Two marks questions

[Link] is meant by heat treatment?

An operation or combination of operations which involves heating & cooling of a metal/alloy in
solid state to obtain desirable conditions & properties.

[Link] down the types of ferrous metals?

[Link] steel [Link] iron [Link] carbon steel [Link] speed steel [Link] steel

[Link] about hypo eutectoid steels?

Steels having less than 0.8% carbon are called hypo-eutectoid steels (hypo means "less than").

[Link] about Austenite?

Austenite is an interstitial solid solution of Carbon dissolved in F.C.C. [Link] solubility is
2.0% C at 1130°C.

[Link] about ferrite?

Ferrite is known as α solid [Link] is an interstitial solid solution of a small amount of carbon
dissolved in α (BCC) iron. stable form of iron below 912 °C.

[Link] about pearlite?

Pearlite is the eutectoid mixture containing 0.80 % C and is formed at 723°C on very slow
[Link] is a very fine plate like or lamellar mixture of ferrite and cementite.

[Link] about Annealing process?

The purpose of this treatment is to reduce hardness and to increase ductility of cold-worked
steel so that further working may be carried easily.

[Link] about Hardening process?

treatment Hardening is a heat process in which steel is rapidly cooled from austenitising
temperature. As a result of hardening, the hardness and wear resistance of steel are improved.

[Link] about Tempering?

Hardened steels are so brittle that even a small impact will cause fracture. Toughness of such a
steel can be improved by tempering. However there is small reduction in strength and hardness

[Link] about Carburizing?

Carburising is carried out on a steels containing carbon less than 0.2%. It involves increasing
the carbon contents on the surface layers upto 0.7 to 0.8%.

[Link] down the application of bath furnce?

[Link] [Link] [Link] industries [Link] farming equipment [Link]

[Link] down the types of bath furnace?

1. Type P: Low carbon steel & CrNi plated for carburising, neutral salt & annaeling baths upto
850 ℃. 2. Type C: High alloy CrNi steel for neutral salt & annealing baths upto 1000 ℃.

[Link] about over heating in heat treatment process?

Overheating- Heating for long periods at temperatures considerably exceeding the normal
values. Remedies:-1. For slight overheating-apply normal annealing and normalising.

[Link] about burning in heat treatment process?

Burning- Heating for a long period at a high temperature in an oxidation atmosphere or at
temperatures near the melting point. Remedies: 1st stage- use homogenising followed by
double annealing.

[Link] Electron Beam Hardening.?

Electron Beam Hardening
Process used where other process cannot be used because of associated
distortion.
Electron beam is focused on the surface.
Normally case depth up to 0.75mm can be achieved.
The work piece is kept in vacuum at 0.06M bar pressure.

[Link] are types of fuel use in furance.?

Types of fuel -Solid fuel – no longer in use. -Liquid fuel -Gaseous fuel Liquid fuel o Fuel oil is
used o Easy to store o Furnace can be fired any time o Furnace temperature can be controlled
easily with the help of a simple valve connected to supply line o Temperature can be up to 1200
0C o More economical at high temperature only(1000 0C) o Temperature is not uniform
throughout the chamber o Use of heat circulation is essential. Gaseous fuel o More economical
o Only inferior to electrically heated furnace. o Natural gas, Coke-oven gas, Water gas,

Three marks questions

[Link] heat treatment.?

Heat Treatment is a sequence of heating and cooling operations designed to get the desired
combination of properties in metals and alloys in solid state. It is an important operation in the
manufacturing process of engineering components. By heat treatment, it is possible not only to
change the properties of steel, but also possible to impart high mechanical properties suitable
for sophisticated applications.

[Link] is ferrite?
Ferrite: - It is a pure iron containing only 0.06% of carbon. Ferrite is strongly magnetic at room
temperature and becomes paramagnetic at 7700 C

[Link] is cementite?
Cementite: - It is a compound of iron and carbon. It is extremely hard and brittle. It contains
93.33% iron and 6.67% carbon. It is magnetic at room temperature and become paramagnetic
at 2100C. It is also called Iron-carbide

[Link] out types of Heat Treatment.?

1. Stress Relieving 2. Annealing 3. Normalizing 4. Hardening 5. Tempering 6. Case Hardening
7. Surface Hardening 8. Other special types.

[Link] is stress reliving?

