BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF POPULAR POWER FOR

UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Bolivarian Village Dr. Jose Maria Vargas
FUNDACON SUCRE MISSION
JUSEPIN MONAGAS STATE.

DESIGN OF A TEACHING MACHINE FOR WASTE PROCESSING

ORGANICS, FOR TRANSFORMATION INTO FERTILIZER FOR THE SECTOR
FARMER, FOR THE PRACTICES OF THE STUDENTS OF THE P.N.F IN
MECHANICS OF THE BOLIVARIAN UNIVERSITY DR. 'JOSÉ MARIA
"VARGAS", LOCATED IN THE POPULATION OF JUSEPIN,
MONAGAS STATE.

Academic Tutor: authors

T.S.U Abzueta Renny Brother Granado S. Juan D.

15.278.022 27.476.775

Community Tutor: Brother Granado S. Pedro E.

Dr. 27.073.667

C.I. No: Brother Ramírez N. José J.

26.823.480

Final degree project presented as a requirement to obtain the title of:

Higher University Technician in Mechanics

BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

 MINISTRY OF POPULAR POWER FOR
UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BOLIVARIAN VILLAGE DR. JOSE MARIA VARGAS
SUCRE MISSION FOUNDATION
JUSEPIN MONAGAS STATE.

DESIGN OF A TEACHING MACHINE FOR WASTE PROCESSING

ORGANIC, FOR THE TRANSFORMATION INTO FERTILIZER FOR THE SECTOR
FARMER, FOR THE PRACTICES OF THE STUDENTS OF THE P.N.F IN
MECHANICS OF THE BOLIVARIAN UNIVERSITY DR. 'JOSÉ MARIA VARGAS',
LOCATED IN THE TOWN OF JUSEPIN,
MONAGAS STATE.

______________________
Br. Granado S. John D Brother Granado Saint Peter E.

27.476.775 27.073.667

_____________________

Br. Ramírez N. José J.

26.823.480

[Link] Renny

15.278.022

Academic Tutor

Final Bachelor's Degree Project presented as a requirement to obtain the title of:
Higher University Technician in Mechanics

Jusepín, September 2022

GENERAL INDEX
DESIGN OF A TEACHING MACHINE FOR WASTE PROCESSING
ORGANIC, FOR TRANSFORMATION INTO FERTILIZER FOR THE SECTOR
FARMER, FOR THE PRACTICES OF STUDENTS OF THE P.N.F
IN MECHANICS OF THE BOLIVARIAN UNIVERSITY DR. 'JOSÉ MARÍA
VARGAS", UBICADA EN LA POBLACIÓN DE JUSEPIN,
MONAGAS STATE.

Advisor: T.S.U. Abzueta Renny Authors:

 Brother Granado S. Juan D.
September Brother Granado S. Peter E.
Brother Jose J. Ramirez Navarro.

Summary
The main objective of this thesis is to develop the design of
a didactic machine for processing organic waste, for its
transformation into fertilizer and reuse of these in agriculture in the community
or in the sowing of the fields University Bolivarian Dr. José María Vargas,
Located in Jusepín, Monagas State. Everything in the thought of solving and
to find an alternative for the treatment of waste and organic materials that are
wasted due to the lack of a known cost-effective processing system,
this method will allow people in the agricultural sector to have a way to
reuse the considered waste from sowing as fertilizer, offering this
alternative, offers us a new tool and equipment within this house of
studies. In this way, it will allow students of the National Project to
Training in Mechanics to acquire innovative, technological, and scientific skills.
that will provoke a long-term impact on the development of the country, at the same time
offering support to the agricultural sector.

PALABRAS CLAVES: DISEÑO, PROCESAMIENTO, TRANSFORMACION,

FERTILIZER, ORGANIC, MACHINE

INTRODUCTION

The accumulation of waste in the house, school, vacant lots, the

streets, and the dump sites result in unhealthy places because the
waste is mixed, organic and inorganic, and in its
decomposition proliferates fungi, bacteria, and many other microorganisms
causative agents of diseases and infections that if not treated can
to provoke death. Waste is a problem for all citizens,
but it is possible to give organic waste another use

Therefore, many are those who think or believe that their collection must be
timely and that the latest tools or equipment are used in its processing
technology.

