Chapter 3

Hardware
3.1 Computer Architecture 
3.2 Input and Output Devices
3.3 Data Storage
3.4 Network Hardware
Prepared by: Irtekajul Islam JiShan
3.2 Input and Output Devices
Introduction to Input and Output

Input is the process of a user Output is the process of the

sending data or instructions computer sending information
to the computer. or results from the computer
back to the user.

The Bridge: These devices are the bridge between

the user and the computer's internal processes.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Input Device: Barcode scanners (readers)

A barcode is a series of dark and light parallel lines of varying
thickness. Each digit is represented by a unique pattern of these
lines, which can be read by a scanner and converted into digital
data.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

How Barcode Works

 A laser/LED light shines on the

barcode.
 Dark bars absorb light, white
spaces reflect it.
 Sensors detect the reflected light.
 The pattern is converted into digital
data.
 Data is sent to the computer system
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Benefits of Barcode
Faster Checkout: Quick item scanning speeds up
transactions.
Inventory Control: Automatically updates stock
levels in real-time.
Automatic Reordering: Restocks items when
inventory is low.
Product Tracking: Records sales for trend analysis.
Cost Savings: Reduces labor and time through
automation.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Input Device: QR Code Scanner (camera)

 A type of two-dimensional (2D) barcode.
 Composed of small, dark squares arranged on a light
background in a square grid pattern.
 Can store numeric, alphanumeric, or binary data.
 Includes error correction to remain readable even if partially
damaged.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

How QR Codes are Used

Readable by smartphone cameras
using a QR app.
Can link directly to websites or online
content.
Acts as an input device, providing data
to computers or smartphones.
Used for contactless payments and
other digital transactions.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Input Device: Digital Camera

A digital camera is an input
device that has largely replaced
traditional cameras that use film.
Unlike film cameras, digital
cameras capture images and
store them in a digital format as
opposed to on photographic film.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Input Device: Digital Camera

CCD Sensor
How Digital Camera Works
A digital camera works by capturing and storing images in a digital format. It
follows a three-step process:

Capture: Light passes through the lens and hits a light-sensitive sensor called
a charge couple device (CCD) or a complementary metal oxide semi-
conductor (CMOS).
Convert: An analogue to digital converter (ADC) turns the electric charges
from the sensor into a digital signal.
Process and Store: A digital signal processor (DSP) processes the data,
which is then saved to a memory card.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Input Devices: Keyboard

A keyboard is a primary input device used for entering text and
commands into a computer. It is a fundamental tool for interacting
with the computer's operating system and applications.
3.2 Input and Output Devices
Input Devices: Keyboard

Press: Keycap pushes down,

pressing the insulation layer.

Signal: Keyboard detects the circuit

Contact: Insulation layer allows the and registers the "H" keystroke.
conduction layer to touch, completing the
circuit.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Input Device: Microphones

A microphone is an input device that converts sound
waves into an electrical signal. This electrical signal can
then be amplified, transmitted, or recorded by other
devices, such as computers or speakers microphone is
classified as an input device.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

How Microphone Works

A sound wave travels through the air and hits a flexible

diaphragm inside the microphone, causing it to vibrate.
This vibration is then converted into an electrical signal
that can be recorded or transmitted.
3.2 Input and Output Devices
How an Optical Mouse Works
Light & Surface: The mouse shines a red light onto the surface below.
Image Capture: A tiny camera takes thousands of pictures of the
surface each second.

Processing & Movement: A chip analyzes the images

to detect motion and sends the data to the computer,
moving the cursor accordingly.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Input Device: Scanner

A scanner is a device that optically captures images, printed
text, handwriting, or an object and converts it into a digital
image. It is an input device. Converts a physical document
or image into a digital file.

• Captures the image with a light source and lens.

• Commonly used for digitizing photos and documents.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Input Device: Scanner

2D scanners
A 2D scanner is an input device that creates a digital copy of a
paper document. It works by shining a light on the document and
using a system of mirrors to direct the image to a Charge Couple
Device (CCD). The CCD then converts the light into an electrical
signal, which is used to create a digital image file.
3.2 Input and Output Devices
Input Device: Scanner
3D scanners
 A device that scans solid
objects to create a 3D digital
image.
 Captures data from multiple
points along the x, y, and z
coordinates.
 The digital model can be
used in CAD software or
sent to a 3D printer to
produce a physical object.
3.2 Input and Output Devices
Input Device: Scanner
Application of 2D Scanner in Airport
Passport photo scanned and stored as a JPEG.
Passenger’s face photographed with a digital
camera.
Both images compared using face recognition
software by analyzing key facial features.
 Measures distance between the eyes
 Detects width of the nose
 Analyzes shape of the cheekbones
 Captures length of the jawline
 Identifies shape of the eyebrows
Quick Response (QR) Quiz