Stress Relieving Heating the steel uniformly to a temperature below the lower critical
temperature and holding at this temperature for sufficient time, followed by uniform cooling.
Uniform cooling is important as non-uniform cooling will result in the development of internal
stresses. Temperature can be up to 6000 C. Internal stresses are developed during 1.
Solidification of casting 2. Machining 3. Cold working 4. Electroplating. 5. Welding 6. Surface
hammering 7. Case hardening.

[Link] down purpose of heat treatment?

(1) Cause relief of internal stresses developed during cold working, welding, casting, forging etc.
(2) Harden & strengthen metals (3) Improve machinability (4) Change grain Size (5)Improve
ductility & toughness.

[Link] about hyper eutectoid steel?

Hyper-eutectoid steels (hyper means "greater than") are those that contain more than the
eutectoid amount of [Link] such a steel cools, as along line z-z' , the process is similar
to the hypo-eutectoid steel, except that the primary or pro eutectoid phase is now cementite
instead of ferrite.

[Link] about cementite?

Cementite or iron carbide, is very hard, brittle intermetallic compound of iron & carbon, as Fe3C,
contains 6.67 % C. It is the hardest structure that appears on the diagram, exact melting point
unknown. Its crystal structure is orthorhombic. It is has low tensile strength (approx. 5,000 psi),
but high compressive strength.

[Link] about Martensite?

Martensite - a super-saturated solid solution of carbon in ferrite. It is formed when steel is
cooled so rapidly that the change from austenite to pearlite is suppressed. The interstitial carbon
atoms distort the BCC ferrite into a BC tetragonal structure (BCT).; responsible for the hardness
of quenched steel.

[Link] about Normalizing?

➤ The normalizing consists of heating steel to about 40-55 °C above critical temperature (Ac3
or Accm), and holding for proper item and then cooling in still air or slightly agitated air to room
temperature.
In some special cases, cooling rates can be controlled by either changing temperature or air
volume. air

[Link] about induction hardening?

➤Induction hardening involves placing the steel components within a coil through which high
frequency current is passed. The current in the coil induce eddy current in the surface layers,
and heat the surface layers uotp austenite state.
Typical applications for induction hardening are crank shafts, cam shafts, connecting rods,
gears and cylinders.

[Link] about nitriding?

Nitriding involves diffusion of nitrogen into the product to form nitrides.
The resulting nitride case can be harder than the carburized steel. This process is used for alloy
steels containing alloying elements (Aluminum, Chromium and Molybdenum) which form stable
nitrides.

[Link] about hearth furnace?​ An open-hearth furnace or open hearth furnace is any of
several kinds of industrial furnace in which excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out
of pig iron to produce steel. Because steel is difficult to manufacture owing to its high melting
[Link] main advantages were that it did not expose the steel to excessive nitrogen.

[Link] down heat treatment defects and

remedies about oxidation?
DiOxidation- Thick layer of scale on the surface of the steel article. Oxidation atmosphere in the
heating furnace is the caused. Remedies:- 1. Heat in furnaces with reducing , neutral or
protective atmospheres. 2. Heat in boxes with used carburising agent or cast iron chips. 3. Heat
in molten salt bathes.

[Link] about bath furnace?

A Salt Bath Furnace is a device for the heating or cooling of work by immersing it in a liquid
consisting of fused salts of the proper composition for the purpose intended. The salts may be
heated by electrical or gas-fired means. Salt Bath Furnaces have enormous potential and
facilitate a variety of industrial applications used in the aerospace, medical, and manufacturing
industries, from creating farming equipment.

[Link] flame hardning.?

Heating the job with oxy-acetylene or oxy-fuel blow pipe followed by spraying of jet of water as
coolant. Reheating after hardening is carried out in furnace or oil bath at about 1800C– 2000C
for stress relieving. Overheating to be avoided otherwise cracks may develop due to quenching
and excessive grain growth in the region just below the hardened surface. Normally 0.3% to
0.6% of carbon content steel will be flame hardened. Both burner and work piece can be
stationary which is called stationary method. Burner combined with a water spray is moved on
large piece which is called progressive [Link] piece is rotated and burner remains
stationary is called spinning method. Burner is moved over a rotating work piece is progressive
spinning method.

