1. INTRODUCTION.

Every machine whose movement is generated by a motor (whether electric, combustion, or other) needs
that the speed of said motor adjusts to the speed necessary for the proper functioning of the
machine. In addition to this speed adaptation, other factors such as power must be considered.
mechanics to transmit, thermal power, mechanical efficiencies (static and dynamic).

This adaptation is generally done with one or several pairs of gears that adjust the speed and
mechanical power mounted on a compact body called a speed reducer or reduction gearbox.
A common and very useful mechanism is the reducer box, because with it we can adjust to our
needs the speed of a motor, losing the minimum possible power.

In this report we will discuss the transmission of motion through gears in a reduction box, uses,
applications, recommendations, and specifications of a specific reduction box; however not
we will talk about manufacturing materials, design, or performance.

2. OBJECTIVES.

Learn about gear design.

Know the laws of power transmission between gears.
Learn about bolt design.
Inform about the great usefulness of the reduction gearbox.
Make the breakdown of a generic reducer box.
Conduct an analysis of the mechanism using projections on a plane.
Learn about gears.
Know the positions of reduction boxes.

3. Theoretical Foundation.

The component known as a reduction box refers to amechanismwhich

generally consists of a group ofgears, with the
which maintains the output speed in a regime close to the ideal for operation of the
generator, in a very safe and efficient way.

The power transmissions by belt, chain, or gear trains that are still used for reduction
speed presents certain drawbacks. The reduction box is used to lower the engine's RPM, "lowering"
the battery consumption as a consequence of the lower engine wear and greater torque of it.

Types of reduction gearbox.

We will classify them by the type of gears they use:

Speed reducers Worm-Crown

The speed reducer setup is the simplest, consisting of a toothed crown, usually made of
bronze in which a steel shaft has been embedded at its center, this crown is in constant contact with a spindle
screw made of steel in the form of a worm (See Figure 1). One turn of the worm screw causes the advancement of a
tooth of the crown and consequently the reduction of speed. The reduction of speed of a crown
The sine of the screw is calculated by multiplying the number of teeth of the crown by the number of entries of the screw.
fin.
Planetary speed reducers.

They are gear reducers with the particularity that they are not composed of pairs, but of a
somewhat different arrangement (See Figure 2); and they are used for different types of speed variations.

The main gear system is rigidly fixed to the front section of the engine, and a crown
The internal is driven by the crankshaft. The pinion is connected to the shaft of what it wants to move. and mounted on it and
They are a series of gears that when the crankshaft turns, the gears rotate around the fixed main one.
from the propeller in the same direction, but at a reduced speed.

The efficiency of this planetary reducer system is equal to 0.98¿ stagesthat is to say it has 5 stages of
the reduction efficiency of this reducer would be 0.985which is equal to 0.904 or 90.4%.

Like any reducer, gears and bearings are also subject to friction.
tooth wear.

Gear speed reducers

Gear reducers (See Figure 3) are those in which all mechanical transmission is carried out for
gear pairs of any type except those based on the worm gear. Their advantages are the greater
energy efficiency, lower maintenance, and smaller size.

Characteristics of reduction gearboxes.

The manufacture or selection of a speed reducer is something extremely complex at times.

given the large number of parameters to take into account. The main ones are:

The torque

The power that a motor can transmit in each turn. Also called 'Torque'.
P=Mω
Where:
PIt is the power in [ W ]
M By motor in [ N.m ]
ωAngular velocity in [ rad/s ]
By nominal

It is the pair transmitted by the speed reducer with a uniform and continuous load; it is closely
related to input speed and output speed. Its unit in the SI is the [ N.m ] newton
metro)

For resistant

Represents the required pair for the correct operation of the machine to which the speed reducer is connected.
it will be coupled. Its unit in the SI is the [ N.m ].

Calculator pair
It is the product of the resistant pair and the service factor required by the machine to which the reducer belongs.
speed will be coupled. Its unit in the SI is the [ N.m ].

