Software Engineering For

Data Science (SEDS)

Class: 2 Year 2nd Cycle
Branch: AIDS
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI| ESI-SBA
Lecture 02:

Getting Started with Python &

Jupyter Notebook
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
e-mail: [Link]@[Link] 1
Getting Started with Python & Jupyter
Notebook
1. Introduction to Python
2. Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
3. Python Basics

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

e-mail: [Link]@[Link] 2
Introduction to Python
What is Python? Why Python?
● Python is a programming language ● Widely used programming language by Data
Scientists.
● Python is an interpreted language: lines of
● Multi-purpose language
code are executed one at a time.
● Great data science libraries (Extensible
● Python has two active versions: ecosystem)
■ Python 2.x ● Easy to learn / use

■ Python 3.x.
○ (caution: slight differences between
versions!)

[Link]
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
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Introduction to Python
Installation and Setup:

• Use Anaconda distribution provided by

Continuum Analytics.
○ The easiest way to perform Python/R data
science and machine learning on a single
machine.
○ Comes with conda, Python, and over 150
scientific packages and their dependencies.
○ Offered in both Python 2.7 and 3.x.

Note: Your system may come shipped with a default Python interpreter. Even so, we strongly encourage to follow the steps
upcoming next in order to:
1. replicate the exact environment used in this class and
2. practice with possible installation/configuration issues. [Link]
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
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Introduction to Python
Installation and Setup:

Apple (OS X, macOS) Additional note for OS X and macOS

• Download the OS X Anaconda installer called • Alternative (not recommended!)
something like: - Install Python alone (via Homebrew)
•Anaconda3-2022.05-MacOSX-x86_64.pkg - Install each package you need via pip
• Double-click the .pkg file to run the installer.
• For those who are curious, please refer to this
tutorial:
• To verify everything is working, try launching [Link]
python from the Terminal application. nstall3/osx/

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Introduction to Python
Installation and Setup:

GNU/Linux
• Depends on the Linux distributions: Debian, • Setup⇒ execute this script with bash:
Ubuntu, CentOS, and Fedora. bash Anaconda3-2022.05-Linux-x86_64.sh
• Depends on whether you have a 32-bit or 64-bit - The default directory installation:
system.
/home/$USER/anaconda.
- Install the x86 (32-bit) or x86_64 (64-bit)
installer.
- A file named something similar to:
Anaconda3-2022.05-Linux-x86_64.sh

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

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Introduction to Python
Installation and Setup:

Windows
• Download the Anaconda installer for Windows • Make the Anaconda distribution the default Python
from on your system ⇒ add it to your PATH
[Link] environment variable (recommended).
an executable named like: • Verification:
Anaconda3-2022.05-Windows-x86_64.exe
- Open a command prompt (Start Menu -->
• Run the installer and accept the default installation Command Prompt application);
location. - Launch the Python interpreter
• In case you had previously installed Python in this
python
location, you may want to remove it first.

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Introduction to Python
Running a Python Code: The Python shell

• Using the REPL (Read-Eval-Print-Loop) (results

in real time, type code line-by-line) with:
○ Python Shell or,
○ IPython Shell.

○ Put your code in a file (e.g. [Link]), then

execute python [Link] in a terminal to run the
file line-by-line. The IPython shell

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Introduction to Python
Installing Python Packages and Managing virtual
environments
● Packages extend python functionalities and make certain tasks easier,
such as building and running machine learning models.

○ Numpy
■ For Matrices, and N-Dim Arrays, and more
○ Scipy
■ For algorithms optimization, integration, interpolation,
eigenvalue problems, algebraic equations, differential equations,
statistics and many
○ Pandas
■ For Data analysis and manipulation
○ Scikit-learn
■ For Machine learning and predictive data analysis
○ TensorFlow and PyTorch
■ End-to-end advanced deep learning platform ecosystems

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

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Introduction to Python
Installing Python Packages and Managing virtual
environments

Two primary ways to install and manage packages – conda and pip.
Pip: Conda:
○ The package installer for Python ○ The package manager that comes with the
○ The classic way to manage packages in Anaconda Python distribution
Python. ○ Conda has dependency resolution
■ Difficult when using pip
○ pip has no dependency resolution! ○ General Conda commands for packages:
○ General Pip commands:

pip install <PACKAGENAME> conda install <PACKAGENAME>

pip install --upgrade <PACKAGENAME> conda update <PACKAGENAME>
pip uninstall <PACKAGENAME> conda remove <PACKAGENAME>
pip freeze # Prints all versions conda list # list all packaged

● Upgrading a conda package with pip (or vice versa) will break stuff!

