Module 6

Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction

Motor
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Grid Connected Induction Generator
Conditions for machine will behave as an Induction generator:

 Slip becomes negative .

 Prime mover torque becomes opposite to electric torque.

Now let us discuss how we can achieve these conditions.

Suppose that an induction machine is coupled with the prime
mover whose speed can be controlled.

If the speed of the prime mover is increased such that the slip
becomes negative

Machine will behave like an induction generator.

 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Induction generator is not a self excited machine.

It requires magnetizing current and reactive power to develop

the rotating magnetic field .

The induction generator obtains its magnetizing current and

reactive power from the various sources like the supply mains or it
may be another synchronous generator.

The induction generator can’t work in isolation because it

continuously requires reactive power from the supply system.

Convert induction generator to self excited or isolated induction

generation with the use capacitor bank for reactive power supply
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

Isolated Induction Generator


 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

 Isolated Induction Generator

The function of the capacitor bank

To provide the lagging reactive power to the induction

generator as well as load.

So mathematically

Total reactive power provided by the capacitor bank is equals

to the summation of the reactive power consumed by the
induction generator as well as the load.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor


Isolated Induction Generator
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

Generation of small terminal voltage oa across the stator

terminal due the residual magnetism

when the rotor of the induction machine runs at the required

speed.

Due to voltage oa the capacitor current ob is produced.

The bc sends current od which generates the voltage de.

The cumulative process of voltage generation continues till the

saturation curve of the induction generator cuts the capacitor
load line at some point.

 This point is marked as f in the given curve.

 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

 Types – Two types

1. Externally excited generators

2. Self-excited generators

Application

Externally excited generators are widely used for regenerative

breaking of hoists driven by the three phase induction motors
 Self-excited generators are used in the wind mills.
 Thus this type of generator helps in converting the
unconventional sources of energy into electrical energy.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Disadvantages of externally excited generator:
1. Efficiency of the externally excited generator is not so good.

2. externally excited generator cannot use at lagging pf

3. The amount of reactive power used to run these types of

generator required is quite large.

 Disadvantages of self excited generator

 It cannot generate reactive voltampere.

 It requires reactive voltamperes from the supply line to

furnish its excitation.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

Advantages of Induction Generator

1. It has robust construction requiring less maintenance.
2. It has small size per KW output power.
3. It runs in parallel without hunting
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Difference between sync. generator and ind. generator
In a synchronous generator, the waveform of generated voltage is synchronized
with the rotor speed. The frequency of output can be given as f = N * P / 120 Hz.
where N is speed of the rotor in rpm and P is number of poles.


In case of inductions generators, the output voltage frequency is regulated by the
power system to which the induction generator is connected. If induction
generator is supplying a standalone load, the output frequency will be slightly
lower (by 2 or 3%) that calculated from the formula f = N * P / 120.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

Difference between sync. generator and ind. generator

Separate DC excitation system is required in an alternator (synchronous
generator).

Induction generator takes reactive power from the power system for field
excitation. If an induction generator is meant to supply a standalone load,
a capacitor bank needs to be connected to supply reactive power.
Construction of induction generator is less complicated as it does not
require brushes and slip ring arrangement.

Brushes are required in synchronous generator to supply DC voltage to

the rotor for excitation.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

Induction generator
Synchronous generator
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

 Single-phase induction motor

Construction

Main parts namely rotor and stator.

 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

 Single-phase induction motor

Construction

Main parts namely rotor and stator.

 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Single-phase induction motor
Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of
induction motor.
Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor.
The rotor is connected to the mechanical load through the
shaft.
The rotor in single phase induction motor is of squirrel cage
rotor type.
 The construction of single phase induction motor is almost
similar to the squirrel cage three phase motor except that in case
of asynchronous motor the stator have two windings .
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Stator of Single Phase Induction Motor
 The stator of the single phase induction motor has laminated
stamping to reduce eddy current losses on its periphery.

 The slots are provided on its stamping to carry stator or main

winding.

 In order to reduce the hysteresis losses, stamping are made up

of silicon steel.

