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MOMENTUM

Amount of Movement

1. What has a greater amount of movement, a heavy stationary truck or a skateboard?

movement?

The skateboard is in motion, because the truck is not moving.

Impulse

2. How do impulse and force differ?

Force is the magnitude applied to move an object; impulse is the force that is
applies to a body so that it begins its movement, that is, the product of the force by the
time.

3. What are the two ways to increase momentum?

1. Increasing the strength or

2. Increasing the contact time.

4. For the same force, why does a long cannon impart greater speed to a bullet than a short one?
short cannon?

Because the bullet that is in the long barrel has much more contact time than the
from the short barrel.

Impulse Changes the Amount of Motion

5. Does the relationship between impulse and momentum have anything to do with the second law of
Newton?

The greater the impulse applied to something, the greater the change in the quantity of
movement.

6. To impart the maximum amount of movement to an object, should you exert the maximum
Possible force, extend that force as far as you can, or both questions? Explain why.

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Both issues because what we want to achieve is to give the maximum amount of
movement to the object since to achieve the greatest amount of movement it will be necessary to
first obtain the greatest boost.

7. When you are in the path of a moving object and your destination is to suffer a force of
impact, is it better for you to reduce the amount of movement of that object, for a short time?
time or long time? Explain why.

For a long time, this is how we extended the time in which the amount of motion reaches
zero.

8. Why is it considered to extend your hand forward when you prepare to catch a
fastball in baseball with bare hands?

To obtain more contact time with the ball and to extend the time in which its amount of
movement is zero.

9. Why wouldn't it be a good idea to lean the back of your hand on the garden fence in the park?
Baseball to catch a very long hit?

Because the force with which the ball comes would push the hand back causing pain in addition to
the pain caused by the fence against the back of the hand.

10. In karate, why is the force applied over a short time better?

Because in a shorter time greater strength will be obtained.

11. In boxing, why is it better to rotate with the punch?

Because we extend the contact time and reduce the force with which the impact reaches us.

Bounce

12. What experiences the greatest change in momentum: 1. A baseball when it is

atrapada, 2. Una bola de beisbol que es lanzada, 3. Una bola de beisbol que es atrapada y a
continued launched back, if in all cases the balls have the same speed just
before being trapped immediately after being launched?

A baseball that is caught and then thrown back.

13. In the previous question, in which case is the greatest impulse required?

When the baseball is caught and then thrown back.

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Conservation of Momentum

14. Can you produce a net thrust in a car if I am sitting inside it and you push it?
forward the dashboard? Can the internal forces in a soccer ball
generate an impulse that changes the momentum of the ball?

In order to generate a change in the amount of movement, we must apply an impulse or a

external force that changes or initiates the movement of bodies.

15. Is it correct to say that if no net impulse is applied to a system, then there will be no
Does the amount of movement of the system change?

Yes, because if there is no net impulse, there will be no change in the amount of motion.

16. What does it mean to say that momentum (or any other quantity) is conserved?

It means that no external forces are acting on a system.

17. When a bullet is fired, the momentum is conserved for the bullet-cannon system.
Would the quantity of motion of the system be conserved if the quantity of motion were not?
a vector quantity? Explain.

No, if the quantity were a scalar magnitude, the force with which it is propelled would not be canceled out.
the bullet and the force with which the cannon recoils.

Collisions

18. Describe the difference between elastic collision and inelastic collision, in which class of collision is
Does it conserve momentum?

In an elastic collision, the bodies bounce off without apparent deformation and without generating heat.
In an inelastic collision, heat, permanent deformation, or both are generated.

19. The railroad car is rolling at a certain speed, and there is a perfectly proportional collision.
elastic with car B, of the same mass. After the collision, it is observed that car A remains
at rest How does the speed of car B compare to the initial speed of car A?

The speed of car B is the same as the speed with which car A started.

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20. If the cars of equal mass from the previous question stick together after colliding
inelastically, how does its speed after the collision compare to the initial speed of the
car A?

The speed of the impact is reduced by half because it has to move twice the mass.

More Complicated Crashes

21. Suppose that a ball of putty rolls horizontally, that its amount of
the movement is 1kg.m/s and collides and sticks to another identical ball that moves vertically
with a momentum of 1kg.m/s, why is its combined momentum
It's not just the arithmetic sum, that is to say, 2 kg·m/s?