Which part acts like a mouse and

keyboard in a smartphone or tablet?
Biometric Input Devices

• How they work: Use a person's unique physical characteristics

for identification.
• Examples:
• Fingerprint readers
• Retina scanners
• Facial recognition cameras
• Uses: Security and authentication.
3.2 Input and Output Devices

Input Device: Touchscreens

Touchscreen is an input device that allows users to select
or manipulate a screen image by touching it. They are
commonly found on devices such as smartphones,
tablets, and interactive kiosks.
3.2 Input and Output Devices
Input Device: Touchscreens

Capacitive Touch Screens

These screens are made of a protective layer, a conductive layer,
and a glass substrate. An installed microcontroller can calculate
where a change in charge took place to determine the
coordinates of the touch. The document mentions two types of
capacitive touchscreens: surface and projective.
3.2 Input and Output Devices
Input Device: Touchscreens
Infrared touchscreens
An infrared touchscreen uses an invisible grid of infrared
beams to detect touch. When a finger or object breaks one or
more of these beams, the sensors determine the location of the
touch.
3.2 Input and Output Devices
Input Device: Touchscreens
Resistive Touchscreen
A resistive touchscreen is made of two layers separated by
small spacers. When you press on the screen, these two layers
make contact, which registers the location of the touch. This is
the simplest and most common type of touchscreen.
What Are Output Devices?

An output device shows the results of computer processing in a

way humans can understand.
• These devices operate motors, for instance, in a vending
machine to dispense items , or in a central heating system to
open a gas valve.
• Examples: Monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors.
Actuators
• Actuators are used in control applications to convert a computer's
digital output into an analog signal that can be used to operate
physical devices, such as motors and valves.
Output Devices: Digital Light Projectors (DLP)
• Projectors are output devices used to display computer output on a
large screen or surface. a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) chip.
Each mirror can tilt towards or away from a light source to create a
bright or dark pixel on the screen.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Projectors:
• A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) as a type of screen made of tiny liquid
crystals that form an array of pixels. These pixels are affected by
changes in applied electric fields.
Output Devices: Inkjet Printer:

Sprays tiny droplets of liquid ink onto paper. Good for high-quality
photos and colored documents. Ink cartridges, which can be individual
for each color (blue, yellow, magenta, and black) or a single cartridge
for all colors plus black.
Output Device: Laser Printer:

• Uses a laser to create a pattern of static electricity on a drum. The

pattern attracts powdered ink (toner) which is then fused to the
paper with heat. Ideal for fast, high-volume text printing.
Output Device: 3D Printers

• How they work:

• Builds a three-dimensional object layer by layer.
• Uses materials like plastic or metal.
• Uses: Prototyping, manufacturing, and creating custom
objects.
Common Output Devices: Monitors

• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Uses liquid crystals to block or

pass light to create an image.
• LED (Light Emitting Diode): A type of LCD that uses LEDs for
backlighting.
• More energy-efficient and has better contrast than traditional LCDs.
Organic light emitting diodes (OLED)
• Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) use organic materials,
which are carbon compounds, to create flexible
semiconductors. These organic films are placed between two
charged electrodes, a metallic cathode and a glass anode.
• They produce a brighter light than standard LEDs. They are
thinner, lighter, and more flexible due to their plastic, organic
layers.
Output Device: loudspeaker
• A loudspeaker is an output device that converts a digital sound file
into sound waves you can hear. It does this by:
• Converting digital data to an electric current using a Digital to
Analogue Converter (DAC).
• Amplifying the current.
• Sending the current to a coil inside the speaker, which vibrates due to
a nearby magnet, causing a cone to move and create sound.
Input and Output Devices: The Connection

• A single device can sometimes be both an input and output

device.
• Example: A touchscreen.
• Input: You touch the screen to provide commands.
• Output: The screen displays visual information.
The Importance of Drivers

• What is a driver?
• A piece of software that allows the computer's operating system to
communicate with a hardware device.
• Why they are important:
• Without a driver, the computer wouldn't know how to use the
device.
• Drivers translate the operating system's commands into instructions
the device understands.
Analog vs. Digital Signals
• Analog Systems
• The document states that real-world data is analog in nature,
meaning it is constantly changing and does not have a single, discrete
value.
• Digital Systems
• A computer cannot directly process analog data. It needs to be
converted into a digital format, which consists of discrete values.
Summary of Input and Output

• Input: Keyboards, mice, touchscreens.

• Output: Monitors, printers, speakers.
• Dual Function: Some devices, like touchscreens, serve both
functions.
• Drivers: Essential software for communication between the OS
and hardware.
Conclusion

• The big picture: I/O devices are how we interact with and
control computers.
• Constant innovation: The world of I/O is always evolving, with
new devices and technologies appearing all the time.
• Thank you and Questions.