—

Chapter

23
Conversion Factors

23.1 Standard Units

Name Symbol Quantity

ampere A electric current

ampere per meter A/m magnetic field strength
2
ampere per square meter A/m current density
becquerel Bg activity (of a radionuclide)
candela cd luminous intensity
coulomb C electric charge
coulomb per kilogram C/kg exposure (x and gamma rays)
2
coulomb per sq. meter C/m electric flux density
3
cubic meter m volume
3
cubic meter per kilogram m /kg specific volume
degree Celsius °C Celsius temperature
farad F capacitance
farad per meter F/m permittivity
henry H inductance
henry per meter H/m permeability
hertz Hz frequency
joule J energy, work, quantity of heat
3
joule per cubic meter J/m energy density
joule per kelvin J/K heat capacity
joule per kilogram K J/(kg•K) specific heat capacity
joule per mole J/mol molar energy
kelvin K thermodynamic temperature
kilogram kg mass
3
kilogram per cubic meter kg/m density, mass density
lumen lm luminous flux
lux lx luminance
meter m length
meter per second m/s speed, velocity
2
meter per second sq. m/s acceleration

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
mole mol amount of substance
newton N force
newton per meter N/m surface tension
ohm Ω electrical resistance
pascal Pa pressure, stress
pascal second Pa•s dynamic viscosity
radian rad plane angle
radian per second rad/s angular velocity
2
radian per second squared rad/s angular acceleration
second s time
siemens S electrical conductance
2
square meter m area
steradian sr solid angle
tesla T magnetic flux density
volt V electrical potential
volt per meter V/m electric field strength
watt W power, radiant flux
watt per meter kelvin W/(m•K) thermal conductivity
2
watt per square meter W/m heat (power) flux density
weber Wb magnetic flux

23.2 Standard Prefixes

Multiple Prefix Symbol

18
10 exa E
15
10 peta P
12
10 tera T
9
10 giga G
6
10 mega M
3
10 kilo k
2
10 hecto h
10 deka da
-1
10 deci d
-2
10 centi c
-3
10 milli m
-6
10 micro µ
-9
10 nano n
-12
10 pico p
-15
10 femto f
-18
10 atto a

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
23.3 Common Standard Units

Unit Symbol

centimeter cm
3
cubic centimeter cm
3
cubic meter per second m /s
gigahertz GHz
gram g
kilohertz kHz
kilohm kΩ
kilojoule kJ
kilometer km
kilovolt kV
kilovoltampere kVA
kilowatt kW
megahertz MHz
megavolt MV
megawatt MW
megohm MΩ
microampere µA
microfarad µF
microgram µg
microhenry µH
microsecond µs
microwatt µW
milliampere mA
milligram mg
millihenry mH
millimeter mm
millisecond ms
millivolt mV
milliwatt mW
nanoampere nA
nanofarad nF
nanometer nm
nanosecond ns
nanowatt nW
picoampere pA
picofarad pF
picosecond ps
picowatt pW

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
23.4 Conversion Reference Data
A
To Convert = Into X Multiply By
10
abcoulomb statcoulombs 2.998 x 10
acre sq. chain (Gunters) 10
acre rods 160
5
acre square links (Gunters) 1 x 10
acre Hectare or
sq. hectometer 0.4047
acre-feet cubic feet 43,560.0
5
acre-feet gallons 3.259 x 10
acres sq. feet 43,560.0
acres sq. meters 4,047
–3
acres sq. miles 1.562 x 10
acres sq. yards 4,840
ampere-hours coulombs 3,600.0
ampere-hours faradays 0.03731
amperes/sq. cm amps/sq. in 6.452
4
amperes/sq. cm amps/sq. meter 10
amperes/sq. in amps/sq. cm 0.1550
amperes/sq. in amps/sq. meter 1,550.0
–4
amperes/sq. meter amps/sq. cm 10
–4
amperes/sq. meter amps/sq. in 6.452 x 10
ampere-turns gilberts 1.257
ampere-turns/cm amp-turns/in 2.540
ampere-turns/cm amp-turns/meter 100.0
ampere-turns/cm gilberts/cm 1.257
ampere-turns/in amp-turns/cm 0.3937
ampere-turns/in amp-turns/m 39.37
ampere-turns/in gilberts/cm 0.4950
ampere-turns/meter amp-turns/cm 0.01
ampere-turns/meter amp-turns/in 0.0254
ampere-turns/meter gilberts/cm 0.01257
–9
Angstrom unit inch 3937 x 10
–10
Angstrom unit meter 1 x 10
–4
Angstrom unit micron or (Mu) 1 x 10
are acre (U.S.) 0.02471
ares sq. yards 119.60
ares acres 0.02471
ares sq. meters 100.0
8
astronomical unit kilometers 1.495 x 10
atmospheres ton/sq. in 0.007348
atmospheres cm of mercury 76.0
atmospheres ft of water (at 4°C) 33.90
atmospheres in of mercury (at 0°C) 29.92
atmospheres kg/sq. cm 1.0333
atmospheres kg/sq. m 10,332