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Introduction to Python
Installing Python Packages and Some useful Conda Environments Commands
Managing virtual environments #Creating env.
conda create --name <ENVNAME>
● Virtual environments ⇒ Separate Python conda create -n <ENVNAME>
installation to prevent overlap with the base conda create --clone <ENVNAME> --name <ENVNAME>
Python installation. conda env create --file <[Link]>
● Useful while conda create -n <ENVNAME> <PACKAGENAME>=<VERS>
○ Using different versions of Python (for #Activating or Deactivating an env.
example, 3.9 and 3.8) #Windows:
○ Having different virtual environments with activate
certain packages for different projects. deactivate
● Gain more reproducibility ⇒ so that the work #Linux and macOS:
runs in the same way no matter who runs it on conda activate
which computer. conda deactivate
● Many ways in which to run virtual #export environments for sharing or moving it
environments with Python: virtualenv,
conda env export --from-history > <[Link]>
venv, pipenv, conda, and more.
[Link]
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
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 Introduction to Python
VS Code Jupyter Notebook
Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs):

● IDEs provide productivity tools

such as syntax highlighting,
auto-completion, debugging, and
more rich features
○ Jupyter Notebook from Jupyter.
○ VS Code from Windows PyCharm Spyder
○ PyCharm from JetBrains
○ Spyder, an IDE currently shipped
with Anaconda.

Note: In this class, we will use Jupyter

Notebook. Let's see how to properly set
up Jupyter Notebook environment.

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Jupyter Notebooks: What?
• A Jupyter notebook (formerly IPython
Notebook) is a web-based interactive
computational environment for creating
notebook documents.

• It makes scientific programming interactive!

• It is among the top data scientists’

computational notebook of choice.
• Source:
• We will use Jupyter Notebooks with Python. - Perkel, J. M. (2018). Why Jupyter is data
scientists' computational notebook of
choice. Nature, 563(7732), 145-147.

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Jupyter Notebooks: Why?
• Jupyter Notebooks are documents that allow you to bring together
data, code, and prose, to tell an interactive, computational
story (.. All in one place).

• More engaging with practitioners.

• Adoption of literate programming by embracing standard web

technologies (i.e., mostly HTML5, JavaScript, and CSS)

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 Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Jupyter Notebook vs Jupyter Lab
• Both equally functional and compatible (but Lab is the Next-Generation Notebook Interface)

More Suitable for beginners

More Suitable for Advanced

users
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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Jupyter Notebook's Overall
Architecture
• Jupyter Notebook ⇒ IPython kernel (backend) +
the web-based interface provided with Notebook
(frontend).
- ⇒ Stores code and output in an editable document
called a notebook.
- ⇒ Saved on disk as a JSON file with a .ipynb
extension.
• Jupyter Notebook on a local machine without
Internet access: Fig. High-level architecture of Jupyter Notebook
- Via a web browser running on the same machine
where the Notebook server is running,
- Via on a remote server and accessed through the
Internet.

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Installation and Setup: Using Anaconda

Prerequisite: Python Interpreter • Open a shell and type:

- jupyter notebook
• Python is a requirement for installing Jupyter
Notebook.
• Python and Jupyter Notebook can be installed - Or launch it using the Anaconda Navigator
separately.

Installation
• Using Anaconda Python Distribution (highly
recommended)
• Using pip (only for skilled users).

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Installation and Setup: Using Pip
• Better for experienced and skilled Python users.

Prerequisite: Python Interpreter

• Make sure you have the latest pip:
• Python is a requirement for installing Jupyter - # Python 3.3 or above:
Notebook. - pip3 install upgrade pip
- # Python 2.7.x:
• Python and Jupyter Notebook can be installed - pip install upgrade pip
separately.

• Install Jupyter Notebook as follows:

Installation - # Python 3.3 or above
- pip3 install jupyter
• Using Anaconda Python Distribution (highly - # Python 2.7.x
recommended) - pip install jupyter
• Using pip (only for skilled users).
• Run the Jupyter Notebook application in a shell
command:
- jupyter notebook

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Jupyter Notebook UI Components:
• Notebook Dashboard
- When you launch jupyter notebook the first page that you encounter is the Notebook Dashboard.

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Jupyter Notebook UI Components:
• Notebook Editor
- Once you’ve selected a Notebook to edit, the Notebook will open in the Notebook Editor.

