INTERNET 2

I. DEFINITION

INTERNET 2 is a project that brings together and is led by 207 universities in

United States, who as representatives of the academy and in the company of
the government and the industry work to develop and implement the applications and
uses of an advanced network, accelerating the creation and use of the INTERNET
future and contributing in this way to the development of high applications
demand for technological resources, required by the academic, scientific, and
technological, which will also allow speeding up the creation of the INTERNET of
future. It emerged in 1996 in the United States, with the creation of UCAID.
(University Corporation for the Advanced Development of Internet) organization
that coordinates the project, and of which more than 200 are currently part.
universities, which have the technological and economic support of various
leading companies in the subject, and the United States government with its
NGI initiative (Next Generation Internet). In addition, different work fronts...
national as well as international level, with different degrees of contribution and partnership,
they develop projects similar to I2, in their own geographical areas,
integrating with each other in a manner similar to that used with the current INTERNET.

II. OBJECTIVES:

The main objectives of the project include the following:

Create a network with great capacity for the service of the academic community
the investigation, fulfilling a high level of quality in the service.

2. Ensure and expand the rapid transfer of new network services and their
applications to the Internet user community, to be available in the future
close to this new technology.

INTERNET2 will not replace the current INTERNET, but it will allow for study, to
real scale, of the information and communication technologies that will be
used on the INTERNET of the future, and will define, among other things, what is the
the most appropriate way to enable that technological development.

III. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES OF INTERNET2

The new INTERNET2 infrastructure, compared to the current one, is based on

in enhanced and vastly superior technologies. All of them together are what
give the potential to this new generation of INTERNET2 applications. Within
the most important ones to mention, in addition to giving an introduction to
functioning, architecture and application within the context of new
technology
A) High-speed backbones:
Considering that data transmission speeds will be hundreds of
times higher than the current ones, the infrastructure that must support them
must meet the minimum service requirements for performance
optimizing to the new demands. Within the INTERNET2 project, deployed in the
The United States has two important backbones, Abilane and vBNS, which are the example.
more generally, under which the context of 'spine' of high performance is
explain the following:

A.1) Abilene

The Abilene network is a high-performance backbone or support network for uses

advanced INTERNET2 in the United States, whose users are universities and
research groups that are part of the project across the country. Created by
the INTERNET2 Abilene community connects regional aggregation points,
known as 'gigaPoPs' that support the development of applications such as
virtual laboratories, digital libraries, distance education, and tele-immersion
as well as the capabilities to establish an advanced network that connects
around 230 universities, corporations, and institutions affiliated with the project,
in the 50 states of the North American nation. Complements and pairs of Abilene
with other high-performance research networks in the United States and
internationally.

A.2) vBNS

Abilane was not the first network under which the project was supported; in 1994 for the
years prior to the start of INTERNET2, the academic members of the project
they used the vBNS (Very High Performance Backbone Network Service),
destined to facilitate supercomputing services among these communities
academic and research and supported high-performance and large applications
bandwidth. The NSF12 (National Science Foundation, USA) funds and sponsors
the network. Currently, being Abilane the own Backbone of INTERNET2, the vBNS
use in specific projects related to the project. One of the greatest
advantages of these networks besides their great performance is the reduction
important in connection costs compared to the current ones of the INTERNET
conventional and includes all improvements in the quality of INTERNET2 service.

A.3) gigaPoP

The new key element in the architecture of internet2 and within the Backbones
high performance, it is the gigaPoP (gigabit capacity point of presence or "point of
presence with gigabit capability), a technology interconnection point
advanced and high capacity where the I2 participants can exchange
Information in an advanced service traffic, with a specific bandwidth
and other quality of service attributes. With other participants in the project.
GigaPoPs provide high scalable points within the high connection
speed. From an infrastructure point of view, a gigaPoP is a place
 safe, environmentally conditioned, and with some special conditions that
houses a set of communication equipment and support hardware. The
gigaPoPs of INTERNET2 do not pay debts, thanks to their status as a member of
project. A university can be its own gigaPoP, thus a gigaPoP can be
part of a university or its own entity. The advantage of this element is
in the constant perfection of the interconnection nodes in such a way that the
interconnection costs are to be as low as possible.

B) Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

Due to the saturation in use and limited characteristics of the current IPv4 protocol
(developed 20 years ago), which do not meet technological needs
current, nor does it contribute to the improvement of the performance of a network used by users
increasingly demanding and exigent, motivation is required for the
development of a new network protocol that solves this problem. Before
to reach this conclusion, different temporary solutions were adopted that in their
At the moment they were successful, but the cost of them increased daily.
Some of these are:

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

Abandoning classes A, B, C
Explicit network/node limit
Aggregation by provider
NAT (Many machines share a public address)

In the long term, the new protocol (IPv6) will replace the current one (IPv4), although during
For some time, the 2 protocols will coexist during a transition phase.

B.1) The IPv6 header

One of the main features of the new protocol is the notable differentiation.
in their headers. The IPv4 header has twelve fields, while the IPv6
only 8. The reason for this change was to reduce unnecessary redundancy.

Deleted fields:

- Checksum or header integrity verification: other mechanisms of

encapsulation already performs this operation. (IEEE MAC, framing PPP, layer
of ATM adaptation, etc.)

- Fragmentation Displacement: In the new protocol, the mechanisms

Those who perform this function are totally modified, which leads to the
uselessness of this field.

Modified fields:
 - Total Length: Its new designation is Load Utility Length, which is the
length of the data itself, and it can be up to 65,536 bytes; it has a
16-bit length.
- Protocol: Its new denotation is Next Header, since instead
By using variable-length headers, successive headers are employed.
chained, which is why the Options field disappears. It has length
of 8 bits.

- Lifetime: Its new designation is Jump Limit. It has length

of 8 bits.

New fields:

These two fields are what allow one of the characteristics to be more
important aspects of the new protocol, the QoS (Quality of Service)

- Traffic class: Known or referred to as priority, it can be the

equivalent to TOS in IPv4. It has a length of 8 bits.
- Flow label: Allows traffic with real-time requirements. It has
a length of 20 bits.

The length of this new header is 40 bytes, double that of IPv4, but
much more efficient by eliminating redundant fields. The fixed length of
header implies improvements in the process of routers and switches.
64-bit alignment allows for the new generations of processors and
microcontrollers, process the header more efficiently.

C)Multicast
It is a new technology that consists of the transmission of audio and video signals.
from a generation place (emitting node) signals that are then received
simultaneously in different sites (participating nodes) far apart from each other, without the
obligation to duplicate the information the same number of times as requested from the
point of generation (emitting node), like the unicast optimizing the network. The
networks are decongested by preventing information from duplicating
unnecessarily in the transmission, on the contrary, this duplication occurs
when the same information takes different routes in compliance with the
requests from participants and relieving network paths, filled with information
unnecessary.
 D)Quality of Service(QoS)
It is the network's ability to provide the level ofservicewhat each requires
application. QoS provides a better and more reliable network service:
a. - Dedicated bandwidth
b. - Improve loss characteristics
c. - Manages network congestion
d. - Shapes the network traffic
e. - Set traffic priorities through

Therefore, Quality of Service is the technology that ensures transmission.

of a certain amount of data at a given time. It is the ability to provide a good
service.

IV. INTERNET2 VS. INTERNET. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Among the ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET2, the following can be mentioned:

It enables the development of much faster applications
Enhances the use oflibrariesdigital multimedia
Allows scanning, processing, and sharingimagesquickly
Offersqualityand guidelines for the use of video conferencing as a means
real-time communication
Stores and enables sharing giganticdatabasesremotely
 The DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET2 are:
Not everyone has access to this network
Requires sophisticated equipment and advanced networks to function.
The applications created for Internet2 cannot operate on
thecomputersof end users like any other application.
There are many infrastructure limitations that make it difficult to
standardization and greater dissemination of Internet2 in educational institutions and
research organizations.

