FUELENGI

NES

ENGINES
Anenginei
samachi newhi chconv ert
sChemi calenergy
i
nfueltoHeatandKineticenergy.
Ther
ear et
wot ypesofcarengines:
1. Petrol
Engine(a.k.
[Link]
onEngine).
2. DieselEngi
ne(a.k.
[Link] essionIgni
ti
onEngi ne).

FOUR- STROKEPETROLENGI NE
Inafourst rokepet rolenginethecycleofoperati
onis
compl etedinf ourstrokesofthepistonortwor evol
uti
on
ofcrankshaf [Link]
nvolvesthefoll
owing4st eps:
I ntakestroke, Compr essi
onstroke,Powerstroke
andExhaustst r
oke.
Apet rolenginei salsoknownasaSpar kI
gnit
ionEngine
becausei tusesaspar kpl ugt
oignitefuel
.

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1.I
ntakest
roke

Thepistonmov esdown.
Theinletvalveopens
Theex haustvalveiscl
osed.
Sucti
onpr essurecreat
edbyt hedownwardmoti
on
ofthepistondrawspet r
ol-ai
rmixtur
eint
othe
cyl
inder.

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Whenthepistonreachest
hebot
tom t
hei
ntake
st
rokeendsandt heinl
etv
alv
ecl
oses
i
nstant
aneously
.

[Link]
essi
onst
roke

Bot
hv al
ves(inl
etandexhaustval
ves)ar
ecl
osed
Thepi
stonmov esup.
Thepetr
ol-
airmixt
ureiscompressed.

3. Powerst
roke

Bothval
ves(i
nletandex haustvalv
es)ar
eclosed
Sparkpl
ugigni
tespet r
ol-
airmixtur
e.
Theexpl
odingpetrol-
airmixt
ureexpands.
Thi
smov esthepistondown.

[Link]
roke

Theinletval
v eremainscl
osed.
Theex haustvalvesopens.
Thepistonmov esup.
Thispushesoutt heburntgasesthrought
he
exhaustvalve.
Cyclerepeats(backtointakest
roke).

SUMMARY
Afourstrokepetr
olengineisaninternal
-combustion
engineinwhichapetrol-
airmixt
ureisdrawnintothe
cyl
inderonthefir
ststrokeandiscompr essedand
i
gnitedonthesecondst roke;
workisdoneont hethir
d
str
okeandt heproductsofcombust i
onar eexhausted
onthefourthstr
oke.

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FOUR-
STROKEDI
ESELENGI
NE
Thecy cleofoper ati
onofadi esel enginei ssimil
ar
tothatoft hepet rol engine.
Howev er,
apet rol engineusesaspar kpl ugtoignite
fuelbutadi esel engi neuseshotcompr essedairfor
igni
[Link] swhyadi eselengi nei sal soknown
asaCompr essionI gni ti
onEngi ne.
 Thecompr essionr at i
oofadi esel enginei sabout2
timeshi gherascompar edtoapet rol engine.
 Duet othehighcompr essionr ati
ooft hediesel
enginet hetemper aturei nsi
det hecy linderafterthe
compr essionst rokei shi ghenought osel f
-i
gnit
et he
fuelinj
ectedi ntot hecombust i
onchamber .

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1.I
ntakest
roke

Thepist
onmov esdown.
Theinl
etvalveopens
Theexhaustvalveisclosed.
Sucti
onpressurecreatedbythedownwar
dmotion
ofthepi
stondrawsai rmixtur
eint
othecy
li
nder
.

2.
Compr
essi
onst
roke

Bothv al
ves(inl
etandexhaustvalv
es)areclosed
Thepi st
onmov esup.
Theai ri
scompr essedandgetsveryhot.
Dieselisfor
cedinunderpressurebythefuel
inj
ector.
[Link] r
oke

Bothval
ves(inletandexhaustv al
ves)ar
eclosed
Hightemperatureofcompr essedairi
gni
tesdiesel
.
Theigni
ted/
expl odi
ngdieselexpands.
Thismovesthepi stondown.