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Jupyter Notebook UI Components:
• Edit Mode and Notebook Editor
- A Cell’s state can be changed to edit mode.

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Jupyter Notebook UI
Components:

• Two main types of cells:

Markdown cells and Code cells.
- A Markdown cell: Rich text with
classic formatting options: (e.g.:
bold or italics), + advanced features
(e,g.: links, images, HTML
elements, LaTeX mathematical
equations, and much more.

- A Code cell: Code to be executed

by the kernel.

Fig. An Example of a Jupyter Notebook Document

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Markdown Cells
• Jupyter Notebook uses
Markdown for the text
formatting.

• Markdown is a minimal
language for formatting text.

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Markdown Cells: Basic Syntax
Element Markdown Syntax Element Markdown Syntax
Heading # H1 Code `code`
## H2
### H3
Horizontal Rule ---
Bold **bold text**
Link [title]([Link]
Italic *italicized text* [Link])

Image 

Blockquote > blockquote

Ordered List 1. First item

2. Second item
3. Third item

Unordered List - First item

- Second item For more advanced Markdown Syntax:
- Third item [Link]
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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Code Cells

• Cells are numbered by execution sequence [1],

[2], …

• Busy cells show an asterisk sign [*] to signify

that the code is still being evaluated.

• The blue bar signifies which cell is selected.

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Getting help in Jupyter
• ? gives a bit more information than help
• We can also use the Help dropdown from the menu bar

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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Keyboard shortcuts Keyboard Shortcuts (Available in Both Modes)

• All operations can be done Shortcut Usage

using keyboard shortcuts.
Ctrl + Enter Run the cell
- They are listed besides every Alt + Enter Run the cell and insert a new cell below
operation in the Jupyter
toolbar.
Shift + Enter Run the cell and select the cell below

Ctrl + S Save the notebook

Keyboard Shortcuts (Available in the Edit Mode)

Shortcut Usage
Esc Switch to command mode
Note: Some keyboard shortcuts may be
different on different platforms
Ctrl + Shift + - Split the cell
(Windows/Linux and Mac)
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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Keyboard shortcuts Keyboard Shortcuts (Available in the Command Mode)

• All operations can be done Shortcut Usage

using keyboard shortcuts.
Enter Switch to edit mode
- They are listed besides every Up or K Select the previous cell
operation in the Jupyter
toolbar. Down or J Select the next cell

Y/M Change the cell type to Code cell/Markdown cell

A/B Insert a new cell above/below the current cell

X/C/V Cut/Copy/Paste the current cell

DD Delete the current cell

Shift + M Merge multiple cells into a single one

Note: Please, have a look at 28 Jupyter
Notebook tips, tricks and shortcuts and H Display the help menu with the list of keyboard shortcuts
Jupyter (IPython) notebooks features
for any further details.
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Advanced Features
Share Jupyter Notebooks
• Notebooks: documents saved as JSON files.
• We don't want to share our notebooks with others
as JSON files.

• Jupyter allows to download your notebook as:

- Notebook (.ipynb),
- Python script (.py),
- HTML (.html),
- Markdown (.md),
- reStructuredText (.rst),
- LaTeX (.tex)
- PDF (.pdf) file, ….

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

e-mail: [Link]@[Link] 29
Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Advanced Features
Converting Jupyter Notebook to Slides
• Jupyter can convert a notebook into an online slide deck
for talks and tutorials.
• To convert a notebook into a [Link] presentation, go to
the View menu and set Cell Toolbar to Slideshow.
• Organize the cells of your notebook into slides and
sub-slides.

• Convert it to the slide format using nbconvert as follows:

jupyter nbconvert {NOTEBOOK_NAME}.ipynb to slide --post serve
• This will generate a {NOTEBOOK_NAME}.[Link] file in the same directory of your notebook file
• You can open it on a new tab of your system default browser at
[Link]
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
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Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Advanced Features
Converting Jupyter Notebook
to Slides

• Output Result Example

• You may apply templates

from github projects to
customize and build attractive
slides.