 When the stator winding is given a single phase ac supply, the

magnetic field is produced and the motor rotates at a speed
slightly less than the synchronous speed Ns
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Stator of Single Phase Induction Motor
 Firstly the single phase induction motors are mostly
provided with concentric coils. As the number of turns per
coil can be easily adjusted with the help of concentric coils,
the mmf distribution is almost sinusoidal.

 The asynchronous motor has two stator windings namely

the main winding and the auxiliary winding.

 These two windings are placed in space quadrature with

respect to each other.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

Rotor of Single Phase Induction Motor

 The construction of the rotor of the single phase induction

motor is similar to the squirrel cage three phase induction motor.

The rotor is cylindrical in shape and has slots all over its
periphery.

The slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed
as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth
and makes the working of induction motor more smooth .

 The squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper

bars.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

Rotor of Single Phase Induction Motor

The rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper

or aluminum rings called the end rings.

In order to provide mechanical strength these rotor

conductor are braced to the end ring and hence form a
complete closed circuit resembling like a cage and hence got its
name as squirrel cage induction motor.

As the bars are permanently shorted by end rings, the rotor
electrical resistance is very small and it is not possible to add
external resistance as the bars are permanently shorted.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor
When single phase ac supply is given to the stator winding ,
the current starts flowing through the stator winding and
produces flux called main flux.
Main flux also links with the rotor conductors and hence cut
the rotor conductors and emf gets induced in the rotor.
Rotor circuit is closed &current starts flowing in the rotor.
This rotor current produces its own flux called rotor flux.
So two fluxes one is main flux and rotor flux.
 These two fluxes produce the desired torque which is required
by the motor to rotate.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor


 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor


 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

An ac supply is connected to the main winding a pulsating

magnetic field is produced

Maximum value Фm can be resolved into two components

Each have the magnitude of Фm/2 and they are rotating in

opposite directions

Field C rotate in anti clock wise direction and field A rotate in

clockwise direction

So a single alternating field is equivalent to two rotating field

each having half max value and rotating in opposite direction
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor


 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Rotating mag. field is linked by squirrel cage rotor . Torque developed in
the direction of rotating magnetic field

Torque developed in the cage rotor

by clockwise rotating magnetic field

C is curve (i)

Torque developed in the cage rotor

by anticlockwise rotating magnetic

field A is curve (ii)

 At every slip the rotor of a single phase induction motor is subjected to

two torques forward torque Tf and backward torque
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

 At stand still (s=1) magnitude of two torques are same but

they are in opposite directions so resultant is zero

 The starting torque of a single phase induction motor is

zero

 In single phase induction motor starting is provided by an

auxiliary starting arrangement

 The direction of rotation of single phase induction motor

depends on the direction of starting torque

 So the single phase induction motor is not self starting

 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Methods for Making Single Phase Induction as Self Starting Motor
In single phase induction motor, produced stator flux is alternating in
nature

At the starting the two components of this flux cancel each other and hence
there is no net torque.

So the motor not self start

For making self starting , made stator flux to rotating type, rather than
alternating type, which rotates in one particular direction only.
For producing this rotating magnetic field , require two alternating flux,
having some phase difference angle between them.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Methods for Making Single Phase Induction as Self Starting Motor
These two fluxes interact with each other they will produce a resultant flux.

 This resultant flux is rotating in nature and rotates in space in one

particular direction only.

Once the motor starts running, the additional flux can be removed.
Depending upon the methods for making asynchronous motor as Self
Starting Motor, there are mainly five types of single phase induction motor
namely,
1. Split phase induction motor,
2. Capacitor start inductor motor,
3. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor,
4. Shaded pole induction motor.
5. Permanent split capacitor motor or single value capacitor motor.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Split Phase Induction Motor
 Auuxiliary winding or starting winding.
 Create the phase difference between the two winding and this is possible
if the starting winding carries high resistance
 A centrifugal switch is connected in series with auxiliary winding to cut
auxiliary winding after attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the
synchronous speed.
 Let us say Irun is the current flowing through the main or running winding,
Istart is the current flowing in starting winding, and VT is the supply voltage.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Applications of Split Phase Induction Motor
Split phase induction motors have low starting current

So these motors are used in fans, blowers, centrifugal

pumps, washing machine, grinder, lathes, air conditioning
fans, etc.