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
atmospheres pounds/sq. in 14.70
atmospheres tons/sq. ft 1.058

B
To Convert Into Multiply By
barrels (U.S., dry) cubic inches 7056
barrels (U.S., dry) quarts (dry) 105.0
barrels (U.S., liquid) gallons 31.5
barrels (oil)= gallons (oil)x 42.0
bars atmospheres 0.9869
4
bars dynes/sq. cm 10
4
bars kg/sq. m 1.020 x 10
bars pounds/sq. ft 2,089
bars pounds/sq. in 14.50
baryl dyne/sq. cm 1.000
bolt (U.S. cloth) meters 36.576
Btu liter-atmosphere 10.409
10
Btu ergs 1.0550 x 10
Btu foot-lb 778.3
Btu gram-calories 252.0
–4
Btu horsepower-hr 3.931 x 10
Btu joules 1,054.8
Btu kilogram-calories 0.2520
Btu kilogram-meters 107.5
–4
Btu kilowatt-hr 2.928 x 10
Btu/hr foot-pounds/s 0.2162
Btu/hr gram-calories/s 0.0700
–4
Btu/hr horsepower-hr 3.929 x 10
Btu/hr watts 0.2931
Btu/min foot-lbs/s 12.96
Btu/min horsepower 0.02356
Btu/min kilowatts 0.01757
Btu/min watts 17.57
Btu/sq. ft/min watts/sq. in 0.1221
4
bucket (br. dry) cubic cm 1.818 x 10
bushels cubic ft 1.2445
bushels cubic in 2,150.4
bushels cubic m 0.03524
bushels liters 35.24
bushels pecks 4.0
bushels pints (dry) 64.0
bushels quarts (dry) 32.0

C
To Convert Into Multiply By
–3
calories, gram (mean) Btu (mean) 3.9685 x 10
candle/sq. cm Lamberts 3.142
candle/sq. in Lamberts 0.4870
centares (centiares) sq. meters 1.0
Centigrade Fahrenheit (C° x 9/5) + 32

