1.
Physics
Force & Motion: Force changes the state of motion of objects. Newton’s three laws
explain how objects move and interact.
Energy: Energy exists in many forms – kinetic, potential, heat, light, and sound.
It can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed (Law of Conservation of
Energy).
Work, Power & Machines: Work = Force × Distance. Power = Work/Time. Simple machines
like levers and pulleys make work easier.
Electricity & Magnetism: Electric current flows due to movement of electrons. Ohm’s
law: V = IR. Magnetism and electricity are interrelated (Electromagnetism).
Light & Sound: Light travels in straight lines and shows reflection, refraction,
and dispersion. Sound is a longitudinal wave that needs a medium to travel.
2. Chemistry
Matter: Everything around us is made of matter which has mass and occupies space.
It exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
Atoms & Molecules: Atoms are the smallest units of elements. Compounds form when
atoms combine in fixed ratios.
Elements, Compounds & Mixtures: Elements contain one type of atom; compounds
contain chemically combined elements; mixtures are physical combinations.
Chemical Reactions: Represented by chemical equations. Types include combination,
decomposition, displacement, and neutralization.
Acids, Bases & Salts: Acids produce H⁺ ions, bases produce OH⁻ ions. Their reaction
forms salts and water. pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity.
Periodic Table: Organizes elements based on atomic number and properties.
3. Biology
Cell – The Basic Unit of Life: All living organisms are made of cells. Cells have
organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts (in plants).
Tissues & Organs: Similar cells form tissues; tissues form organs which work
together in organ systems.
Photosynthesis & Respiration: Plants prepare food using sunlight (photosynthesis).
All organisms release energy from food (respiration).
Reproduction: Organisms reproduce to continue their species. Types: asexual (one
parent) and sexual (two parents).
Human Body Systems: Major systems include circulatory, respiratory, digestive,
nervous, and excretory systems.
Health & Environment: Balanced diet, clean water, and hygiene prevent diseases.
Conservation of resources protects ecosystems.
4. Science & Technology
Science has led to inventions like electricity, vaccines, and computers.
It improves quality of life but must be used responsibly to avoid environmental
damage.