4.
Exhaustst
roke

Theinletval
v eremainscl
osed.
Theex haustvalvesopens.
Thepistonmov esup.
Thispushesoutt heburntgasesthrought
he
exhaustvalve.
Cyclerepeats(backtointakest
roke).

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Advant
agesofmul tiplecy
li
nderengines
Lessv i
brat
ion
Smoot hrunni
ngofengi ne
Morepower
Di
sadvantagesofsinglecyli
nderengines
Morev i
brati
on
Enginerunsinjerks
Lesspower

Thecar
bur
ett
or
Acar
buret
torisadevicet
hatmixespet
rol
andai
rin
t
hecorr
ectrat
ioforcombust
ioni
nanengine.

Funct
ionsofpar
ts
1)
Airf
il
ter–r emov esdirtf
rom ai
r.
2)
Choke–cont r
olsairenteri
ngthecarburett
or.
3)
Jet-produceaf i
nespr ayofpetrol
,all
owingairto
mixwithpet r
ol.
4)
Petr
olfil
ter–r emov esdir
tfrom pet
rolprevent
ing

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thejetgetti
ngblocked.
5)
Float–cont r
olsamountofpet r
olenteri
ngthe
carburett
or.
6)
Throttl
e–cont rolspetr
olai
r-mi
xtureenter
ingthe
engine.
Openi ngthethrottl
ebypressi
ngtheaccelerator
pedalall
owsmor epet
rol
-ai
rmixturetoenterand
speedsupt heengine.

CARBURETTORPROBLEMS
Whenacar bur ettoriscleanandi swor kingpr oper l
y,
theengineshoul dst arteasi l
y( hotorcol d) ,idle
smoot hly,andaccel eratewi thoutst umbl ing.
Thef oll
owi ngar esomeoft hecar bur ettorpr obl ems
andt hei
ref fect s:
1)Wor njets
 Jet swearoutwi thage.
Toomuchf uel i
sdel iveredandt hemi xt ure
becomest oor ichinpet rol (i
.[Link] uel and
lessairint hemi xture).
Ther esultisi ncompl etecombust ionoff uel, poor
fueleconomy ,sluggishaccel erati
on, soot y/bl ack
sparkplugs, unev enf i
ringandst rongsmel lof
petrolwhenengi nei sati dle.
2)Blockedj ets
 Becomebl ockedbysmal ldirtpar ti
cl esand
chemical residuesf r
om f uel .
 Lessf uel i
sdel iveredandt hemi xtur e
becomest oor i
chi nair( i
.[Link] uel andt oo
muchai rint hemi xture).

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Ther esul ti slur chi ngaccel erationandexcessi ve

amount sofchoket or un/ st art.
3)
Blockedai rf ilter
 Becomesbl ockedbydi rt
y,dustanddebr is
i
nai r.
 Lessai ri sdel iver edandt hemi xt ure
becomest oor ichi npet rol.
Ther esul ti si ncompl etecombust ionoff uel, poor
fuel economy ,sl uggishaccel erati
on,soot y/bl ack
spar kpl ugs, unev enf iringandst rongsmel lof
pet r
ol whenengi nei sati dle.
4)
Blockedpet r olf il
ter
 Becomesbl ockedbydi rt
yandgummy
subst ancesi npet rol
 Lessf uel isdel iveredandt hemi xtur e
becomest oor ichi nai r( i
.e.l essf uel
andt oo
muchai ri nt hemi x t
ur e).
Ther esul ti slur chi ngaccel erationandexcessi ve
amount sofchoket or un/ st art.
5)
Ver ylowf uell ev el i
nf loatchamber
 Ift hef uel l
evel int hef l
oatchamberi sset
tool ow, i
nsuf f i
ci entf uel wi l
l bedr awnt hr ought he
mainj et( [Link] uel andt oomuchai ri nt he
mixt ure) .
Ther esul ti sexcessi veamount sofchoket o
run/st artt heengi neandl urchi ngaccel er ation.
6)
Stickingchoke
 Af airlycommonpr obl em iswhent he
chokest icksi .[Link] tdoesnotopenandcl ose
proper lyorpr ompt ly.