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
centigrams grams 0.01
centiliter ounce fluid (U.S.) 0.3382
centiliter cubic inch 0.6103
centiliter drams 2.705
centiliter liters 0.01
–2
centimeter feet 3.281 x 10
centimeter inches 0.3937
–5
centimeter kilometers 10
centimeter meters 0.01
–6
centimeter miles 6.214 x 10
centimeter millimeters 10.0
centimeter mils 393.7
–2
centimeter yards 1.094 x 10
–3
centimeter-dynes cm-grams 1.020 x 10
–8
centimeter-dynes meter-kg 1.020 x 10
–8
centimeter-dynes pound-ft 7.376 x 10
centimeter-grams cm-dynes 980.7
–5
centimeter-grams meter-kg 10
–5
centimeter-grams pound-ft 7.233 x 10
centimeters of mercury atmospheres 0.01316
centimeters of mercury feet of water 0.4461
centimeters of mercury kg/sq. meter 136.0
centimeters of mercury pounds/sq. ft 27.85
centimeters of mercury pounds/sq. in 0.1934
centimeters/sec feet/min 1.9686
centimeters/sec feet/sec 0.03281
centimeters/sec kilometers/hr 0.036
centimeters/sec knots 0.1943
centimeters/sec meters/min 0.6
centimeters/sec miles/hr 0.02237
–4
centimeters/sec miles/min 3.728 x 10
centimeters/sec/sec feet/sec/sec 0.03281
centimeters/sec/sec km/hr/sec 0.036
centimeters/sec/sec meters/sec/sec 0.01
centimeters/sec/sec miles/hr/sec 0.02237
chain inches 792.00
chain meters 20.12
chains (surveyor’s
or Gunter’s) yards 22.00
–6
circular mils sq. cm 5.067 x 10
circular mils sq. mils 0.7854
–7
circular mils sq. inches 7.854 x 10
circumference radians 6.283
cord feet cubic feet 16
cords cord feet 8
9
coulomb statcoulombs 2.998 x 10
–5
coulombs faradays 1.036 x 10
coulombs/sq. cm coulombs/sq. in 64.52
4
coulombs/sq. cm coulombs/sq. meter 10
coulombs/sq. in coulombs/sq. cm 0.1550

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
coulombs/sq. in coulombs/sq. meter 1,550
–4
coulombs/sq. meter coulombs/sq. cm 10
–4
coulombs/sq. meter coulombs/sq. in 6.452 x 10
–5
cubic centimeters cubic feet 3.531 x 10
cubic centimeters cubic inches 0.06102
–6
cubic centimeters cubic meters 10
–6
cubic centimeters cubic yards 1.308 x 10
–4
cubic centimeters gallons (U.S. liq.) 2.642 x 10
cubic centimeters liters 0.001
–3
cubic centimeters pints (U.S. liq.) 2.113 x 10
–3
cubic centimeters quarts (U.S. liq.) 1.057 x 10
cubic feet bushels (dry) 0.8036
cubic feet cubic cm 28,320.0
cubic feet cubic inches 1,728.0
cubic feet cubic meters 0.02832
cubic feet cubic yards 0.03704
cubic feet gallons (U.S. liq.) 7.48052
cubic feet liters 28.32
cubic feet pints (U.S. liq.) 59.84
cubic feet quarts (U.S. liq.) 29.92
cubic feet/min cubic cm/sec 472.0
cubic feet/min gallons/sec 0.1247
cubic feet/min liters/sec 0.4720
cubic feet/min pounds of water/min 62.43
cubic feet/sec million gal/day 0.646317
cubic feet/sec gallons/min 448.831
cubic inches cubic cm 16.39
–4
cubic inches cubic feet 5.787 x 10
–6
cubic inches cubic meters 16.39 x 10
–5
cubic inches cubic yards 2.143 x 10
–3
cubic inches gallons 4.329 x 10
cubic inches liters 0.01639
5
cubic inches mil-feet 1.061 x 10
cubic inches pints (U.S. liq.) 0.03463
cubic inches quarts (U.S. liq.) 0.01732
cubic meters bushels (dry) 28.38
6
cubic meters cubic cm 10
cubic meters cubic feet 35.31
cubic meters cubic inches 61,023.0
cubic meters cubic yards 1.308
cubic meters gallons (U.S. liq.) 264.2
cubic meters liters 1,000.0
cubic meters pints (U.S. liq.) 2,113.0
cubic meters quarts (U.S. liq.) 1,057.
5
cubic yards cubic cm 7.646 x 10
cubic yards cubic feet 27.0
cubic yards cubic inches 46,656.0
cubic yards cubic meters 0.7646
cubic yards gallons (U.S. liq.) 202.0
cubic yards liters 764.6

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
cubic yards pints (U.S. liq.) 1,615.9
cubic yards quarts (U.S. liq.) 807.9
cubic yards/min cubic ft/sec 0.45
cubic yards/min gallons/sec 3.367
cubic yards/min liters/sec 12.74