Differences of Internet2

In addition to the fact that Internet2 networks are much faster, the applications
that are developed use a set oftoolsof networks that do not exist
before. It is important to realize that the difference in speed
provides much more than a faster WWW. It is a network that is
hundreds of times faster than the internet, enabling applications that
they change the way people work and interact through
computers.
Some specific applications of Internet2 are digital libraries with
ability to store and retrieve audio content remotelyvideo,
to scan images with instant appearance on the screen and equipped with
newproceduresdata visualization, collaboration environments to
through support for virtual laboratories, real-time discussions with
audio, video supporttextand blackboardelectronics, virtual presence in three
dimensions, high fidelity music instruction procedures,
interactivity for audio and video synchronization,diagnosistwithremote and
remote monitoring of chronic patientscomputinghigh intensity
data, applications with gigantic shared databases
remotely, etc. Application platforms change the way people
use computers to learn, communicate and collaborate.

V. PRACTICAL TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET2

1) Educational modules and software

Application platform that facilitates and dynamizes educational environments. The

teachers would design the content modules, which will be managed by
software, which was finally shared with students and entities interested in it.
Different module standards allow interaction in aspects such as
monitoring the progress of students automatic incorporation of modules
in broader frameworks, joint interaction and flows between the modules.

2) Multimedia Digital Libraries

The current possibility of obtaining printed bibliographic material in such a way
practical way and that is available in communication networks and the
potential that the current INTERNET has already demonstrated as an effective environment for
the development of library systems provides a brief insight into the concept
digital library.
 3) Multimedia videoconference (streaming video conference) and
Teleimmersive Videoconferencing
The multimedia videoconference offers the possibility to users who
geographically distant, and that have access to the network,
interact, share and exchange information in various formats such as
video, voice, and data, all in 'real time', all thanks to the bandwidth
bandwidth offered by INTERNET2; moreover, if we add to the above the protocols
of QoS, this interaction becomes for the research entities, due to
example, in powerful tools to keep your records updated
of databases and information of importance.
Telemedicine
With all the technological services of INTERNET2, health as a participant of
these find in telemedicine one of its greatest applications to the
current demands regarding assistance. It is understood telemedicine
such as the provision of services, education, and remote healthcare
through high-tech communication and information media.

VI. INTERNET 2 IN LATIN AMERICA

Research and support projects are also developed in Latin America.

within academic and research communities interested in the
applications and advances of this new technology. Together, they also
they interconnect with international research communities through
shared and designated connection points for exclusive purposes
related to research and education.

CLEAN NETWORK

Made up of the academic networks of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,

Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Ecuador, Guatemala, México,
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Dominican Republic, and Venezuela, was
fostered by the European community to build an academic network
advanced in such a way that the ties of cooperation would be strengthened for the
research between Europe and Latin America, for which this network is aimed
it is interconnected with GEANT thanks to Alice.
The main network of CLARA is structured in a ring shape. Its nodes are
located in Sao Paulo (Brazil), Tijuana (Mexico), City of
Panama y Buenos Aires (Argentina)
interconnecting the own networks of these countries. The direct link to Europe
it is carried out at the node located in Brazil, while the point (node) of
direct connection to INTERNET2 is located in Mexico. It is expected that CLARA
connect to more than 700 universities and research centers for the
development, cooperation and integration of innovations Latin America with
Europe and vice versa.
2) ALICE (Latin America Interconnected with Europe)

The CLARA network and its connection to GÉANT2 executed the ALICE project.
whose goal is to provide dedicated INTERNET connections for the
research and education communities in the Latin American region.
The ALICE project is funded by the European Commission and is coordinated by
DANTE and part of it are the national research and education networks of
18 Latin American countries.