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Ther esul tislessairandf loodingofthe

cyli
nder swi [Link] swi l
lthencausethe
enginet ost allorfai
l tost art
.
 Ast uckchokecanal sopr eventyoufrom
cl
osingi tfull
yt oall
owt heengi netostart
properly.
7)
Sti
ckingt hrot t
le
Petr
ol-ai
rmi xtureisnoti ntroducedi nt
oengine
whent heaccel erator/
throttlepedal i
spressed.
Sothecardoesnotaccel erateasex pect
ed.

ENGI
NEEFFI
CIENCY

Noengi
nei
s100%ef
fi
cient
.Ener
gyi
swast
ed:
assound/
noi
se,
t
hroughsmokeandcarbonmonoxi
decausedby
i
ncomplet
ecombusti
on,
i
ncar
ryi
ngt
hemachi
ne,
 Asv
ibr
ati
onofengi
ne,
t
hroughf
ri
cti
onbet
weenpi
stonsandcy
li
nderwal
l
s,
Asheat
.
Adiesel engineis40%ef fi
cient,whi
chmeansonl y40%
ofthechemi calenergysuppl i
edbyt hedi
eselbecomes
ki
neticener [Link] estislostasheat,assound,by
i
ncompl etecombust ion,asv i
brati
on,i
nov er
coming
fr
icti
onandi nov er
comi ngt heweightoftheengi
ne.A
petr
ol engineis25%ef fi
cient.
Toomuchext r
aheati
spr
oducedbycarengi
nessoall
motorcarengi
neshav
eacooli
ngsyst
em ofwater
,ai
ror

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[Link] antorwaterispumpedar oundthe

cyli
nder /engineblocktheni
ntoacopperr adi
ator
.The
fant henbl owstheheatawayf rom t
her adiat
[Link]
radiatorandengi neblockar
epai nt
edbl ackbecause
blacksur facesaregoodemi t
ters/r
[Link]
radiatorismadeofcopperwhi chisav erygood
conduct orofheat .Somesmall car
sandmot orcycl
es
arecool edbyai ronly.
DIFFERENCESBETWEENPETROLANDDI
ESEL
ENGINES
Di
eselengi
ne Pet
rolengi
ne

Heavier Li
ght er
Expensi ve Cheaper
Hasaf uel i
njector Hasacar burett
or
Nospar kplug Hasaspar kpl
ug
Fueli
si gni t
edbyhot Fuelisigni t
edbya
compr essedai r spark
40%ef ficient 25%Ef ficient
l
esscar bonmonoxi de mor ecar bon
andsootpr oduced monox ideandsoot
produced

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Soci
alandeconomi
cconsi
der
ati
ons/i
mpl
icat
ionsof
usi
ngfuel
s
Depl
eti
onofoilandcoal
reser
[Link]
esour
ces
ar
enon-renewabl
e.
Poll
uti
onofland,
seaandat
mosphere–destr
oys
habi
tat,
henceecosy
stemsandbal
anceofnat
ure
Gl
obal
warming–accumulat
ionofcar
bondi
oxi
de
l
eadst
otheEart
hret
aini
ngheat
Defor
estat
ion–peopl
ecut
ti
ngdownt
reesf
or
fi
rewood.
Acidrai
n–accumul ationofoxidesofnon-met al
s
[Link]
phurdioxi
de, ni
trogendioxi
de,carbon
dioxi
de,phosphorusox i
[Link]
rainwatert
of orm [Link]
dr ai
ndestroys
vegetat
ion,aquati
cani malsandaffectscrop
product
ionnegatively.

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