COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Definitions

✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

✓ Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Definitions

Because the square of a positive number or a negative number is positive, it is not possible to square any
real number and have a negative result. Therefore, we must define a number system to include square
roots of negative numbers. We will find that such numbers can be used to great advantage in certain
applications.

If the radicand in a square root is negative, we can express the indicated root as the product of −1 and
the square root of a positive number.

Imaginary number , −3 = 3 × −1

The symbol −𝟏 is defined as the imaginary unit and is denoted by the symbol 𝒋

Therefore, we have 𝑗 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 2 = −1

Generally, mathematicians use the symbol 𝒊 for −1 and therefore most nontechnical textbooks use 𝒊 .

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Definitions

Example:

a) −9 = (9)(−1) = 9 −1 = 3j

b) −0.25 = (0.25)(−1) = 0.25 −1 = 0.5j

c) −5 = (5)(−1) = 5 −1 = j 5

d) ( −4)2 = −4 × −4 = 4 −1 × 4 −1 = 2j × 2j = 4j2 = −4

We cannot write this product −4 × −4 as (−4)(−4) ,for this lead to an incorrect result of +4.

−3 −12 = j 3 × j 12 = 3 12 j2 = 36 −1 = −6 (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

−3 −12 = −3 (−12) = 36 = 6 (𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Definitions

From Examples:
We see that when we are dealing with square roots of negative numbers, each should be expressed in terms of 𝒋 before
proceeding. To do this, for any positive real number 𝒂 we write

−𝒂 = 𝐣 𝒂 (𝒂 > 𝟎)

Powers of 𝑗
Example:

𝑗10 = 𝑗 8 𝑗 2 = 1 −1 = −1

𝑗 45 = 𝑗 44 𝑗 = 1 𝑗 = 𝑗

𝑗 531 = 𝑗 528 𝑗 3 = 1 −𝑗 = −𝑗

𝟖, 𝟒𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟒

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Definitions

Using real numbers and the imaginary unit 𝑗 , we define a new kind of number.

A complex number is any number that can be written in the form

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠.

The form 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒋 is known as the rectangular form of a complex number, where 𝑎 is known as the real
part and 𝑏 is known as the imaginary part.

𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 0 → 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑗, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝒂 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓.

𝐼𝑓 𝑏 = 0 → 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓.

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Definitions

Two complex numbers are equal if and only if the real parts are equal and the imaginary parts are equal.

𝒂 + 𝒃𝒋 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒋 ↔ 𝒂 = 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 = 𝒚

Example:
1. 𝐚 + 𝐛𝐣 = 𝟑 + 𝟒𝐣 ↔ 𝐚 = 𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛 = 𝟒

2. 𝐱 + 𝟑𝐣 = 𝐲𝐣 − 𝟓 → 𝐱 − 𝐲𝐣 = −𝟓 − 𝟑𝐣 ↔ 𝐱 = −𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 = −𝟑

3. What values of x and y satisfy the equation 𝐱 + 𝟑 𝐱𝐣 + 𝐲 = 𝟓 − 𝐣 − 𝐣𝐲 ?

𝐱 + 𝟑 𝐱𝐣 + 𝐲 = 𝟓 − 𝐣 − 𝐣𝐲
𝐱 + 𝟑𝐱𝐣 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝐣𝐲 = 𝟓 − 𝐣
𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝟑𝐱 + 𝐲 𝐣 = 𝟓 − 𝐣
𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 = 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟑𝐱 + 𝐲 = −𝟏
𝐱 = −𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 = 𝟐

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Definitions

Conjugates

The conjugate of the complex number 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒋 is the complex number 𝒂 − 𝒃𝒋.

We see that the sign of the imaginary part is changed to obtain the conjugate.

Example:
1. 𝟑 − 𝟐𝐣 → 𝟑 + 𝟐𝐣

2. −𝟐 − 𝟓𝐣 → −𝟐 + 𝟓𝐣

3. 𝟔𝐣 → −𝟔𝐣

4. 𝟑 → 𝟑 (𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐳𝐞𝐫𝐨)

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Definitions

Example:

1. 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐱 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦.