This project can benefit citizens in their homes and the

farmers, so that the city remains cleaner and does not experience
infections and even deaths from endemic diseases, in addition to being taken out
utility to what is mostly considered waste, and to prevent that after the
collection of scattered waste in the area. It is also paradoxical
that in a rich country like Venezuela trash is still being collected with
trucks that are not suitable or appropriate for that purpose, which on the contrary put at risk the
life of the gatherers.

One formula for managing organic waste is its reuse.

That is to say, teaching people that many things they throw away can be useful.
for others. And teach them, moreover, to improve their behavior towards the
environment.

We all produce organic waste. Normally we do not think about

her. We just threw it away. But the world is running out of space to store
all the waste that is piling up. If it is left there, the waste
they become a health risk. Burning them pollutes the air and the
ashes are often toxic. Sometimes waste is dumped in rivers and lakes and
it contaminates the water. Often the waste is buried. This is a waste
about materials that can be utilized. There are three things we can do to
limit the impact of waste on the environment reduce it, use it again
through recycling, and by the transformation of it, in the case of matter or
organic waste can be used as an alternative to become compost
waste from the crops.

CHAPTER I

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 Waste can be subdivided into two large groups based on their
Origin: organic and inorganic. Inorganic waste is that which does not come from
of living organisms and which, in many cases, is the result of processes of
transformation and manufacturing executed by man. Some examples of
Inorganic waste includes glass bottles, plastic containers,
materials made with PVC, aluminum cans, batteries. Trash
organic are all those wastes or debris of biological origin, that is,
that come from or were part of a living being.

The solution we want to propose specifically concerns reuse.

of organic waste, more focused mainly on the type of waste
organic material that can be reused through conversion or transformation of
the same in fertilizer for the agriculture sector refers to transformation
of this type of waste such as shells, remnants of crops, plant sprouts,
those materials that can be used for some purpose. As such, the
Organic waste is biodegradable, as it can decompose. In this
In terms of reuse, it can be used for different purposes,
like the obtaining of compost or organic fertilizer.

In the Jusepín community, a large amount of waste is lost.

organic materials, which could be reused in other types of raw materials, such as in the
preparation of fertilizer or animal feed, the sources are very
abundant due to the large number of homes, fruit trees, even the
remains of animals or plants that are abundant nearby. However, some
organic waste should be discarded in separate containers. The oil of
domestic use, for example, can be used as biofuel, while
that paper and cardboard can be used to make new products from
same material.

Due to the negative environmental impact that waste can cause

organic, their recycling is fundamental both at the domestic and industrial level for
reduce the levels of pollution on the planet. Our project offers a
alternative way to reuse them for productive use of the produced material,
for its optimal use focused on supporting the sector
farmer in general but it would not be limited to this.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION

It has been reported that in the sectors of the majority of communities

there has been a notable increase in the accumulation of waste in
in general, what has led the task to the communities in general to seek
methods to deal with this accumulation or the handling of these, due to problems
in the systems of regulation of this or the lack of regularity of these in
certain sectors of the communities, which has led to an increase in burning
of these wastes in different sectors of the communities as a method of
regulation in general due to the ease there is generally with the method but this
That is what has caused a certain discomfort to a large part of the sectors.
due to the problems both environmental and in the people of different
sectors that suffer from problems or have chronic diseases that are
affected by the gases that are released in the burning of these waste in
in general what has led us to have in mind these people who in their
majority suffer from chronic asthma and as you know this is quite influenced by
these gases or environmental changes.

Not counting the environmental problems as such that burning brings.

carelessly, which is why we have encountered this problem, which to resolve through
another alternative method for organic materials, which can be
make more optimal use of being turned into fertilizer, which would be based on the design of

this processing machine to convert organic matter into fertilizer, idea that
was presented due to the lack of waste extraction service that has
increased the amount of organic waste in households and stores, due to
so families, the businesses of the communities have turned to ways
alternatives for getting rid of organic waste.
 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH

General Objective

Design a processing machine that converts waste

organic matter coming from households or crops for composting
the agricultural sector of the community of Jusepin.

Specific Objectives

1. Analyze the current situation of the community regarding the problem of

the accumulation of organic waste as well as the treatment of it.
2. Determine the necessary requirements for the preparation of a
organic waste processing machine.
3. Identify the optimal organic matter for the production of fertilizer.
4. Select the type of crushing machine and the necessary materials
for its construction.
5. Design a guide for the construction of a processing machine
of organic waste for the community of Jusepin.