Argentina - RETINA

It is the Academic Teleinformatics Network, aimed at integrating the ...

academic networks already exist and promote the use of new technologies of the
communication by researchers, teachers, and individuals linked to
academic field The network has three points in Buenos Aires in such a way
that the institutions connect to the closest one and in this way achieve the
major economy in the link.

Brazil-RNP

National Education and Research Network of Brazil, connects more than 329
Brazilian institutions among themselves and with the outside. RNP operates the infrastructure.
from Brazil regarding advanced networks; the flow of information in this network
reaches 366 Mbps.
Chile-REUNA

The National University Network is the corporation responsible for the services
technological for the educational community, and research regarding
information and communications in addition to being in charge of high networks
speed; promotes, supports, and manages inter-university projects that
they have to do with broadband networks. Their objectives are to provide service
of connectivity both at the national and global level, to foster the
collaboration with the university sector for information technologies and
support the integration of these technologies in all areas of activity
university, academic and national.

6)Venezuela-Reaction2

The INTERNET2 project of the National Center for Information Technologies

(CNTI), called Reacciun2 (Academic Network of Research Centers and
High-Speed National Universities) will interconnect 7 universities
nationals and to a research center, with international networks
high-speed INTERNET experiments (INTERNET2). It also includes
the installation of 2 laboratories for training and research in the
INTERNET2 technology, with the aim of encouraging talent development
human (researchers, educators, and students) in the development and
telecommunications research

7) Mexico-CUDI

The University Corporation for the Development of INTERNET is responsible

of the advanced networks in Mexico, this non-profit entity, in the
The current situation has more than 8000 km of high-capacity links that operate
at a speed of 155 Megabits per second, allows connections with the
main networks worldwide connecting more than 3000
universities and research centers managing the most protocols
advanced in telecommunications networks such as QoS, Multicast, Ipv6,
H.323, MPLS, and HDTV.
Colombia – RENATA

The National Academic Network of Advanced Technology is the Colombian network of

new generation that connects universities and centers of
country research among themselves, and these, through the CLARA network, with the networks
high-speed international and the research centers most
developed of the world. RENATA is an initiative of the regional networks
Colombian companies currently in operation, such as RUANA, RUAV,
RUMBA, RUMBO, RUP and UNIRED, which are linked to the main ones
higher education institutions and research centers of the different
regions of the country.

This initiative has the national support of the Connectivity Agenda.

Ministry of Communications, of the Ministry of National Education and of
Colombian Institute for the Development of Science and Technology "Francisco"
José de Caldas" (COLCIENCIAS). At the international level, RENATA has the
support from the European Community through the @lis40 program, which
promotes the strengthening of ties between the European Union and
Latin America in the context of the information society. The support
mentioned is materialized in the ALICE project developed by CLARA in
Latin America with the aim of interconnecting it with GEANT2 in Europe,
INTERNET2 in North America and other networks worldwide.
VII. CONCLUSIONS

- Throughout this document, it has been explained globally what it is and

for what Internet2 is used. It is clear that this tool will continue
growing and progressively developing for the benefit of the
educational community not only from the United States, but also from
many other countries in the world that are already implementing their own
advanced networks for educational and research purposes.
The need for greater bandwidth has led to the development of
new technologies and networks with more speed, which has led to the
appearance and progress of Internet2. Each year, there are more
member organizations of Internet2 in the United States, just like in
Other countries are making efforts to strengthen this type of networks.
and put them at the service of education and for projects related to the
research and science.
Internet2 continues to grow in quality and in the number of connected users.
to this powerful network. It can be predicted that, in the coming years, this network
it will be stronger and much more powerful than it already is.

- The INTERNET2 project presents communication possibilities,

understanding this concept as the possibility of exchanging
information, little imagined with the current INTERNET. Undoubtedly the
characteristics that frame the INTERNET2 networks and all the advantages
what you are presenting about information technologies is very
valued in the scientific and educational communities, that develop
projects to implement them within their regions around the world.
However, there are still limitations regarding the requirements.
of infrastructure and support for the implementation that should not
interrupt the preparation process for this new technology of the
information.