D
To Convert Into Multiply By
–24
Dalton gram 1.650 x 10
days seconds 86,400.0
decigrams grams 0.1
deciliters liters 0.1
decimeters meters 0.1
degrees (angle) quadrants 0.01111
degrees (angle) radians 0.01745
degrees (angle) seconds 3,600.0
degrees/sec radians/sec 0.01745
degrees/sec revolutions/min 0.1667
–3
degrees/sec revolutions/sec 2.778 x 10
dekagrams grams 10.0
dekaliters liters 10.0
dekameters meters 10.0
drams (apothecaries
or troy) ounces (avoirdupois) 0.1371429
drams (apothecaries
or troy) ounces (troy) 0.125
drams (U.S.,
fluid or apothecaries) cubic cm 3.6967
drams grams 1.7718
drams grains 27.3437
drams ounces 0.0625
dyne/cm erg/sq. millimeter 0.01
–7
dyne/sq. cm atmospheres 9.869 x 10
–5
dyne/sq. cm inch of mercury at 0°C 2.953 x 10
–4
dyne/sq. cm inch of water at 4°C 4.015 x 10
–3
dynes grams 1.020 x 10
–7
dynes joules/cm 10
–5
dynes joules/meter (newtons) 10
–6
dynes kilograms 1.020 x 10
–5
dynes poundals 7.233 x 10
–6
dynes pounds 2.248 x 10
–6
dynes/sq. cm bars 10

E
To Convert= Into X Multiply By
ell cm 114.30
ell inches 45
em, pica inch 0.167
em, pica cm 0.4233
erg/sec Dyne-cm/sec 1.000

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 –11
—
ergs Btu 9.480 x 10
ergs dyne-centimeters 1.0
–8
ergs foot-pounds 7.367 x 10
–7
ergs gram-calories 0.2389 x 10
–3
ergs gram-cm 1.020 x 10
–14
ergs horsepower-hr 3.7250 x 10
–7
ergs joules 10
–11
ergs kg-calories 2.389 x 10
–8
ergs kg-meters 1.020 x 10
–13
ergs kilowatt-hr 0.2778 x 10
–10
ergs watt-hours 0.2778 x 10
–9
ergs/sec Btu/min 5,688 x 10
–6
ergs/sec ft-lb/min 4.427 x 10
–8
ergs/sec ft-lb/sec 7.3756 x 10
–10
ergs/sec horsepower 1.341 x 10
–9
ergs/sec kg-calories/min 1.433 x 10
–10
ergs/sec kilowatts 10

F
To Convert = Into X Multiply By
6
farad microfarads 10
4
Faraday/sec ampere (absolute) 9.6500 x 10
faradays ampere-hours 26.80
4
faradays coulombs 9.649 x 10
fathom meter 1.828804
fathoms feet 6.0
feet centimeters 30.48
–4
feet kilometers 3.048 x 10
feet meters 0.3048
–4
feet miles (naut.) 1.645 x 10
–4
feet miles (stat.) 1.894 x 10
feet millimeters 304.8
4
feet mils 1.2 x 10
feet of water atmospheres 0.02950
feet of water in of mercury 0.8826
feet of water kg/sq. cm 0.03048
feet of water kg/sq. meter 304.8
feet of water pounds/sq. ft 62.43
feet of water pounds/sq. in 0.4335
feet/min cm/sec 0.5080
feet/min feet/sec 0.01667
feet/min km/hr 0.01829
feet/min meters/min 0.3048
feet/min miles/hr 0.01136
feet/sec cm/sec 30.48
feet/sec km/hr 1.097
feet/sec knots 0.5921
feet/sec meters/min 18.29
feet/sec miles/hr 0.6818
feet/sec miles/min 0.01136

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
cubic yards pints (U.S. liq.) 1,615.9
cubic yards quarts (U.S. liq.) 807.9
cubic yards/min cubic ft/sec 0.45
cubic yards/min gallons/sec 3.367
cubic yards/min liters/sec 12.74