[Link] is tempering?
Martensite obtained after hardening is extremely brittle and will result in failure of engineering
components by cracking. Formation of Martensite by quenching produces high internal
stresses. This will result in heavy distortion or cracking during services. Martensite and the
retained Austenite obtained after hardening are unstable and will change over a period of time.
This will result in change in dimension and properties of the steel. Therefore structure of
hardened steel to be improved to take care of the above drawbacks. This is done by a special
heat treatment process called Tempering. Tempering may be defined as heating hardened steel
to a temperature below the LCT and cooled back to room temperature to get the desired
combination of hardness and toughness. All hardened steel must be tempered immediately after
hardening.

[Link] is batch furnace?

Batch furnace
o Used for batch production
o Loading & unloading manually
o Considerable manual labor is involved
o Used for varying sizes
o Flexibility
o Different batched in different times.
o Heat treatment is carried out and completed in various batches
o If required, heat treatment process can be varied after each batch

[Link] Laser hardening process?

Laser hardening As laser beam have high intensity, a lens is used to reduce the intensity by
producing a defocused spot or scans from 1-25mm wide. 1kW produce a circular spot whose
diameter may vary from 0.5mm to 0.25mm. Industrial lasers are available up to 20kW. Case
depth about 0.75mm is obtained in self quenching. The effect of heat on the surrounding
surface is less, leading to less The work piece is kept in vacuum at 0.06M bar pressure. No
separate quenching media is required since quench is affected by the mass of the surrounding
unheated portion.

Five marks questions

[Link] are Safety precautions for operating Heat treatment Furnace?

Wear a face shield, safety glasses, gloves and heat-resistant protective clothing when working
with hot metal. Quench oils may be very hot (above 100°C) and oil temperature increases
during quenching. Splashes or skin contact cause burns. Avoid skin contact with oils by using
gloves and protective clothing. Check that all safety devices, such as automatic shut-off valves,
air switches, and exhaust fans are working properly before lighting the furnace. Ensure the
volume of the cooling medium is sufficient for the job. As the metal cools, the medium absorbs
the heat. If there is not enough medium, it will become too hot to cool the metal at the desired
rate. Ensure that quenching areas have enough ventilation to keep oil mists at recommended
levels. Follow the manufacturer's instructions when lighting the furnace. Stand to one side
when lighting a gas- or oil-fired furnace. Ensure that water does not contaminate the quenching
oil. Any moisture which comes in contact with the oil can cause an explosion. Use the proper
tongs for the job and make sure the tongs are dry before removing any work from a liquid
carburizing pot. Ensure that a suitable bacterial inhibitor or fungicide has been added to the
quenching liquid. Cover quench tanks when not in use.

[Link] Austenite,Bainite and Martensite.?

Austenite: - It is a solid solution of carbon in iron. It can dissolve up to 2% of carbon at 11480C.
It is soft and ductile but stronger and less ductile than Pearlite. It is a nonmagnetic and exists at
temperature above 7270C. Martensite: - It is a micro constituent of steel, which is obtained
when steel is cooled rapidly from Austenite phase to room temperature. It represents a needle
like appearance under microscope and very hard and brittle. Bainite: - It forms when steel is
cooled rapidly from Austenite phase to a temperature of 6500C to 5000C and held at that
temperature for a long time. It is an intimate mixture of Ferrite and Cementite and appears in the
form of tiny globules.

[Link] the process of heat treatment.? Firstly the steel is heated to a higher temperature called
Austenizing temperature. During heating, the previous structure of steel is converted into
Austenite phase. After reaching the Austenite temperature, steel is held at this temperature for
the specified duration which is called soaking period. Soaking results in the formation of
homogeneous Austenite through out the cross section Steel having a homogeneous Austenite
structure is cooled back to room temperature at a particular cooling rate up on the properties
required. If necessary, steel may be reheated to a higher temperature (but lower than lower
critical temperature) and cooled again.

[Link] are Heat Treatment Purpose?

1. To relieve internal stresses
2. To improve machinability
3. To restore ductility
4. To obtain the desired micro structure and mechanical properties.
5. To refine the grains.
6. To homogenize the micro structure
7. To get the desired hardness
8. To reduce distortion
9. To remove machining stress.

[Link] is furnace opertaion?