JUSTIFICATION

The design of a fertilizer machine is necessary due to the problem.

presented in the community due to the lack of work of the cleaning service
urban that generates excessive accumulation of organic waste and
inorganic, this can offer an alternative, by diminishing the problem being
capable of transforming organic waste and giving it optimal reuse
how compost or fertilizer is made, so that only inorganic waste needs to be dealt with and

reduce the levels of accumulation. This will benefit people from

different ways, reduces the accumulation of household waste and allows
create a compound that serves as fertilizer for both urban and rural crops
from the field helping with food production to combat the problem of
the lack of supply.
 The design benefit of the machine is to ensure maximum
utilization of organic waste and decrease the percentage of
pollution in the country through the recycling initiative. It is important to
shredding machine to save time and effort for the people who carry out the
task of manually shredding organic waste when obtaining the
fertilizer.

This project is very ambitious regarding the ecological aspect,

the scientific for its operation and work system at the time of crushing
thus it performs 3 stations in a single operation allowing the entry of the
material, crushing and expulsion of it reducing everything to a mass
homogeneous, depending on the design selected in the manufacturing area.

CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BASES

Background

Definition of terms

Designtheories.

These design theories will be taken into account, using the most favorable one for the project:

1) According to (Rico, 2013), from the Higher Polytechnic School of Engineering of Gijón
Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering University of Oviedo
SPAIN, in the work of mechanical design management explains to us:
Need.
Information Gathering.
Characteristics: They are of two types, physical and 'psychological':

The physical aspects take into account the types of materials that will make up the
product, the price, the useful life, among others.
 The "psychological" aspects focus on all the factors influencing form.
external features of the product, such as color, texture, ergonomics, etc.
Creativity
Evaluation.
Prototype.
Mass production.
Final model.

According to (Madrid, 2011) in the work of basic concepts and mechanical design,
explain the following stages of mechanical design:

1. conceptualization (ideas)

Align with the project

Define the different users and roles that will exist in the project.
For each user, define the objectives and activities they will carry out in the project.
Task prioritization.

2. synthesis (grouping of elements)

3. analysis (finite elements)

4. evaluation (costs)

5. representation (plans)

Thanks to the work done by (Sánchez, 2009) from the University of Huelva, in the
Department of Mining, Mechanical, and Energy Engineering. Explains the phases of
mechanical design

Recognition of the need.

2. Definition of the Problem

3. Synthesis, analysis and optimization

4. Evaluation

5. Presentation.

For the project, the first Design Theory explained by Esteban Fernández will be used.
Rico, which is studied and chosen for its great process to follow, which will help this.
project to be successfully completed with its objectives.

Organic waste

A waste or garbage is that material which is no longer needed and that one wants to eliminate. In
In this case, an organic waste is one that has a biological origin, that is to say, some
once part of life or was part of a living being, such is the case of tree branches,
the leaves of trees and plants, the peels of different fruits and all waste that
result of food preparation at home, in a restaurant, among others.

Fertilizer

Fertilizer is a substance that can be inorganic or organic and is used for

increase soil quality and provide nutrients to crops and plantations. The
manure and guano, for example, are natural fertilizers. Inorganic fertilizers are also
known as mineral fertilizers, are obtained by exploiting natural reserves and by synthesizing.
certain substances.

Organicfertilizer

Organic fertilizer is the term used for the mixture of materials obtained from the
degradation and mineralization of organic waste of animal origin (manures), vegetable
(crop residues) and industrial (sewage sludge) that are applied to the soils with the
purpose of improving the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, as it contributes
nutrients that modify the structure and activate and increase the microbial activity of the
soil, are rich in organic matter, energy, and microorganisms, but low in elements
inorganic.
Propertiesoforganicfertilizers.

Organic fertilizers have properties that exert certain effects.

about the soil, which increase its fertility. Basically, they act in the soil
about three types of properties:

a) Physical properties.

Organic fertilizer, due to its dark color, absorbs more solar radiation, which results in the
the soil acquires more temperature and nutrients can be absorbed more easily.

Organic fertilizer improves the structure and texture of the soil, making it lighter.
clay soils and more compact than sandy soils.

They improve the permeability of the soil, as they influence its drainage and aeration.

They reduce soil erosion, both from water and wind.