D
To Convert Into Multiply By
–24
Dalton gram 1.650 x 10
days seconds 86,400.0
decigrams grams 0.1
deciliters liters 0.1
decimeters meters 0.1
degrees (angle) quadrants 0.01111
degrees (angle) radians 0.01745
degrees (angle) seconds 3,600.0
degrees/sec radians/sec 0.01745
degrees/sec revolutions/min 0.1667
–3
degrees/sec revolutions/sec 2.778 x 10
dekagrams grams 10.0
dekaliters liters 10.0
dekameters meters 10.0
drams (apothecaries
or troy) ounces (avoirdupois) 0.1371429
drams (apothecaries
or troy) ounces (troy) 0.125
drams (U.S.,
fluid or apothecaries) cubic cm 3.6967
drams grams 1.7718
drams grains 27.3437
drams ounces 0.0625
dyne/cm erg/sq. millimeter 0.01
–7
dyne/sq. cm atmospheres 9.869 x 10
–5
dyne/sq. cm inch of mercury at 0°C 2.953 x 10
–4
dyne/sq. cm inch of water at 4°C 4.015 x 10
–3
dynes grams 1.020 x 10
–7
dynes joules/cm 10
–5
dynes joules/meter (newtons) 10
–6
dynes kilograms 1.020 x 10
–5
dynes poundals 7.233 x 10
–6
dynes pounds 2.248 x 10
–6
dynes/sq. cm bars 10

E
To Convert= Into X Multiply By
ell cm 114.30
ell inches 45
em, pica inch 0.167
em, pica cm 0.4233
erg/sec Dyne-cm/sec 1.000

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
gills liters 0.1183
gills pints (liq.) 0.25
gills (British) cubic cm 142.07
grade radian 0.01571
grains drams (avoirdupois) 0.03657143
grains (troy) grains (avdp.) 1.0
grains (troy) grams 0.06480
–3
grains (troy) ounces (avdp.) 2.0833 x 10
grains (troy) pennyweight (troy) 0.04167
grains/Imp. gal parts/million 14.286
grains/U.S. gal parts/million 17.118
grains/U.S. gal pounds/million gal 142.86
–3
gram-calories Btu 3.9683 x 10
7
gram-calories ergs 4.1868 x 10
gram-calories foot-pounds 3.0880
–6
gram-calories horsepower-hr 1.5596 x 10
–6
gram-calories kilowatt-hr 1.1630 x 10
–3
gram-calories watt-hr 1.1630 x 10
gram-calories/sec Btu/hr 14.286
–8
gram-centimeters Btu 9.297 x 10
gram-centimeters ergs 980.7
–5
gram-centimeters joules 9.807 x 10
–8
gram-centimeters kg-calories 2.343 x 10
–5
gram-centimeters kg-meters 10
grams dynes 980.7
grams grains 15.43
–5
grams joules/cm 9.807 x 10
–3
grams joules/meter (newtons) 9.807 x 10
grams kilograms 0.001
grams milligrams 1,000
grams ounces (avdp.) 0.03527
grams ounces (troy) 0.03215
grams poundals 0.07093
–3
grams pounds 2.205 x 10
–3
grams/cm pounds/inch 5.600 x 10
grams/cubic cm pounds/cubic ft 62.43
grams/cubic cm pounds/cubic in 0.03613
–7
grams/cubic cm pounds/mil-foot 3.405 x 10
grams/liter grains/gal 58.417
grams/liter pounds/1,000 gal 8.345
grams/liter pounds/cubic ft 0.062427
grams/liter parts/million 1,000.0
grams/sq. cm pounds/sq. ft 2.0481

H
To Convert Into Multiply By
hand cm 10.16
hectares acres 2.471
5
hectares sq. feet 1.076 x 10
hectograms grams 100.0

