2015

Similar to
2014

A trophic level is a feeding level/ group of organisms at same feeding level e.g. producers

Energy efficiency is low – only 10% passes from one trophic level to the next
• Energy loss due to respiration by the organism being fed on and heat loss…food respired is not available to the
consumer
• The whole organism is not eaten…food/energy was used to grow the body of the organism being fed on
• The whole organism cannot be digested….thus the food/energy cannot be used by the consumer
• The organism being fed on excreted some food as urea ..the consumer is not feeding on the urea
• The organism fed on lost some as faeces/egesta..the consumer is not feeding on the faeces

No inverted pyramids are seen as happens with pyramids of numbers and biomass..it
overcomes the problems encountered such as parasites and large producers

True for all

- More diversity means a more complex food web and a more mature and stable ecosystem

- more stable as it is more likely that the ecosystem will return to a stable state after a disturbance, because the
ecosystem has more ways to respond to a disturbance and fix problems.

- mature ecosystems are stable as they have resilience and resistance/inertia. Resilience - speed at which an
ecosystem recovers to equilibrium after being disturbed and inertia/resistance - ability of an ecosystem to
remain at equilibrium despite disturbances.

- High biodiversity can enhance efficiency of energy flow and nutrient recycling

Evidence to support:

1. Na+ is actively pumped out of pct cells into tissue fluid by sodium/potassium pumps at base and sides of pct cell
2. Na+ diffuses from tissue fluid into nearby peritubular capillaries
3. Na+ diffuses (facilitated as it is an ion) from filtrate in the lumen into pct cells as inside the pct cells have low Na+
due to Na+ being pumped out. It is also called secondary active transport as the gradient for diffusion was
created by sodium/potassium pumps.
4. Transmembrane carrier proteins cotransport glucose with Na+ into pct cells from lumen
5. glucose diffuses out from pct cell into tissue fluid and then into capillary (facilitated diffusion)

• clinical significance
• person is diabetic
• too little insulin produced or insulin resistance - means blood glucose is high
• all blood glucose filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and enters pct
• pct can only absorb a max amount which is returned to the blood
• the excess continues to form urine
1. Heart beat initiated by sinoatrial node, specialized cardiac muscle cells (on right atrial wall) which are leaky to
Na+, always generating an action potential
2. Action potential travels quickly to left atrium via interconnected cardiac muscle fibres
3. Both atria contract at same time – atrial systole
4. AV valve forced open, blood enters ventricles
5. Atria then go into diastole
6. Excitation spreads from SAN through atrioventricular node down Bundle of His to Purkyne tissue, causing
ventricular contraction. This causes a delay allowing atrial systole to be completed before ventricular systole
begins
7. As ventricular pressure rises, blood slams AV valve shut preventing backflow into atria
8. Blood leaves ventricles forcing open semilunar valves in arteries
9. Ventricles enter diastole.
10. The fall in pressure in the ventricles as they begin to relax causes blood to flow backwards in arteries to heart
slamming semilunar valves shut preventing backflow
11. The whole heart is in diastole and blood begins to fill heart
You may answer differently
but you would have gotten
most marks.
(a) Disease is a malfunction of the mind or tissues/organs of the body leading to a condition of poor health.

- Income(economic) and social status - higher income and social status are linked to better health. It allows
greater access to health care (use of services that prevent and treat disease), and education. Families with
higher incomes can more easily purchase healthy foods, have time to exercise regularly, and pay for health
services. Conversely, the job insecurity, low wages, and lack of assets associated with less education can make
individuals and families more vulnerable during hard times—which can lead to poor nutrition, unstable housing,
and unmet medical needs.
- Individual characteristics and behavior - balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, and how we deal
with life’s stresses and challenges all affect health. Education – low education levels are linked with poor health.
Numerous studies show that people in lower socioeconomic situations experience more obesity, asthma,
diabetes, heart disease and other health problems than people in better financial circumstances.
- Physical environment – access to safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, proper disposal of
solid waste, living conditions which are not overcrowded, all contribute to good health. Employment and
working conditions – people in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more control over their
working conditions
- Genetics - inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain
illnesses.
- Social support networks – greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health.
Culture - customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and community all affect health.

1. Physical - Permanent or temporary damage to any part of the body

2. Infectious/pathogenic- Caused by a pathogen
3. Mental -Changes to the mind which may or may not have a physical cause
4. Social- Disease often influenced by social behavior of others
5. Degenerate- A gradual decline in body function
6. Inherited- Genetic disease due to faulty alleles
7. Self-inflicted -Damage to the body brought about by the persons own actions
8. Deficiency- Results from the lack of or inadequate amounts of a particular nutrient in the diet

Most diseases have more than one cause e.g. diabetes is genetic/physiological/to some extent influenced by lifestyle
such as obesity, inactivity, diet
Choose heart disease or diabetes as you
may know those best
DRUG ABUSE - The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than
those for which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts.

Sandra shows physical or physiological addiction the body adapts to the drug, the body becomes dependent on that
drug so she takes it frequently. This means the cells cannot function the way they have been without the drug they have
become accustomed to. When she goes without the drug she experiences withdrawal symptoms of nausea, and
restlessness and anxiety and she craves the drug.

Wayne shows psychological dependence as the drug is central to his thoughts, emotions and activities. The person has a
continual craving for the euphoric effects of a drug. Wayne is emotionally tied to a drug based on a mental desire for it
when he is depressed or bored.