Power

Normally expressed in [ kw ] The electric power is considered at two different levels:

applied electric power and the useful power; the latter is the product of the power applied to the being
multiplied by each of the efficiencies of each gear pair of the speed reducer.
Thermal power

The gear train performances have a loss of power in the form of heat that has to
be dissipated by the speed reducer body. It may happen that the transmissible power
Mechanically, I caused a heat in the speed reducer to levels that hinder its operation.
normal.

The thermal power, expressed in [ kw ]indicates the electrical power applied to the fast axis of the reducer of
speed that it is capable of transmitting without thermal limitation.

Efficiency of speed reducers

In the case of Winsmith (See Figure 4) it oscillates between 80% and 90%, in the helical gears of Brook Hansen and
Stöber (see Figure 5) between 95% and 98%, and in the planetariums around 98%.
Gear.

A gear is calledmechanismused to transmit power from one component to another within

onemachineGenerally, the gear with the smaller radius is called pinion, and the one with the larger radius is called crown.
A gear is used to transmit movement through the contact of toothed wheels, the connected gear
The energy source is called a motor gear.

The main advantage that gear transmissions have over transmission bypulleysis that
no like pulleys, which achieves accuracy in the transmission ratio.

Characteristics that define a gear with straight teeth

Straight cylindrical gears are the simplest and most common type of gear that exists. They are used
generally for small and medium speeds; at high speeds, if they are not rectified, or have been
corrected their carving, they produce noise whose level depends on the speed of rotation they have. (See Figure 6)

Tooth of a gear: they are the ones that perform the pushing effort and transmit the power from the
drive shafts to the driven shafts. The tooth profile, that is, the shape of its flanks, is constituted
by two evolvent curves of a circle, symmetrical with respect to the axis that passes through its center.
Module: the module of a gear is a characteristic of magnitude that is defined as the ratio
between the measure of the primitive diameter expressed in millimeters and the number of teeth. In the countries
In Anglo-Saxon countries, another characteristic called Diametral Pitch is used, which is inversely proportional.
to the module. The value of the module is set through material resistance calculation due to the
power to transmit and depending on the transmission ratio that is established. The size of the
teeth are standardized. The module is indicated by numbers. Two gears that mesh
that have the same module.
 Primitive circumference: it is the circumference along which the teeth mesh. In relation to
the primitive circumference determines all the characteristics that define the different
elements of the gear teeth.
Circular pitch: it is the length of the primitive circumference corresponding to a tooth and a space.
consecutive.
Tooth thickness: it is the thickness of the tooth in the contact area, that is, of the primitive diameter.
Number of teeth: it is the number of teeth that the gear has. It is symbolized as (Z).
fundamental for calculating the transmission ratio. The number of teeth of a gear must not
to be below 18 teeth when the pressure angle is 20º nor below 12 teeth when
the pressure angle is 25º.
Outer diameter: it is the diameter of the circumference that limits the outer part of the gear.
Inner diameter: it is the diameter of the circumference that limits the base of the tooth.
Tooth root: it is also known by the name of dedendum. It is the part of the tooth included
between the inner circle and the primitive circle.
Tooth crown: it is also known as the adendum. It is the part of the tooth included
between the outer diameter and the basic diameter.
Flanco: it is the inner surface of the tooth, it is its rubbing zone.
Tooth height: it is the sum of the height of the head (addendum) plus the height of the foot (dedendum).
Pressure angle: the one formed by the line of action with the tangent to the pitch circle, (20ºφ
25º are the normalized angles.
Length of the tooth: it is the length that the gear tooth has.
Distance between the centers of two gears: it is the distance between the centers of the gears.
circumferences of the gears.

Constructive formulas of straight gears.

Primitive diameter
D p=Z.M
Dp
Module M =
Z
P=π.M
Circular step c
Dp
Number of teeth Z=
M
Outer diameter D= e ( Z+2 ) . M
Pc
E=
Thickness of the tooth
2
Inner diameter D=D−2.50×M
i p

Tooth root 1.25×M

Head of the tooth M
Height of the tooth2.25 times M
D( p +d p )
Distance between centers
2
General transmission equation
New Zealand=n . z

Specifications of the reduction gearbox

We will propose a generic reduction box, which is better applied to the industry or fixed mechanisms due to the fact that the
The proposed reduction box is too big for a car.