𝟏𝟐 − 𝟗 −𝟒 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟗( 𝟒 −𝟏)
=
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏𝟐 − 𝟗(𝟐𝒋) 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒋 𝟗
= = = 𝟑− 𝒋
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐

2. 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐱.

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎 → 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟑𝟐

𝒙 = ± −𝟑𝟐 = ± 𝟑𝟐 −𝟏 = ±𝟒𝒋 𝟐

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

 ✓ Basic Definitions

✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

✓ Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

Example:
1. 𝟑 − 𝟐𝐣 + −𝟓 + 𝟕𝐣 = 𝟑 − 𝟓 + −𝟐 + 𝟕 𝐣 = −𝟐 + 𝟓𝐣

2. 𝟕 + 𝟗𝐣 − 𝟔 − 𝟒𝐣 = 𝟕 − 𝟔 + 𝟗 − (−𝟒) 𝐣 = 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟑𝐣

3. 𝟔 − −𝟒 −𝟗 = 𝟔 − 𝟐𝐣 𝟑𝐣 = 𝟏𝟖𝐣 − 𝟔𝐣𝟐 = 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟖𝐣

4. 𝟑 − 𝟕𝐣 𝟗 + 𝟐𝐣 = 𝟑 𝟗 + 𝟐𝐣 − 𝟕𝐣 𝟗 + 𝟐𝐣
= 𝟐𝟕 + 𝟔𝐣 − 𝟔𝟑𝐣 − 𝟏𝟒𝐣𝟐
= 𝟒𝟏 − 𝟓𝟕𝐣

𝟕 − 𝟐𝐣 (𝟕 − 𝟐𝐣)(𝟑 − 𝟒𝐣)
𝟓. =
𝟑 + 𝟒𝐣 (𝟑 + 𝟒𝐣)(𝟑 − 𝟒𝐣)

𝟐𝟏 − 𝟐𝟖𝐣 − 𝟔𝐣 + 𝟖𝐣𝟐
=
𝟗 − 𝟏𝟔𝐣𝟐
𝟐𝟏 − 𝟑𝟒𝐣 + 𝟖(−𝟏)
=
𝟗 − 𝟏𝟔(−𝟏)
𝟏𝟑 − 𝟑𝟒𝐣 𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟒
= = − 𝐣
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG
✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

Exercise 12.2(page 343):

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐱 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦.

No.33.
𝒋𝟐 − 𝒋 −𝟏 − 𝒋 −𝟏 − 𝒋 −𝟏 − 𝟐𝒋
= = ×
𝟐𝒋 − 𝒋𝟖 −𝟏 + 𝟐𝒋 −𝟏 + 𝟐𝒋 −𝟏 − 𝟐𝒋
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒋𝟐
=
𝟏 − 𝟒𝒋𝟐
−𝟏 + 𝟑𝒋 𝟏 𝟑
= =− + 𝒋
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

No.37

(𝟒𝒋𝟓 − 𝟓𝒋𝟒 + 𝟐𝒋𝟑 − 𝟑𝒋𝟐 )𝟐

= (𝟒(𝒋) − 𝟓(𝟏) + 𝟐(−𝒋) − 𝟑(−𝟏))𝟐

= (−𝟐 + 𝟐𝒋)𝟐
= 𝟒 + 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟒𝒋𝟐
= −𝟖𝒋

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

Exercise 12.2(page 343)

No. 31
No. 35
No. 39
No. 41
No. 48

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

 ✓ Basic Definitions

✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

✓ Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

Graphically, we represent a complex number as a point, designated as 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗, in the rectangular coordinate system.
The real part is the x-value of the point, and the imaginary part is the y-value of the point. Used in this way, the
coordinate system is called the complex plane, the horizontal axis is the real axis, and the vertical axis is the
imaginary axis.

