Lecture Notes – Transformer (Class 12 Physics)
Introduction
A transformer is a static device (no moving parts). It transfers electrical energy from one AC circuit
to another at a different voltage level. It works only with Alternating Current (AC), not DC.
Definition
A transformer is an electrical device which increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) an AC
voltage using the principle of mutual induction.
Principle
It works on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. A changing current in the primary coil
produces a changing magnetic flux in the core. This flux induces an EMF in the secondary coil.
Construction
1. Core: Made of laminated soft iron, reduces eddy current loss.
2. Primary Coil: Connected to input AC source, has Np turns of copper wire.
3. Secondary Coil: Connected to load/output, has Ns turns of copper wire.
Transformer Equation
Vp / Vs = Np / Ns
VpIp = VsIs (for ideal transformer).
Where Vp = Primary voltage, Vs = Secondary voltage, Np = Turns in primary, Ns = Turns in
secondary, Ip = Primary current, Is = Secondary current.
Types of Transformer
1. Step-up Transformer: Ns > Np, output voltage greater than input.
2. Step-down Transformer: Ns < Np, output voltage less than input.
Losses in Transformer
1. Copper Loss: Due to resistance of windings (I²R loss).
2. Iron Loss: (a) Hysteresis loss (b) Eddy current loss.
3. Flux Leakage: Some flux does not link both coils.
Efficiency
η = (Output Power / Input Power) × 100. Good transformers have 95–98% efficiency.
Applications
• Electric power transmission (step-up and step-down).
• Used in mobile chargers, TVs, radios, microwaves.
• Used in welding and X-ray machines.