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
hectoliters liters 100.0
hectometers meters 100.0
hectowatts watts 100.0
henries millihenries 1,000.0
horsepower Btu/min 42.44
horsepower foot-lb/min 33,000
horsepower foot-lb/sec 550.0
horsepower kg-calories/min 10.68
horsepower kilowatts 0.7457
horsepower watts 745.7
horsepower (boiler) Btu/hr 33.479
horsepower (boiler) kilowatts 9.803
horsepower (metric) horsepower 0.9863
(542.5 ft lb./sec) (550 ft lb./sec)
horsepower horsepower (metric) 1.014
(550 ft lb./sec) (542.5 ft lb./sec)
horsepower-hr Btu 2,547
13
horsepower-hr ergs 2.6845 x 10
6
horsepower-hr foot-lb 1.98 x 10
horsepower-hr gram-calories 641,190
6
horsepower-hr joules 2.684 x 10
horsepower-hr kg-calories 641.1
5
horsepower-hr kg-meters 2.737 x 10
horsepower-hr kilowatt-hr 0.7457
–2
hours days 4.167 x 10
–3
hours weeks 5.952 x 10
hundredweights (long) pounds 112
hundredweights (long) tons (long) 0.05
hundredweights (short) ounces (avoirdupois) 1,600
hundredweights (short) pounds 100
hundredweights (short) tons (metric) 0.0453592
hundredweights (short) tons (long) 0.0446429

I
To Convert Into Multiply By
inches centimeters 2.540
–2
inches meters 2.540 x 10
–5
inches miles 1.578 x 10
inches millimeters 25.40
inches mils 1,000.0
–2
inches yards 2.778 x 10
inches of mercury atmospheres 0.03342
inches of mercury feet of water 1.133
inches of mercury kg/sq. cm 0.03453
inches of mercury kg/sq. meter 345.3
inches of mercury pounds/sq. ft 70.73
inches of mercury pounds/sq. in 0.4912
–3
inches of water (at 4°C) atmospheres 2.458 x 10
inches of water (at 4°C) inches of mercury 0.07355
–3
inches of water (at 4°C) kg/sq. cm 2.540 x 10

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
inches of water (at 4°C) ounces/sq. in 0.5781
inches of water (at 4°C) pounds/sq. ft 5.204
inches of water (at 4°C) pounds/sq. in 0.03613
international ampere ampere (absolute) 0.9998
international Volt volts (absolute) 1.0003
–19
international volt joules (absolute) 1.593 x 10
4
international volt joules 9.654 x 10

J
To Convert Into Multiply By
–4
joules Btu 9.480 x 10
7
joules ergs 10
joules foot-pounds 0.7376
–4
joules kg-calories 2.389 x 10
joules kg-meters 0.1020
–4
joules watt-hr 2.778 x 10
4
joules/cm grams 1.020 x 10
7
joules/cm dynes 10
joules/cm joules/meter (newtons) 100.0
joules/cm poundals 723.3
joules/cm pounds 22.48

K
To Convert Into Multiply By
kilogram-calories Btu 3.968
kilogram-calories foot-pounds 3,088
–3
kilogram-calories hp-hr 1.560 x 10
kilogram-calories joules 4,186
kilogram-calories kg-meters 426.9
kilogram-calories kilojoules 4.186
–3
kilogram-calories kilowatt-hr 1.163 x 10
–3
kilogram meters Btu 9.294 x 10
7
kilogram meters ergs 9.804 x 10
kilogram meters foot-pounds 7.233
kilogram meters joules 9.804
–3
kilogram meters kg-calories 2.342 x 10
–6
kilogram meters kilowatt-hr 2.723 x 10
kilograms dynes 980,665
kilograms grams 1,000.0
kilograms joules/cm 0.09807
kilograms joules/meter (newtons) 9.807
kilograms poundals 70.93
kilograms pounds 2.205
–4
kilograms tons (long) 9.842 x 10
–3
kilograms tons (short) 1.102 x 10
kilograms/cubic meter grams/cubic cm 0.001
kilograms/cubic meter pounds/cubic ft 0.06243
–5
kilograms/cubic meter pounds/cubic in 3.613 x 10
–10
kilograms/cubic meter pounds/mil-foot 3.405 x 10
kilograms/meter pounds/ft 0.6720