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

e-mail: [Link]@[Link] 31
Introduction to Jupyter Notebooks
Advanced Features
Converting Jupyter Notebook to Slides

• An alternative way with RISE Plugin:

• Install RISE plugin as a Jupyter Notebook
extension as follows:
- conda install -c conda-forge rise
- pip install rise

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

e-mail: [Link]@[Link] 32
Python Basics
Identifiers Keywords
• Identifiers are the names we give to variables, • Keywords are special words are reserved by
functions,... Python and cannot be used as identifiers
• Can only contain alphanumeric and •
underscore (A-z,0-9,_)
- nbr_students, seds_marks, #students
• Cannot start with a number
- student_01_mark, 01_students_mark
• Names are case-sensitive
- age, Age, AGE are all different! • They are typically highlighted in a special way in
the IDE)

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI

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Python Basics
Comments Basic Data Types
• Comments are annotations used to make code • Different Data Types:
more readable by others (and yourself, later!). Use - Basic Built-In: integer, float, boolean, str,...
them!
- Compound data types: list, tuple, dict, and set
• Single line comments are put after a hashtag
• Data Types also determine whether a certain
# This is a single Line comment operation makes sense for an object.
# Addition, returns 12
• Multiline comments are put between three quotes 5 + 7
""" # Concatenation, returns 'DataScience'
multi-line 'Data' + 'Science'
comments # Error! Makes no sense!
can be done like this 5 + 'Science'
""" # Concatenation, returns '5Data'
'5' + 'Data'

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Python Basics
Basic Data Types
• Basic Built-in Data Types

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Python Basics
● Common built-in functions for Lists
Basic Data Types L2+L3 Returns a concatenated list with (['a', 'b', 'c', 2, 0, 4])
• Compound Data Types: (list)
[Link]('d') Appends 'd' to the end of the list (L2 == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
Combine basic data types together
[Link](['d', 'e']) Appends every element of the iterable to the end of the list (L2 ==
- List: Used to store multiple ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
items in a single variable.
[Link](1, 'd') Inserts 'd' to index 1 of L2 (L2 == ['a', 'd', 'b', 'c'])
- lists are created using []:
[Link]() Returns the last element of the list and deletes it from the list. ('c')
- Lists have mutable nature
(can be changed or modified [Link]('b') Removes first occurrence of 'b' in L2 (L2 == ['a', 'c'])
after creation) [Link]() Clears the list entirely (L2 == [])
L1 = [100,"hundred","100",2.14e3]
[Link]() Returns a sorted version of L3 ([0, 2, 4])
L2 = ['a','b','c']
L3 = [2, 0, 4] [Link]() Returns a copy of L3
- Iterating over a list: [Link]() Reverses the list L3 ([4, 0, 2])

for ele in L2 len(L1) Returns the number of elements in L1 (4)

print(ele)
[Link]
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
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Python Basics
Basic Data Types ● Common built-in functions for Tuples
• Compound Data Types: (tuple)
T2+T3 Returns a concatenated version of T1 and T2
Combine basic data types together
- Tuples: Similar to a list, used len(T1) Returns the number of elements in T1 (4)
to store multiple items in a [Link](2) Returns the number of occurrences of 2 in t3 (1)
single variable.
- Tuples are created using (): [Link](1) Returns the index of the 1st occurrence of 1 (-1)

- Tuples have immutable Note: count() and index() methods work with Lists as well.
nature (can’t be changed or
modified after creation)
T1 = (100,"hundred","100",2.14e3)
T2 = ('a','b','c')
T3 = (2, 0, 4)
- Iterating over a tuple:

for ele in T2
print(ele)
[Link]
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
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Python Basics
Basic Data Types - Slicing: Can specify start, end, and step
length to access a range of elements.
• Compound Data Types: (list, tuple)
Combine basic data types together
- Indexing: Each item can be referenced from
start or end

print(X[1:4]) #['b','c','d']
print(X[3:]) #['d','e','f','g']
print(X[5] + X[-7] + X[-5] + X[4]) print(X[-5:5]) #['c','d','e']
print(X[0:4:2]) #['a','c']
'face'
print(X[:3]) #['a','b','c']
print(X[3::-1]) #['d','c','b','a']

More Information: Python Tuples vs Lists ([Link]

Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
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 Python Basics db={'Ali': {'high_school': 'Ali Mellah',
'college': 'ESI-SBA',
'age': 19,
Basic Data Types 'scores': [75,86,92]
},
• Compound Data Types: (dict) 'Ahmed':{'high_school': 'El Idrissi',
Combine basic data types together 'college': 'ESI-ALG',
'age': 22,
- Dictionaries (dict) are similar to lists, except
'scores': [71,95,84]
they are indexed using strings (keys) rather }
than integers. }
- dict can be seen as a set of key:value pairs, db['Ali']['college']
with the requirement that the keys are unique. ESI-SBA

- Iterating over a dict:

Ages={Ali:19, 'Ahmed':22}
ages['Ahmed'] for key, value in [Link]():
print(f'{key}:{value}')
22
Ali:{'high_school': 'Ali Mellah', 'college': 'ESI-SBA', 'age': 19, 'scores': [75, 86, 92]}
scores={'Ali':[75,86,92],'Ahmed':[71,95,84]} Ahmed:{'high_school': 'El Idrissi', 'college': 'ESI-ALG', 'age': 22, 'scores': [71, 95, 84]}
scores['Ahmed']
[71,95,84]
[Link]
Dr. Belkacem KHALDI
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Python Basics - Many Possible Representations
Row-first:
data = {'London':{'Area':1572,
Basic Data Types 'Population':8.61
• Compound Data Types: (dict) },
'Berlin': {'Area':891.70,
- Tabular Data Example: 'Population':3.56
Each row: one observation },
Each column: features of each observation …
}
City Area Population
in (Km2) in (Millions) Column-first:

London 1,572.00 8.61 data = { 'Area': { 'London':1572,

'Berlin':891.70,
Berlin 891.70 3.56 …
Madrid 604.31 3.16 }
'Population': { 'London':8.61,
Rome 1,285.00 2.87 'Berlin':3.56,
…
Paris 105.40 2.27
}
… … … }

What is the standard and better way to handle and represent tabular data?
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 Python Basics
Basic Data Types
• Compound Data Types:
(dict)
- Tabular Data Example:
- Using Pandas
DataFrame:
Pandas ⇒ a Python
package providing fast,
flexible, and expressive data
structures designed to make
working with “relational”
or “labeled” data both easy
and intuitive.
Pandas ⇒ the fundamental
high-level building block for
doing practical, real world
data analysis in Python.
Note: More Details will be available in the
upcoming Chapters
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Python Basics
Functions
• Built-In • Positional vs Named arguments
- Part of Python packages/libraries. - Specify a default value to make an argument optional.
Examples:
from math import sqrt def weather( day = 'Monday', forecast = 'cloudy' ):
print("Hello World!") print('It will be', forecast, 'on', day)
sqrt(91)

• User-Defined - Arguments can be specified positionally or by name.

- Written by the user to achieve a

specific purpose. #It will be cloudy on Monday
weather()
- Can be created/modified as required, #It will be sunny on Tuesday
def density(area,population):
unlike built-in functions. Example
dens = population/area weather('Tuesday','sunny')
return dens #It will be rainy on Monday
weather(forecast='rainy')
#It will be dry on Friday
weather(forecast='dry', day='Friday')
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Python Basics
Packages • Import all functionalities from Packages
• Packages( Libraries) ⇒ makes Python
import numpy as np
so powerful for data science.
a=[Link]([1,2,3])
• Each package adds new functionality
that wasn't there before. • Import a specific function from a package
• Python has a host of built-in packages
from math import sqrt, sin
providing basic functionality, but the
real power comes from community b=sin(45)*sqrt(30)
packages on GitHub and PyPI. • Import a Sub-Package
• A package can be:
- A collections of Python files: numpy, import [Link]
pandas, …. [Link]('[Link]
- Individual Python files: time, math,….
- Sometimes, packages have
• Best way to shorten the long call
sub-packages.
from [Link] import urlopen
urlopen('[Link]

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Python Basics
Diagnosing Errors & Debugging
• Diagnosing errors:
- Python comes with a traceback module for Fig.: An example of an error in Jupyter Notebook (ipython)
reporting errors in coding.
- traceback contains all of the information you’ll
need to diagnose the issue .
- Always look to the final line of the traceback
output ⇒ The type of exception raised + some
relevant information about that exception.
- Previous lines of the traceback ⇒ point out the
code that resulted in the exception being raised.

Fig.: An example of an error in python shell

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Python Basics
Useful pdb commandes
Diagnosing Errors & Debugging n(ext) Step over
● Debugging errors:
s(tep) Step into
○ Python Debugging Module: pdb.
○ How to Use It? r(eturn) Continue until the current function returns

■ Start pdb inside a python script: c(ontinue) Continue until the next breakpoint is
encountered
■import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
h(elp) Show help
■ Start pdb from the command line b(reak) [#] Show all breakpoints or Set a breakpoint
at a line #.
python -m pdb <[Link]>
clear number Remove breakpoint number
○ Running the code ⇒ the execution stops on the line p(rint) variable Print the value of a variable
and allows to type in pdb commandes to start
debugging. a(rgs) Print the arguments of the current function

q(uit) Quit debugger

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Thanks for your Listening

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