TheyIncrease the retention of water in the soil, so more water is absorbed when
It rains or is watered, and it retains water in the soil for a long time during the summer.

b) Chemical properties.

Organic fertilizers increase the soil's buffering capacity, and consequently reduce the
oscillations of this pH.

They also increase the cation exchange capacity of the soil, which
we increase fertility.

c) Biological properties.

Organic fertilizers promote soil aeration and oxygenation, which is why there are
greater root activity and greater activity of aerobic microorganisms.
Organic fertilizers provide a source of energy for microorganisms, for the
that multiply rapidly.

Advantagesoforganicfertilizer.

Organic fertilizers have the following advantages:

They allow the use of organic waste.

They recover organic matter from the soil and allow carbon fixation in the
soil, as well as improving the capacity to absorb water.
They usually require less energy. They do not need it for their manufacturing and usually

be used close to their place of origin. However, some organics may

need an energetically costly transport, such as bat guano
Thailand or the seabird one from South American islands.

Disadvantagesoforganicfertilizer.

They can be sources of pathogens if not properly treated.

They can also cause eutrophication. For example, farms with a high concentration of
animals or through human sewage. But it is more difficult than with fertilizers
inorganic.

They can be more expensive, although it can be free if it is a waste from the farm or is a
problem for another farm. It is easy for a farm to need fertilizer and
another animal has trouble getting rid of the waste it produces.

Importanceoforganicmanure

The need to reduce dependence on artificial chemical products in various

crops are forcing the search for reliable and sustainable alternatives. In agriculture
ecological, great importance is given to this type of fertilizers, and more and more, they are being

using in intensive crops. We cannot forget the importance of improving

various physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil, and in this sense, this type
credits play a fundamental role. With these credits, we increase the capacity that
the soil is capable of absorbing the different nutrients, which we will provide
later with mineral or inorganic fertilizers.

Crushing

The objective of crushing and grinding is to produce smaller particles of one more
large. Smaller particles are desirable for their large surface area or for their
shape, size, and number. The reduction in particle size also increases the
reactivity of solids allows the separation of unwanted components by
mechanical means and reduces the volume of fibrous materials, making them easier to
drive.

Typesofgrinders

The size reduction equipment is divided into grinders, mills, and ultra-fine mills.
and cutting machines. The crushers focus on the heavy work of breaking large
pieces of solid material in small chunks. Generally, crushing is divided into
primary crushing and secondary crushing. The former consists of breaking down the large
solids in pieces of 15 to 25 cm. The second one fragments these pieces into particles of 1
approximately cm.

Jaw crusher:

Jaw crushers are one of the most commonly used equipment in production.
Mining and the construction area is suitable for crushing a wide variety of stones and
minerals according to their origin, which can be of high hardness, medium hardness, and soft.
The name of these crushers comes from the fact that the crushing process resembles
to the chewing movement that the jaws of an animal possess.

Cone crusher

Cone crushers can be considered a modification of a gyratory crusher.

they present a similar operating scheme, although they are only used for crushing
secondary or tertiary.

Roller Crushers
The roller crusher is a combination of a crushing machine and a machine
Mixer. It can be used for crushing a mixture and then mixing the material.
once again, to ensure the quality of training of the final products as
unfired brick, bricks with cells, refractory material, ceramics, and a variety
of construction materials. Our roller crusher features a free operation
of dust, high crushing and mixing efficiency, and very good mixing effect of material.
In addition, it is energy efficient, convenient for installation, and easy to maintain.

Cutting mill shredders

The cutting mills have been designed for the primary crushing of soft products.
semi-rigid, elastic, tough and fibrous as well as mixtures of heterogeneous materials.

The fed material enters the rotor's action field and is crushed between it and the
cutting strips incorporated into the casing. The rotor consists of reversible cutting discs
hard metal placed in a spiral shape that progressively cuts the material.
The blades of the parallel cutting rotor carry out the crushing with a powerful action of
cut.

Vertical axis mill

Vertical axis mills, with built-in classifier, allow for simple installations.
since they take up little space; they are suitable equipment for treating a wide variety of
mineral, vegetable, and chemical products at high fineness, with precise size control
of the product.

