORLD CHAMPION OF 100
FLAT METERS
He is a sprinter, former professional athlete and
Jamaican footballer, currently plays
in Central Coast Mariners of the A-League
from Australia and works as
forward. He holds eleven world titles.
and eight Olympics, plus he also has the
world records for the 100 and 200 m
lizards, and the 4x100 relay race with the
Jamaican team. It is one of the seven.
athletes who have won in history
titles in the youth, junior, and
absolute. It is known as 'Lightning'
Race Bolt (in English, lightning).
The year 2008 achieved its first record
Sport Athletics world champion in the 100m flat with 9.72 s, and
The year ended with other marks.
absolute in that same test in the
Mark 100 m 9.58 s (WR) 200 m and in the 4×100 relay race
with the Jamaica team,

WORLD CHAMPION OF
Florence Griffith Joyner
100 FLAT METERS
Florence Griffith Joyner (Los Angeles,
California, December 21, 1959 - Mission
Old, California, September 21, 1998) was
an American athlete specializing in
speed tests, which won three medals
a gold and a silver medal in the Olympic Games
from Seoul 1988 and broke the world records
from 100 to 200 m.

Her full name was Delorez Florence.

Griffith-Joyner, and she was popularly known as
like Flo-Jo

Coming from a humble family, he started

since childhood to stand out in the races, in the
who earned more than the boys of his age or even
adults.

Race Everything changed when she met Bob Kersee,

what his coach would be and that he quickly saw
his potential as a world-class sprinter.
Sport Athletics He got her a scholarship to study at the
University of California (UCLA), and they started
to work seriously.
Mark 100 m 10.49 s