The furnace is pumped with inert gas to the required quantity before the heat is on. The
furnace leak to be checked. The load is pre heated to 1200F and when the temperature is
balanced, a second pre heat raises to 1500F which is maintained until equilibrium is again
reached. After that, the pressure within the furnace raised to the required degree with high
purity Nitrogen from a liquid source. The metal is ready to be austenized and the temp. is
raised to 1850F. Depends on cross sectional area, soaking time to be determined. After the
soaking period, the furnace is allowed to fill with Nitrogen. The cooling circulation fan is on
automatically. The load is allowed to cool to room temperature

[Link] types of anneling.?

Full Annealing: Annealing hardness fully is known as Full Annealing. Box Annealing: Annealing
a metal in a sealed container, under condition that minimize oxidation, is called Box Annealing.
Bright Annealing: Annealing in a protective medium such as argon or nitrogen to prevent
discolouration is called Bright Annealing. Stress annealing: It is specially applied to cold worked
steel, to prevent the residual stresses set up due to cold working. Spherodizing: Heating and
cooling to produce a spheroidal or global form of carbide in steel is called Spherodizing. This is
generally applied to High Carbon Steel for minimum hardness, maximum ductility and the
highest machinability. Process Annealing: It is done by heating the metal to just below the LCT
and cooling slowly. It is done while sheet rolling or wire drawing in order to soften the metal for
further cold working. It is also known as Intermediate Annealing. Recrystallization Annealing:
Heating cold worked metal below the LCT to produce a new grain structure without phase
change is called Recrystallization Annealing Isothermal Annealing: In this process, steel is
heated to Austenizing temperature, then rapidly cooled to a lower temperature and held at this
temperature for a few hours, then rapidly cooled in the air. This is to save the time of slow
cooling in the furnace itself which will take more time.

[Link] about normalizing and its purpose?

The normalizing of Faut 40-55C above pritical Ac, and holding for proper itern and then cooling
in still a slightly agitated air this rooms temperatimе.
some special cases, cooling rates can be controlled by In either changing air volume air
To refine the grain structure,
To obtain uniform structure.
To decrease residual stresses,
To improve Machinability.

[Link] induction hardening and its applications?

Induction hardening involves placing the steel components within a coil through which high
frequency current is passed. The current in the coil induce eddy current in the surface layers,
and heat the surface layers notp austenite state
Typical induction
Advantages of induction hardening over flame hardening is its speed and ability to harden small
parts; but it is expensive. Like flame hardening, it is suitable for medium carbon and low alloy
steels.
Typical applications for induction hardening are crank shafts, cam shafts, connecting rods,
gears and cylinders.

[Link] open hearth furnace?​ An open-hearth furnace or open hearth furnace is any of
several kinds of industrial furnace in which excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out
of pig iron to produce [Link] steel is difficult to manufacture owing to its high melting
point, normal fuels and furnaces were insufficient for mass production of steel, and the
open-hearth type of furnace was one of several technologies developed in the nineteenth
century to overcome this [Link] open-hearth furnace was first developed by German-born
engineer Carl Wilhelm Siemens. In 1865. Open Hearth Furnace Application: The usual size of
furnaces is 50 to 100 tons, but for some special processes they may have a capacity of 250 or
even 500 tons. Many nations including U.S. have stopped using open hearth. Advantages of
Open Hearth Furnace:This process is economical because by using regenerative firing heat is
produced with less fuel [Link] conventional furnace, here temperature of the
furnace can be increased up to 1800°C and nearly 600 tons of steel can be produced.

[Link] any four heat treatment defects and remedies?

[Link]- Heating for long periods at temperatures considerably exceeding the normal
values. Remedies:- 1. For slight overheating-apply normal annealing and normalising. 2. For
more apply double annealing and normalising.
2. Burning- Heating for a long period at a high temperature in an oxidation atmosphere or at
temperatures near the melting point.
Remedies:-
1. 1st stage- use homogenising followed by double annealing.
2. 2nd stage- use forging followed by annealing.
[Link]- Thick layer of scale on the surface of the steel article. Oxidation atmosphere in the
heating furnace is the caused.
Remedies:-
1. Heat in furnaces with reducing , neutral or
protective atmospheres.
2. Heat in boxes with used carburising agent
or cast iron chips.
3. Heat in molten salt bathes.
[Link]- loss of carbon in the suface layers of the articles. This is due to the oxidising
atmosphere in the heating furnace.
Remedies:-
1. Heat in furnaces with reducing, neutral or protective atmosphere.
2. Machine off the decarburised layer if the machining allowances is sufficiently large.
3. Heat in molten salt bath.