Because the diagonal of a square is not equal to the arithmetic sum but is 2.1/2for the amount
of movement of one of the vehicles.

22. In the previous question, what is the total amount of movement of the mastic balls?
before and after the crash?

The amount of motion will always be invariant, no matter how complicated it is.
shock.

ODD EXERCISES

To stop a super oil tanker, its engines are usually turned off at around 25 km.
From the port, why is it so difficult to stop or turn a supertanker?

Because it has a large amount of mass, if it were to shut down the engines near the dock, the super
tank would impact.

2. In terms of impulse and momentum, why do airbags ...

Do cars reduce the chances of injuries in accidents?

Why do air bubbles produce a greater contact area reducing the amount of
movement.

3. In terms of momentum and quantity of motion, why do climbers prefer the

nylon strings that stretch quite a bit under tension?

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Why do nylon strings stretch and thereby reduce the amount of movement in
some accident.

4. When jumping from a considerable height, why is it advisable to land on your knees?
flexed?

To have a longer contact time and thereby reduce the amount of movement.
with which we reach the ground, in this way we avoid any type of accidents.

5. When a foul is caught in baseball, why is it important to extend your arms out?
clean upwards so that the hands can move down when catching the
ball?

To increase the contact time with the ball, thus achieving that the amount of
movement is significantly reduced.

6. In terms of impulse and momentum, why is it important that the blades of

Does a helicopter divert air downwards?

To increase the reaction time of the air, producing a great thrust and increased
the amount of motion.

In general, it is much harder to stop a heavy truck than a skateboard, when you
they move at the same speed. Describe a case in which the skateboard may need more
braking force (consider relative times)

When on a slope, the skateboard will gain more and more force as
move and you will get a lot of movement, in that way a will be needed
greater amount of force for braking

8. Why is it difficult for a firefighter to hold a hose that sprays large jets of water?
at high speed?

Because the total thrust of the water when exiting is very large, pushing the firefighter backwards.

9. Why are the impulses exerted by colliding objects equal and opposite?

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Why momentum follows the law of conservation.

10. When an apple falls from a tree and hits the ground without bouncing, what fate did it have?
amount of movement?

What happens with the amount of movement is that it collides with the ground in a way.
inelastic, thus losing the amount of momentum it had.

11. Why are punches harder with 6-ounce boxing gloves than with 16-ounce gloves?

The 6-ounce gloves are lighter, which is why when you hit, the time is reduced.
of the impact, increasing the force with which the boxer hits

12. The railway hooks engage loosely so that there is a noticeable delay.
from the moment the locomotive moves the first until it moves the last. Describe the advantage of
this loose coupling and the slack between the cars, from the perspective of propulsion and
amount of motion.

It is loose, so that the railroads all start with small impulses when they occur.
a longer contact time will open a smaller impulse, if all the cars would start their
movement with the same momentum, a carriage that is behind and has greater mass
it would collide with the carriages that are in front of it.

13. You are at the bow of a canoe that floats near the dock. You jump, hoping that you will fall.
easily on the bridge, but instead you fall into the water. Explain why.

When you jump from the canoe, the momentum you manage to obtain is not enough to reach the
spring, having only a short interval of time to gain the momentum.

A fully dressed person is resting in the middle of a pond, on ice.

Perfectly frictionless, and it must reach the shore. How could I do that?

Since the surface has no friction, the task of reaching the shore will be much easier.
With a small push, it can reach the shore; the push won't require much force.
The amount of movement will be conserved throughout the entire journey.

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15. The two examples from the previous exercises can be explained in terms of conservation.
of the quantity of motion and in terms of Newton's third law. Let's suppose that the
You have answered in terms of the conservation of momentum, answer them.
in terms of Newton's third law (or vice versa, if you answered in terms of the
third law of Newton.

The person will arrive at the edge of the pond with an initial force, since for every action there is
A reaction, the reaction will be sufficient to reach the shore since there is no friction.

16. Explain how the conversion of momentum is a consequence of the third law.
of Newton.

Newton's third law explains to us that for every action there is a reaction, if one begins
With an impulse (action), movement (reaction) will occur in the direction of the impulse.