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
kilograms/sq. cm dynes 980,665
kilograms/sq. cm atmospheres 0.9678
kilograms/sq. cm feet of water 32.81
kilograms/sq. cm inches of mercury 28.96
kilograms/sq. cm pounds/sq. ft 2,048
kilograms/sq. cm pounds/sq. in 14.22
–5
kilograms/sq. meter atmospheres 9.678 x 10
–6
kilograms/sq. meter bars 98.07 x 10
–3
kilograms/sq. meter feet of water 3.281 x 10
–3
kilograms/sq. meter inches of mercury 2.896 x 10
kilograms/sq. meter pounds/sq. ft 0.2048
–3
kilograms/sq. meter pounds/sq. in 1.422 x 10
6
kilograms/sq. mm kg/sq. meter 10
kilolines maxwells 1,000.0
kiloliters liters 1,000.0
5
kilometers centimeters 10
kilometers feet 3,281
4
kilometers inches 3.937 x 10
kilometers meters 1,000.0
kilometers miles 0.6214
4
kilometers millimeters 10
kilometers yards 1,094
kilometers/hr cm/sec 27.78
kilometers/hr feet/min 54.68
kilometers/hr feet/sec 0.9113
kilometers/hr knots 0.5396
kilometers/hr meters/min 16.67
kilometers/hr miles/hr 0.6214
kilometers/hr/sec cm/sec/sec 27.78
kilometers/hr/sec feet/sec/sec 0.9113
kilometers/hr/sec meters/sec/sec 0.2778
kilometers/hr/sec miles/hr/sec 0.6214
kilowatt-hr Btu 3,413
13
kilowatt-hr ergs 3.600 x 10
6
kilowatt-hr foot-lb 2.655 x 10
kilowatt-hr gram-calories 859,850
kilowatt-hr horsepower-hr 1.341
6
kilowatt-hr joules 3.6 x 10
kilowatt-hr kg-calories 860.5
5
kilowatt-hr kg-meters 3.671 x 10
kilowatt-hr pounds of water raised
from 62° to 212°F 22.75
kilowatts Btu/min 56.92
4
kilowatts foot-lb/min 4.426 x 10
kilowatts foot-lb/sec 737.6
kilowatts horsepower 1.341
kilowatts kg-calories/min 14.34
kilowatts watts 1,000.0
knots feet/hr 6,080
knots kilometers/hr 1.8532

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
knots nautical miles/hr 1.0
knots statute miles/hr 1.151
knots yards/hr 2,027
knots feet/sec 1.689

L
To Convert Into Multiply By
league miles (approx.) 3.0
12
light year miles 5.9 x 10
12
light year kilometers 9.4637 x 10
lines/sq. cm gausses 1.0
lines/sq. in gausses 0.1550
–9
lines/sq. in webers/sq. cm 1.550 x 10
–8
lines/sq. in webers/sq. in 10
–5
lines/sq. in webers/sq. meter 1.550 x 10
links (engineer’s) inches 12.0
links (surveyor’s) inches 7.92
liters bushels (U.S. dry) 0.02838
liters cubic cm 1,000.0
liters cubic feet 0.03531
liters cubic inches 61.02
liters cubic meters 0.001
–3
liters cubic yards 1.308 x 10
liters gallons (U.S. liq.) 0.2642
liters pints (U.S. liq.) 2.113
liters quarts (U.S. liq.) 1.057
–4
liters/min cubic ft/sec 5.886 x 10
–3
liters/min gal/sec 4.403 x 10
lumen spherical candle power 0.07958
lumen watt 0.001496
lumens/sq. ft foot-candles 1.0
lumens/sq. ft lumen/sq. meter 10.76
lux foot-candles 0.0929

M
To Convert Into Multiply By
maxwells kilolines 0.001
–8
maxwells webers 10
6
megalines maxwells 10
12
megohms microhms 10
6
megohms ohms 10
7
meter-kilograms cm-dynes 9.807 x 10
5
meter-kilograms cm-grams 10
meter-kilograms pound-feet 7.233
meters centimeters 100.0
meters feet 3.281
meters inches 39.37
meters kilometers 0.001
–4
meters miles (naut.) 5.396 x 10
–4
meters miles (stat.) 6.214 x 10