Motion transmission calculations in a reduction gearbox.

In this case, we will consider an ideal regime for the reducer gearbox, where power is conserved.
(See plan 2/2).

For gear A, C:

D p=Z.M
D pA =16×6 [ mm]
D p=96 [ mm]

For gear B,D:

D p=Z.M
D pA =37×6 [ mm]
D p=222 [ mm]

For the general transmission equation A-B:

ω A. Z A=ω B .ZB
ω A.16=ωB.37
ω B×37
ω A=
16

Concentric gears B-C:

ω B=ωC

By the general transmission equation C-D:

ω C. Z C=ω D. Z D
ω C.16=ω D.37
ω D×37
ωC=
16

Replacing:

ω D.37

ω A=
( 16 )
×37

16
37 2
ω A=ω D
( )
16
ω Entry
=5.3
ω Exit

Example:
If we have an input angular velocity of 100 [ rad/s ]when passing through the reducer, the angular speed
the output will be 18.9[ rad/s ]

Conclusions and recommendations.

The reducer box provides an essential service for adapting power sources to our
needs, without it, we would have to look for a specific motor for each device. A reduction box does not
it only serves to decrease the incoming speed, but it can also fulfill the function of increasing the
speed.

It is recommended:

Like any mechanism for optimal performance, the gearbox should be maintained constantly.
lubricated.
Consider that the reduction box is not entirely ideal; therefore, there is energy dissipated in the form of
heat, take measures for the cooling of the reducer box.
For your use, keep it always closed, any foreign object could obstruct the teeth and cause
a great disaster considering the amount of energy it transmits.
Keep the reducer box firmly anchored to a surface, as part of the energy
transmitted transforms into vibrations.

Bibliography.

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December 13, 2015 from:htps://[Link]/w/[Link]?
tReduction box.
Mechanism. (2015, December 3). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Date of consultation: 19:30,
December 13, 2015 from:ht[Link]
Gear. (2015, December 3). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Date of consultation: 19:30,
December 13, 2015 from:htInvalid inputtGear.
Pinion (mechanism). (2015, November 9). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Date of consultation:
19:30, December 13, 2015 from:htInvalid input. The provided text is a URL and cannot be [Link]
n (mechanism).
Design of a Speed Reducer Box (2015, November 9). The Corner of the Vagrant. Rodriguez P.
Patricio
Invalid URL
Speed reducers. (2015, October 23). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Date of consultation:
19:36, December 13, 2015 from:htInvalid input or URL.
tSpeed reducers.

Annexes.

Figure 1
 Speed reducer and crown line WMI-WI
It is the simplest type of speed reducers, the worm is connected to the motor.
The worm screw greatly reduces the speed because for each revolution it makes
the screw only moves a tooth of the gear.

Figure 2

Planetary speed reducer

As we can observe, the central gear called the sun gear is fixed to the motor.
the satellite gears are connected to the sun gear, transmitting movement to the crown,
that receives it at reduced speed.

Figure 3
 Gear speed reducer
Manufacturing companies design their reduction boxes with various combinations of
gears. In an ideal system, two or three gears would be enough, but considering
Different factors such as energy dispersion must be considered more gears for
improve performance.

Figure 4

Winsmith speed reducer

Relations from 5:1 to 10,000:1, capacities up to 15 HP in D-90 line, outputs
millimeters (RIGMSA) and inches (Winsmith)

Figure 5
 Brook-Hansen helical reducer

Helical gears that offer efficiencies of up to 99%, ratios up to 1250:1, torques up to 220,000 lb/in. Known as
thus by the use of helical gears.

Figure 6

Parts of a gear (Straight gear)

According to observations, to design a gear, only the number of teeth and its module are needed, or alternatively the diameter.
primitive, the rest is obtained from the mentioned formulas.