The City School
Darakhshan Campus
Q. Define two- nation theory:
TWO-NATION THEORY
Means of Two-Nation Theory:
Two-Nation Theory means that Muslims of South Asia believe that Islam and Hinduism are not
only two religions but also two distinct cultures with no similarities. Their habits, architecture,
music, and script are all different. Even the languages they speak and the dresses they wear are
entirely different. That is why; Muslims of India had demanded a separate homeland where
Muslims could get their religious satisfaction.
Basis of Nationhood:
The Muslims believed that the basis of their nationhood was neither territorial nor ethnic, or
linguistic; rather they are a nation because they belong to the same faith, Islam.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan - The Pioneer of Two-Nation Theory:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan is the one, who used the word “Two Nation” for Hindus and Muslims very
first, after he saw hatred of Hindus and congress for the Muslims.
Two-Nation Theory in the Views of Quaid-e-Azam:
Quaid-e-Azam declared:
“Muslims are not a minority; they are one nation by every definition of the word nation. By all
canons of international law, we are a nation.”
CONCLUSION:
The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu
society. They also came to realize the above-mentioned differences between them and the Hindus
and hence demanded a separate electorate on the grounds that they were a different nation from
Hindus.
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Ms. Mubashara Butt
The City School
Darakhshan Campus
FOURTEEN POINTS OF M. ALI JINNAH
Introduction:
In March 1929, at the annual session of the All India Muslim League, Quaid- e-Azam declared his
famous fourteen points.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points - 1929:
1. Federal System:
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary powers rested in the
provinces.
2. Provincial Autonomy:
A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
3. Representation of Minorities in Legislature:
All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite
principles of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without
reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.
4. Number of Muslim Representatives:
In the central legislative, Muslim representatives shall be not less than one-third.
5. Separate Electorates:
Representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means ofseparate electorates as at
present provided it shall be open to any community, at any time to abandon its separate electorate
in favour of a joint electorate.
6. Muslim Majority Provinces:
Any territorial re-distribution at any time that might be necessary in any way, shall not affect the
Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and N.W.F.P.
7. Religious Liberty:
Full religious Liberty, liberty of belief, worship and observance, association and education shall
be guaranteed to all the communication.
8. Three-Fourth Representation:
No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any other elected body if three-fourths of
the members of any community in that particular body oppose such a bill.
9. Separation of Sindh:
Sind hshould be separated from Bombay Presidency.
10. Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan:
Reforms should be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same
footing as in other provinces.
11. Shares of Muslims in Services:
Muslims should be given adequate share along with other Indians in the services of the State.
12. Protection for Muslims’ culture and Language:
The Constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture,
language, religion and civilization.
13. One-Third Muslim Ministries:
Form no cabinet, either central or provincial without being a proportion of at least one-third
Muslim Ministers.
14. Change in Constitution:
No change shall be made in the constitution of state except with the concurrence of State
constituting the Indian Federation..
Prepared by:
Ms. Mubashara Butt
The City School
Darakhshan Campus
Q. Define the aims and objective of All India Muslim League:
Aims and Objectives of All-India Muslim League
Background:
Under the active guidance of Muslim leaders, the movement for Muslim separation created political
arousing among the Muslims on a communal line keeping in view the doubts roused in the minds
of Muslims, the role of Congress in the partition of Bengal & Urdu-Hindi controversy.
This ideology of political collectivism in the name of religion gave birth to (AIML) All India
Muslim League, in the session of the All-India Muhammadan educational conference held in
December 1906 in Dacca.
Aims and Objectives of AIML:
To promote among Muslims of India the feelings of loyalty to the British government and
remove any misconception.
To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India.
To promote among Muslims of India hostility towards other communities without prejudice
to the before-mentioned objects of the league.
Q. Define Lucknow Pact and its main features
LUCKNOW PACT
Introduction:
Lucknow Pact refers to an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the
Muslim League at the joint session of both the parties, held in Lucknow, in the year 1916.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah. then a member of the Congress as well as the Muslim League, made both
the parties reach an agreement to pressure the British government to adopt a more liberal
approach to India and give Indians more authority to run their country. Jinnah himself was the
mastermind and architect of this pact.
Due to the reconciliation brought about by Jinnah between the Congress and the League, the
Nightingale of India, Sarojini Naidu, gave him the title of “the Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim
Unity”.
Muslim League and Congress:
As a result of the hard work of Mr. Jinnah and Ambica Charan Mazumbdar from Congress, and
the Muslim League met for their annual sessions at Bombay in December 1915. The principal
leaders of the two political parties assembled at one place for the first time in the history of these
organizations. The speeches made from the platform of the two groups were similar in tone and
theme.
Confirmation of agreement:
The agreement was confirmed by the annual sessions of the Congress and the League in their
annual sessions held at Lucknow in December 1916 respectively.
Main Features:
The main features of the pact are as under:
1. There shall be self-government in India.
2. The same method should be adopted for the Executive Councils of Governors.
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Ms. Mubashara Butt
The City School
Darakhshan Campus
3. The India Council must be abolished.
4. The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs should be paid by the British
government and not from Indian funds.
5. The executive should be separated from the judiciary.
6. The number of Muslims in the provincial legislatures should be laid down province by
province.
7. Muslims should be given 1/3 representation in Central Govt.
8. There should be separate electorates for all communities until they ask for joint electorate.
9. System of weight-age should be adopted.
10. The term of Legislative Council should be 5 years.
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Ms. Mubashara Butt