17. Your friend says that the law of conservation of momentum is violated when a
Ball rolls downhill and gains momentum. What do you answer?

What is wrong is that since no external force acts on the system, the system will be
fulfilling the law of conservation of momentum.

18. What is meant by a system and how is it related to the conservation of quantity?
movement?

In a system, only internal forces are considered, those that are inherent to the model.
with which is worked, so that there is conservation of the momentum, in the system
no external forces should intervene, so we conclude that a system shows us the
conservation of momentum.

The momentum of an apple falling to the ground is not conserved because of the force
external gravity acts on it. But the quantity of motion is conserved in a
larger system. Explain why.

If the system is larger, gravity is considered an internal force.

20. A car goes off the road and crashes into the bottom of the canyon. Identify the system in which
the net momentum is zero during the collision.

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A system in which gravity is not considered and that complies with the conservation law of
the amount of movement, that is one way for the final amount of movement to be
zero.

A sailboat on the ice remains still on the frozen lake on a windless day.
Crew member prepares a fan as seen in the image. If all the air bounces off the sail and goes
Backwards, will the sailboat start moving? If so, in what direction?

Yes, the sailboat will move forward.

22. State the advantage of simply removing the candle in the previous exercises.

When the sailboat starts moving with the help of the fan, the law is no longer applicable
conservation of momentum, if the sailboat were removed and only the fan remained,
the law of conservation of momentum could be applied in the mobile.

23. As you throw a ball upwards, is there a change in the normal force on your feet?
Is there any change when you catch the ball? (think about this when you are standing on a)
scale)

Yes, when you throw the ball up, the impulse with which you throw it will produce a change in
the normal of the feet with the scale.

24. If a tennis ball and a bowling ball collide in the air, each one experiences the same
magnitude of change in momentum. Support your answer.

Gravity intervenes in the system, which is an external force, and consequently does not
it complies with the law of conservation of momentum.

25. Would a head-on collision between two cars be harmful to the occupants, if the
Will the vehicles remain attached or bounce apart due to the impact?

When one object impacts another and there is a bounce, the force with which it impacts is greater.
So in the case they show us, it would be more harmful if the vehicle bounces.

26. When a stream of sand falling vertically reaches a wheelbarrow that is moving
horizontally. This slows down. Ignoring the friction between the cart and the track, describe

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two reasons for this, one in terms of the horizontal force acting on the wheelbarrow, and
another in terms of the conservation of momentum.

The sand jet will fall into the wheelbarrow with a force that will be external to the system of the.
wheelbarrow loading this (wheelbarrow) decelerate.

27. Suppose there are three astronauts outside a spaceship, and they are going to play tag.
They all weigh the same on Earth and have the same forces. The first one throws the second.
towards the third and the game begins. Describe the movement of the astronauts as
the game progresses. How long will the game last?

Since astronauts weigh the same and have the same force, and there are no external forces that
they intervene in the system, theoretically the game would be infinite, but at some point the
astronauts will become fatigued and the game will end.

28. With reference to figure 6.9, will the impulse at impact differ if Cassey's hand rebounds?
hit the bricks? In any case, how does the force exerted on the bricks compare?
with the force exerted on the hand?

By Newton's third law of actions and reactions, both forces will be equal.

A deuteron is a particle with a mass identical to that formed by a proton and a neutron.
Suppose it accelerates to a certain speed, very high, in a cyclotron and directs
towards an observation chamber, where it collides with a particle that was initially at
rest, and that sticks to it. It is observed that the whole moves exactly with
half the speed of the incident deuteron Why do observers say that too
Is the particle that served as a target a deuteron?

As momentum is mass multiplied by velocity, and when there is a collision

elastic, it is noted that the amount of movement will be reduced by half because the mass
doubles during the impact.

30. A billiard ball stops when it collides head-on with a stationary ball. However
the ball cannot come to a complete stop if the collision is not exactly head-on; that is, if
the second ball moves at an angle to the trajectory of the first. Do you know about
What? (Suggestion: consider the amount of movement before and after the collision, in the
initial direction of the first ball and also in the direction perpendicular to the direction
initial.)

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The billiard balls have the same mass, this is the main reason for this phenomenon, the law of
the conservation of momentum will be fulfilled.

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