Imaginary axis

Img

Real axis

Re

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

Example: Add the complex numbers 5 − 2𝑗 and−2 − 𝑗 Example: Two forces acting on an overhead bolt can be
graphically. represented by 35 − 20𝑗 N and −50 − 15𝑗 N. Find the
resultant force graphically.

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

Exercise 12.3(page 345)

No. 39
No. 40

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

 ✓ Basic Definitions

✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

✓ Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

In the complex plane, by drawing a vector from the origin to the point that
represents the number 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗, an angle 𝜃 in standard position is formed. Imag
The point is 𝑟 units from the origin.
In fact, we can find any point in the complex plane by knowing the angle 𝜃
and the value of 𝑟.
The equations relating 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑟, and 𝜃, are similar to those developed for 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒋
vectors .
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝒓
𝒚
𝑦
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , tan 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
𝑥 𝜽
Real
𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑗 𝒙

𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃)

𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟∠ 𝜃

Is called the polar form (sometimes the trigonometric form)

The length 𝒓 is the absolute value, or the modulus, and 𝜽 is the argument
of the complex number.
COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG
✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

Example:
Represent the complex number 3 + 4𝑗 graphically and give its polar
form. Imag

3 + 4𝑗 → 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦=4
𝟒𝒋 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒋
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝑟= 32 + 42 = 5 𝒓

4 𝜽
tan 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
3 Real
𝟑
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 53.1°

𝜃 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 53.1°

3 + 4𝑗 = 5 cos 53.1° + 𝑗 sin 53.1° == 5∠ 53.1°

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

Example:
Represent the complex number −1.04 − 1.56𝑗 graphically and give its
polar form.
Imag
−1.04 − 1.56𝑗 → 𝑥 = −1.04 , 𝑦 = −1.56

𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝑟= (−1.04)2 +(−1.56)2 = 1.87 𝜽

−𝟏. 𝟎𝟒
Real
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓
1.56
tan 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
1.04 𝒓

𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 56.3° −𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝒋

−1.04 − 1.56𝑗

𝜃 = 180° + 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 236.3°

−1.04 − 1.56𝑗 = 1.87 cos 236.3° + 𝑗 sin 236.3° == 1.87∠ 236.3°

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

Example:
Imag
Represent the complex number 3560∠ − 32.4° in rectangular form.

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝑥 = 3560 cos(−32.4°) , 𝑦 = 3560 sin(−32.4°)

𝑥 = 3005 , 𝑦 = −1907 𝒙
Real
𝜽 = −𝟑𝟐. 𝟒°
3560∠ − 32.4° = 3005 − 1907𝑗
𝒚

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

Polar form : Real and imaginary numbers

A positive real number is on the positive real axis, its polar form is
Imag
𝑎 = 𝑎 cos 0° + 𝑗 sin 0° = 𝑎∠0°
𝒃𝒋
A negative real number is on the negative real axis, its polar form is

−𝑎 = 𝑎 cos 180° + 𝑗 sin 180° = 𝑎∠180°

−𝒂
Real
A positive pure imaginary number is on the positive imaginary axis, its polar 𝑎
form is

𝑏𝑗 = 𝑏 cos 90° + 𝑗 sin 90° = 𝑏∠90° −𝒃𝒋

A negative pure imaginary number is on the negative imaginary axis, its

polar form is

−𝑏𝑗 = 𝑏 cos 270° + 𝑗 sin 270° = 𝑏∠270°

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

Example:

Imag
5 = 5 cos 0° + 𝑗 sin 0° = 5∠0°
7𝒋
−6 = 6 cos 180° + 𝑗 sin 180° = 6∠180°

7𝑗 = 7 cos 90° + 𝑗 sin 90° = 7∠90° Real

−𝟔 5

−8𝑗 = 8 cos 270° + 𝑗 sin 270° = 8∠270°

−𝟖𝒋

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

Exercise 12.4(page 348)

No. 3
No. 25
No. 40

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

 ✓ Basic Definitions

✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

✓ Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number

• Another important form of a complex number is the exponential form.

• It is commonly used in electronics, engineering, and physics applications.
• It is also convenient for multiplication and division of complex numbers, as the
rectangular form is for addition and subtraction.

• By Euler’s Formula 𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒆−𝒋𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

• The exponential form of a complex number is written as

𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)

where 𝒓 and 𝜽 have the same meanings as given in the previous section, although 𝜽 is
expressed in radians.

𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

Note # We will always express 𝜃 in radians when using exponential form.

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number

Example: Express the number 8.5∠136.3° in exponential form.

𝑟 = 8.5
136.3°
𝜃 = 136.3° = × 𝜋 = 2.38 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180°

8.5∠136.3° = 8.5𝑒 2.38𝑗

Example: Express the number 3.07 − 7.43𝑗 in exponential form.

3.07 − 7.43𝑗 → 𝑥 = 3.07, 𝑦 = −7.43
𝑟 = 3.072 + −7.43 2 = 8.04
7.43
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 67.6°
3.07
292.4°
𝜃 = 360 − 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 292.4° = × 𝜋 = 5.1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180°

3.07 − 7.43𝑗 = 8.04𝑒 5.1𝑗

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number
Example: Express the complex number 2𝑒 4.8𝑗 in polar and rectangular form.
2𝑒 4.8𝑗
𝑟=2
4.8 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃 = 4.8 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = × 180° = 275°
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑

The polar form is 2𝑒 4.8𝑗 = 2(cos 275° + 𝑗 sin 275°)

For the rectangular form 2𝑒 4.8𝑗 = 2(cos 275° + 𝑗 sin 275°)

2𝑒 4.8𝑗 = 2 cos 275° + 2 𝑗 sin 275°
2𝑒 4.8𝑗 = 0.174 − 1.99𝑗

Example: Express (1.846𝑒 1.229𝑗 )2 in polar and rectangular form.

(1.846𝑒 1.229𝑗 )2 = 3.408𝑒 2.458𝑗
𝑟 = 3.408
2.458 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃 = 2.458 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = × 180° = 140.83°
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑

The polar form is (1.846𝑒 1.229𝑗 )2 = 3.408(cos 140.83° + 𝑗 sin 140.83°)

For the rectangular form (1.846𝑒 1.229𝑗 )2 = 3.408(cos 140.83° + 𝑗 sin 140.83°)
(1.846𝑒 1.229𝑗 )2 = 3.408 cos 140.83° + 3.408𝑗 sin 140.83°
(1.846𝑒 1.229𝑗 )2 = −2.642 + 2.152𝑗

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number

Rectangular: 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗

Polar: 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) = 𝑟∠𝜃

Exponential: 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃

𝒙 + 𝒚𝒋 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) = 𝒓∠𝜽 = 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑦
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , tan 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
𝑥

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

Exercise 12.5(page 350)

No. 19
No. 29
No. 35

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

 ✓ Basic Definitions

✓ Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

✓ Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

✓ Exponential Form of a Complex Number

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

Using exponential form and laws of exponents, we multiply two complex numbers as
𝑟1 𝑒 𝑗𝜃1 × 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑗𝜃2

= (𝑟1 × 𝑟2 )(𝑒 𝑗𝜃1 × 𝑒 𝑗𝜃2 )

= 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑗(𝜃1 +𝜃2 ) compare with 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)

𝒓𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟏 × 𝒓𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )

𝒓𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏 + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟏 ) × 𝒓𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝟐 + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐 ) = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )

(𝒓𝟏 ∠𝜽𝟏 ) (𝒓𝟐 ∠𝜽𝟐 ) = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 ∠(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

Example: Multiply the complex numbers 2 + 3𝑗 and 1 − 𝑗 by using polar forms of each.

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒋: 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏
𝟑
𝜽𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° → 𝜽𝟏 = 𝜽𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°
𝟐
𝟐 + 𝟑𝒋 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°)

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟏 − 𝒋: 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 + −𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏
−𝟏
𝟏
𝜽𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝟒𝟓° → 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° − 𝜽𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓°
𝟏
𝟏 − 𝑱 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟏𝟓° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟏𝟓°)

𝟑. 𝟔𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°) × 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟏𝟓° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟏𝟓°)

= 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏 × 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° + 𝟑𝟏𝟓°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° + 𝟑𝟏𝟓°)

= 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟑° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟑°)

= 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑°)

Note # In the final result, the angle is usually expressed between 0° and 360°, unless specified otherwise.
COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG
✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

Using exponential form and laws of exponents, we divide two complex numbers as
𝑟1 𝑒 𝑗𝜃1 ÷ 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑗𝜃2

= (𝑟1 ÷ 𝑟2 )(𝑒 𝑗𝜃1 ÷ 𝑒 𝑗𝜃2 )

𝑟
= 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑗(𝜃1 −𝜃2 ) compare with 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)
2

𝑟1
𝒓𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟏 ÷ 𝒓𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )
𝑟2

𝒓𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏 + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟏 ) 𝑟1
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )
𝒓𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝟐 + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐 ) 𝑟2

(𝒓𝟏 ∠𝜽𝟏 ) 𝑟1
= ∠(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )
(𝒓𝟐 ∠𝜽𝟐 ) 𝑟2

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

Example: Divide the complex numbers 2 + 3𝑗 and 1 − 𝑗 by using polar forms of each.

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒋: 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏
𝟑
𝜽𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° → 𝜽𝟏 = 𝜽𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°
𝟐
𝟐 + 𝟑𝒋 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°)

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟏 − 𝒋: 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 + −𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏
−𝟏
𝟏
𝜽𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝟒𝟓° → 𝜽𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° − 𝜽𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓°
𝟏
𝟏 − 𝑱 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟏𝟓° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟏𝟓°)

𝟑. 𝟔𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°)

𝟏. 𝟒𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟏𝟓° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟏𝟓°)

𝟑. 𝟔𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° − 𝟑𝟏𝟓°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° − 𝟑𝟏𝟓°)
𝟏. 𝟒𝟏

= 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔(𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟕° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 −𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟕° )

= 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟑° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟑°)

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

Example: Perform the addition 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟑∠𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟔° + 𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟕∠𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟑°.

𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟑∠𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟔° + 𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟕∠𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟑°

= 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟑(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟔° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟔°) + 𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟕(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟑° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟑°)
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟖𝒋 − 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟑𝒋
= −𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟏𝒋

𝑭𝒐𝒓 − 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟏𝒋 ∶ 𝒓= −𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝟐 + 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟒𝟏

𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟏
𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟕𝟔° → 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟒°
𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟑

𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟑∠𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟔° + 𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟕∠𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟑°= 3.641∠𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟒°

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

Using exponential form and laws of exponents, we raise a complex number to a power.

(𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 )𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝑛𝜃)

𝑛
𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝑛𝜃)

(𝑟∠𝜃)𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠𝑛𝜃

This equation is known as DeMoivre’s theorem and is valid for all real values of 𝒏. It is
also used for finding roots of complex numbers if 𝒏 is a fractional exponent.

We note that the magnitude is raised to the power, and the angle is multiplied by the
power.

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers

Example: Using DeMoivre’s theorem , find (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒋)𝟑 .

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒋: 𝒓= 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏
𝟑
𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° → 𝜽 = 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°
𝟐

𝟐 + 𝟑𝒋 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°)

By DeMoivre’s theorem ,

𝒏
𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) = 𝒓𝒏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽)

(𝟐 + 𝟑𝒋)𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°) 𝟑

= 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟑 × 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑 × 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°))
= 𝟒𝟕(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟗° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟗°)
= −𝟒𝟔 + 𝟗𝒋

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers
Example: Find the cube root of −𝟏. Imag
−𝟏 = 𝟏∠𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝟏(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟖𝟎°)
𝟏
Applying DeMoivre’s theorem with 𝒏 = 𝟑 ,
For first root,𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° −𝟏 Real
𝟏 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝟑 = 𝟏(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟖𝟎°)
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟑 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟏𝟖𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟏𝟖𝟎°))
𝟑 𝟑
= (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎°)
= 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟎𝒋

For second root,𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝟑𝟔𝟎° = 𝟓𝟒𝟎°

𝟏 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝟑 = 𝟏(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝟒𝟎° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝟒𝟎°)𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟑 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟓𝟒𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟓𝟒𝟎°))
𝟑 𝟑
= (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟖𝟎°)
= −𝟏
For third root,𝜽 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎° + 𝟑𝟔𝟎° = 𝟗𝟎𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝟑 = 𝟏(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎𝟎° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝟎𝟎°)
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 Therefore. Three cube roots of −1 𝑎𝑟𝑒:
= 𝟏𝟑 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟗𝟎𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟗𝟎𝟎°))
𝟑 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟎𝒋, −𝟏 , 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟎𝒋
= (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎𝟎°)
= 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟎𝒋

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers
Example: Find the two square roots of 𝟐𝒋 .

2𝒋 = 𝟐∠𝟗𝟎° = 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟗𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟎°)

𝟏
Applying DeMoivre’s theorem with 𝒏 = 𝟐 ,
For first root,𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐𝒋)𝟐 = 𝟐(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝟎°) 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟗𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟗𝟎°))
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟓° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟓°)
=𝟏+𝒋

For second root,𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎° + 𝟑𝟔𝟎° = 𝟒𝟓𝟎°

𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐𝒋)𝟐 = 𝟐(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝟓𝟎° + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝟓𝟎°)𝟐 Therefore. Therefore. Two square roots of 2𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒋, −𝟏 − 𝒋
= 𝟐𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟒𝟓𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟒𝟓𝟎°))
𝟐 𝟐
= (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟓° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟐𝟓°)
= −𝟏 − 𝒋

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Products, Quotients, Powers, and Roots of Complex Numbers
Example: Find all the roots of the equation 𝒙𝟔 − 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎 . For fifth root,𝜽 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟔 − 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎 → 𝒙𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒 → 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟒 𝟔 (𝟔𝟒) 𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒𝟔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎°))
𝟔 𝟔
6𝟒 = 𝟔𝟒∠𝟎° = 𝟔𝟒(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎°) = 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟒𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟒𝟎°)
𝟏
Applying DeMoivre’s theorem with 𝒏 = 𝟔 , = −𝟏 − 𝒋 𝟑
For first root,𝜽 = 𝟎° For sixth root,𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟔𝟒)𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒𝟔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟎°)) (𝟔𝟒) 𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒𝟔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎°))
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
= 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎°) = 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎𝟎°)
=𝟐 =𝟏−𝒋 𝟑
For second root,𝜽 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 Therefore. All roots of 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒:
(𝟔𝟒) 𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒𝟔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟑𝟔𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟑𝟔𝟎°))
𝟔 𝟔 𝟐, 𝟏 + 𝒋 𝟑, −𝟏 + 𝒋 𝟑
= 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎°) −𝟐, −𝟏 − 𝒋 𝟑, 𝟏−𝒋 𝟑
=𝟏+𝒋 𝟑
For third root,𝜽 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟔𝟒) 𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒𝟔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟕𝟐𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟕𝟐𝟎°))
𝟔 𝟔
= 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟐𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟐𝟎°)
= −𝟏 + 𝒋 𝟑
For fourth root,𝜽 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟔𝟒) 𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒𝟔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( × 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎°) + 𝒋 𝒔𝒊𝒏( × 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎°))
𝟔 𝟔
= 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟖𝟎°)
= −𝟐
COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG
✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

Exercise 12.6 (page 356)

No. 33
No. 35
No. 45
No. 47

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

✓ Polar Form of a Complex Number

Review Exercise (page 365)

No. 83
No. 85
No. 95
No. 97

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG

COMPLEX NUMBERS MATHEMATICS I U YE KO KO AUNG