These motors are available in the size ranging from 1 / 20

to 1 / 2 KW.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM
 Single phase induction motor is not self starting

 Using two winding, the main and the starting winding.

 With starting winding connect a capacitor capacitor current Ist leads the V
by some angle, φst.

 The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in

running winding lags behind applied voltage by an angle, φm.

 Occur large phase angle differences between these two currents which
produce an resultant current, I and this will produce a rotating magnetic
field.

 The torque produced by these motors depends upon the phase angle
difference, ( 90°). So, these motors produce very high starting torque.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Application of CSIM and C Start Capacitor Run IM
 These motors have high starting torque hence they are used in conveyors,

grinder, air conditioners, compressor, etc. They are available up to 6 KW.

 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Shaded Pole Single Phase Induction Motors
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
 Shaded Pole Single Phase Induction Motors
 The stator of the shaded pole single phase induction motor
has salient or projected poles.

 These poles are shaded by copper band or ring which is

inductive in nature.

 The poles are divided into two unequal halves.

 The smaller portion carries the copper band and is called as

shaded portion of the pole.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
ACTION:
 Single phase supply is given to the stator of shaded pole induction motor
an alternating flux is produced.
 This change of flux induces emf in the shaded coil.

 Since this shaded portion is short circuited, the current is produced in it in

such a direction to oppose the main flux.

 The flux in shaded pole lags behind the flux in the unshaded pole. The
phase difference between these two fluxes produces resultant rotating
flux.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Advantages and Disadvantages of Shaded Pole Motor

The advantages of shaded pole induction motor are

1. Very economical and reliable.

2. Construction is simple and robust because there is no centrifugal
switch.

The disadvantages of shaded pole induction motor are

1. Low power factor.

2. The starting torque is very poor.

3. The efficiency is very low as, the copper losses are high due to
presence of copper band.

4. The speed reversal is also difficult and expensive as it requires

another set of copper rings.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Applications of Shaded Pole Motor
 Due to their low starting torques and reasonable cost these motors are
mostly employed

 In Small Instruments,

 Hair Dryers,

 Toys,

 Record Players,

 Small Fans,

 Electric Clocks

 These motors are usually available in a range of 1/300 to 1/20 KW.

 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Equivalent Circuit of a Single Phase Induction Motor
The single phase induction motor circuit is given by double revolving field
theory

A stationary pulsating magnetic field might be resolved into two rotating

fields, both having equal magnitude but opposite in direction. So the net
torque induced is zero at standstill.

Here, the forward rotation is called the rotation with slip s and the
backward rotation is given with a slip of (2 - s).
The equivalent circuit is-
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

R1 = Resistance of stator winding.

X1 = Inductive reactance of the
stator winding.
 Xm = Magnetising reactance.
R2’ = Rotor Reactance with
referred to stator.
X2’ = Rotor inductive reactance
with referred to stator.
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor

Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting?

 In most of the cases the core loss component r0 is neglected as this value
is quite large and does not affect much in the calculation.

Here, Zf shows the forward impedance and Zb shows the backward

impedance.

The sum of forward and backward slip is 2 so in case of backward slip, it is

replaced by (2 - s).
 Induction Generator & Single Phase Induction Motor
Calculation of Power of Equivalent Circuit
 Find Zf and Zb and stator current (Stator voltage/Total circuit impedance).

 Find the input power = Stator voltage × Stator current × Cos(Ɵ)

 Power Developed (Pg) is the difference between forward field power and
backward power.
 The forward and backward power is given by the power dissipated in the
respective resistors.
 The rotor copper loss is given by- slip × Pg.

 Output Power is given by- Pg - s × Pg - Rotational loss. The rotational losses

include friction loss, windage loss, Core loss.
 Efficiency can also be calculated by diving output power by input power.