Impact Crushers

Machine designed to crush rocks and minerals of any hardness level.

abrasiveness producing a material with excellent cubicality.
 CHAPTER III

APPLIED METHODOLOGY

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

Participatory action (IAP) is what allows for establishing a reflection.

epistemological to the subject, the object of study, the theory, and the process of knowledge are,
essentially the interaction and mutual transformation of the conception of the world, of
human being, and therefore, of reality so that we may know it better, the purpose of
this involves formulating new theories or modifying existing ones, in increasing the
knowledge; it is the way to develop theories. (Manuel Galán Amador 2010)

The IAP method is used because it directly involved participation from the
communal council and residents of the sector in general, thus facilitating the process of
investigation.

Type of research.

This project is part of a type of research known as Feasible Project, the manual
from UPEL (2010) defines as 'The research, preparation, and development of a
proposal for a viable operational model to solve problems, requirements or
needs of organizations or social groups; it may refer to the formulation of
policies, programs, technologies, methods or processes.

Regarding the modality, it is linked to a field research, according to

Palella and Martins (2010) describe it as that which:

It consists of the collection of data directly from the reality where they occur.
facts, without manipulating or controlling the variables. It studies social phenomena in their
natural environment. The researcher does not manipulate variables because this leads to loss
the environment of naturalness in which it manifests.
 That is why the type of this research is field-based because the
Information was collected directly. Place location where work was done.
researchers will travel directly to the locality to collect directly the
data without intermediaries, in order to have a first-person view or perception of the
problem that is being investigated and attempted to be solved.

Level of research.
This research is situated at a descriptive level, since 'The purpose of this is
the interpretation of realities of facts. They include description, recording, analysis and
interpretation of the current nature, composition or processes of phenomena according to
Palella and Martins (2004).

The level of the research is descriptive, as the purpose of this

research is to intervene or provide a solution to the problem that arises in the
study site through a control system for the assets, which can be considered
feasible as it will be provided free of charge to address the issue
present.

Research Design

Population and sample.

The population consists of the individuals relevant to the research, Stracuzzi and Pestana.
(2004), they define it as 'the population of a research is the set of units from which
one wishes to have information." According to the cited authors, it can be said that anyone who
can provide information about the problem and is in the delimitation of the
research is part of the population, among them we can find: Place
population

Table No. 1: Distribution of the Population Under Study

Description Quantity
 Population Subject of Study:

Source: The Investigators. 2022

Of which the sample, according to Tamayo, T. and Tamayo, M. (1997), states that the
sample is the group of individuals taken from the population, to study a phenomenon
statistician. Place the sample.

According to Arias (2006), "intentional sampling is one where the

master elements are chosen based on pre-established criteria or judgments by the
researcher.

Table No. 2: Sample Tabulation

First and Last Name ID card Position and occupation

Source: The Investigators. 2022

Techniques and instruments for data collection

Arias (1999) mentions that 'data collection techniques are the different
ways to obtain information." It also defines that "The instruments are the
"material means used to collect and store information," Arias (1999).
Due to this, the decision was made that the main instrument for collection of
data is the direct interview with the local people.

The structured interview:

According to Hurtado (2000); "it consists of freely formulating questions based on

the answers that the researcher is providing" (p. 462). Indicate how it was applied
interview.

Document review:

According to Hurtado (2000): "It is a technique in which written information is used, already
it is under the form of data that may have been the product of means made by another, or
as a text that itself contributes to the study events” (p. 427). Place as
this technique was executed.

The observation:

According to Hurtado (2000): "It is defined as the integral openness of the person (senses
internals and external senses, perception and intellect), concerning what surrounds him
registered selection and coding of a set of facts, situations, or behaviors
(p. 449). Place how it was carried out

Analysis techniques: Once the corresponding information is obtained, it will be taken as

SWOT matrix analysis technique.
 CHAPTER IV

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Community where the project is developed.

Historical review

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMMUNITY.

Geographical location:

BENEFICIARIES

Direct beneficiaries:

Indirect beneficiaries:

IMPACTS.

Economic impact:

Social Impact:

Environmental Impact:

ORGANISMS INVOLVED IN THE RESOLUTION OF THE SITUATION

PROBLEMATIC

BRIEF ENUMERATION OF FINANCIAL AND LOGISTICAL ASPECTS

General Project Costs

DIRECT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTIVITIES

ASSIGNMENT OF MATERIALS RESOURCES

Operation of the process.

Technical details of conductive sensors

PHASE IN WHICH THE PROJECT IS LOCATED

Procedure for the assembly of the control module

CONCLUSIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXES