Genetics Workshop: Cell Theory & Chromosomes
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsGenetics Workshop: Cell Theory & Chromosomes
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsWorkshop 1: Introduction to Genetics and Statistical Review
Last name and First name:
INTRODUCTION.
1. Preformationism defines that gametes contain an adult in
miniature (homunculus) that keeps growing (f)(v).
2. What does cell theory consist of?
The cell theory posits that all organisms are composed of
cells, that the cell is the basic unit of life and that all cells
they come from other cells.
3. Why is it said that the genetic code is degenerate?
Because it binds with any DNA strand.
[Link] it duplicates through DNA polymerase
[Link] several triplets produce the same amino acid
d. Because it degrades easily, due to cellular components.
[Link] dos aplicaciones de la genética en la veterinaria y la zootecnia
The crossing: The obtaining of improved animals that is carried out
through the management of crossing the selected parents.
Cloning: it is the production of identical embryos from a single
embryo, its use is more common in cattle.
CELL DIVISION AND STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES
What is a somatic cell?
The somatic cell is the cell that makes up the set of tissues and
organs of a living being, derived from stem cells originating during the
embryonic development and undergo a process of cell proliferation,
cell differentiation and apoptosis.
2. What is diploidy?
It refers to the condition in which there are two copies of each chromosome, called
homologous chromosomes are present in the somatic cells of a
living organism. The diploid condition is often indicated with the symbol
"2n", to indicate the two copies of the haploid chromosome kit "n", which
characterize a species. Diploidy is usually the result of the
sexual reproduction.
3. Which cells of mammals are haploid?
Reproductive cells such as gametes (sperm and eggs) in
The mammals are haploids, that is to say, they possess only one set of chromosomes.
4. Chromosomes are:
a. Constant in number for all members of a species.
[Link] to see when they are condensed
c. Enumerated from largest to smallest
d. Autosomes or sex chromosomes
[Link] of the above.
5. What are the types of chromosomes that exist regarding the location of the
centromere?
Metacentric: The centromere is right in the center of the chromosome.
Submetacentric: The centromere is slightly off-center.
Acrocentrics: The centromere is quite far from the center.
generating inequality between the arms.
6.¿Cuál es el número diploide de un caballo, de un burro, de una vaca?
Horse: They have 64 chromosomes (32 pairs).
Mules: they have 64 chromosomes (32 pairs).
Cows: they have 68 chromosomes (34 pairs).
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
The cell cycle has different phases, which are called G1, S, G2, and M. The G1 phase
it is the one in which the cell prepares to divide. To do so, it enters
the S phase, which is when the cell synthesizes a copy of all its DNA. Once
duplicated DNA is available and there is a complete extra supply of the material.
genetic, the cell enters the G2 phase, when it condenses and organizes the
genetic material and prepares for cell division. The next step is the
M phase, when mitosis occurs. That is, the cell divides the two
copies of their genetic material between their two daughter cells. After having
completed phase M, two cells are obtained (from where there was only one) and the
cell cycle starts anew for each of them.
[Link] two sister chromatids and their parts
Outline the gametogenesis of the oocyte and the spermatozoon.
10. If a species is 2n=6, and recombination is not taken into account, how many
Can different gametes be obtained by segregation? It could be.
expressed with equation 2k, where k is the number of pairs of
chromosomes.
The horse (Equus caballus) has 2n=64, including 36 autosomes
acrocentric: the donkey (Equus Asinus) has 62 chromosomes, including 22
acrocentric autosomes. Predict the number of chromosomes in the hybrid.
(mula). Why this number of chromosomes?, Why the mule?
Is it usually sterile?
Why this number of chromosomes?
The hybrid descendant will have 63 chromosomes. This is due to the fact that
you will obtain 31 chromosomes from the donkey, and you will obtain 32 chromosomes from the
mare. This makes a total of 63 chromosomes.
Why is the mule usually sterile?
It is due to two specific causes:
Due to the fact that the two species from which it has been formed do not have the
same number of chromosomes. The mare has 64 chromosomes and the
donkey with 62.
Andthegenesonthechromosomeswillnotbedistributedthesame.
in such a way that the paternal 1 and the maternal 1 will be able to code for
different characters.
The common mouse has 40 chromosomes in somatic cells. How many
How many chromosomes did he receive from his father? How many autosomes are there in a gamete?
mouse? How many sex chromosomes are there in an oocyte? How many
How many autosomes are there in the somatic cells of a female?
Thefatherreviveshalfsincethegeneticinformationof
Micecome50%fromthefatherandtheother50%fromthemother.
mother,thatistosay20chromosomes.
The gametes contain half of the genetic information that
it will have an organism, and it will contain in the case of mice a
sex chromosome that will determine the sex in this case
there would be 20 (chromosomes) - 1 (sex chromosome) = 19 (autosomes)
As I explained before, each individual would have 2 chromosomes.
sex cells and gametes always have half of the information
genetic therefore there would only be 1 sex chromosome.
If the gametes have 19 autosomes, the somatic cells will have the
double for which the result is 38.
13. What is the probability that a man's sperm cell (n=23),
Does it only contain replicas of the chromosomes it received from its mother?