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
meters millimeters 1,000.0
meters yards 1.094
meters varas 1.179
meters/min cm/sec 1,667
meters/min feet/min 3.281
meters/min feet/sec 0.05468
meters/min km/hr 0.06
meters/min knots 0.03238
meters/min miles/hr 0.03728
meters/sec feet/min 196.8
meters/sec feet/sec 3.281
meters/sec kilometers/hr 3.6
meters/sec kilometers/min 0.06
meters/sec miles/hr 2.237
meters/sec miles/min 0.03728
meters/sec/sec cm/sec/sec 100.0
meters/sec/sec ft/sec/sec 3.281
meters/sec/sec km/hr/sec 3.6
meters/sec/sec miles/hr/sec 2.237
–6
microfarad farads 10
–6
micrograms grams 10
–12
microhms megohms 10
–6
microhms ohms 10
–6
microliters liters 10
–6
microns meters 1 x 10
miles (naut.) feet 6,080.27
miles (naut.) kilometers 1.853
miles (naut.) meters 1,853
miles (naut.) miles (statute) 1.1516
miles (naut.) yards 2,027
5
miles (statute) centimeters 1.609 x 10
miles (statute) feet 5,280
4
miles (statute) inches 6.336 x 10
miles (statute) kilometers 1.609
miles (statute) meters 1,609
miles (statute) miles (naut.) 0.8684
miles (statute) yards 1,760
miles/hr cm/sec 44.70
miles/hr feet/min 88
miles/hr feet/sec 1.467
miles/hr km/hr 1.609
miles/hr km/min 0.02682
miles/hr knots 0.8684
miles/hr meters/min 26.82
miles/hr miles/min 0.1667
miles/hr/sec cm/sec/sec 44.70
miles/hr/sec feet/sec/sec 1.467
miles/hr/sec km/hr/sec 1.609
miles/hr/sec meters/sec/sec 0.4470
miles/min cm/sec 2,682

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
miles/min feet/sec 88
miles/min km/min 1.609
miles/min knots/min 0.8684
miles/min miles/hr 60
–6
mil-feet cubic inches 9.425 x 10
milliers kilograms 1,000
milligrams grains 0.01543236
milligrams grams 0.001
milligrams/liter parts/million 1.0
millihenries henries 0.001
milliliters liters 0.001
millimeters centimeters 0.1
–3
millimeters feet 3.281 x 10
millimeters inches 0.03937
–6
millimeters kilometers 10
millimeters meters 0.001
–7
millimeters miles 6.214 x 10
millimeters mils 39.37
–3
millimeters yards 1.094 x 10
–9
millimicrons meters 1 x 10
million gal/day cubic ft/sec 1.54723
–3
mils centimeters 2.540 x 10
–5
mils feet 8.333 x 10
mils inches 0.001
–8
mils kilometers 2.540 x 10
–5
mils yards 2.778 x 10
miner’s inches cubic ft/min 1.5
minims (British) cubic cm 0.059192
minims (U.S., fluid) cubic cm 0.061612
minutes (angles) degrees 0.01667
–4
minutes (angles) quadrants 1.852 x 10
–4
minutes (angles) radians 2.909 x 10
minutes (angles) seconds 60.0
myriagrams kilograms 10.0
myriameters kilometers 10.0
myriawatts kilowatts 10.0

N
To Convert Into Multiply By
nepers decibels 8.686
Newton dynes 1 x 105

O
To Convert Into Multiply By
ohm (international) ohm (absolute) 1.0005
–6
ohms megohms 10
6
ohms microhms 10
ounces drams 16.0
ounces grains 437.5
ounces grams 28.349527

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
ounces pounds 0.0625
ounces ounces (troy) 0.9115
–5
ounces tons (long) 2.790 x 10
–5
ounces tons (metric) 2.835 x 10
ounces (fluid) cubic inches 1.805
ounces (fluid) liters 0.02957
ounces (troy) grains 480.0
ounces (troy) grams 31.103481
ounces (troy) ounces (avdp.) 1.09714
ounces (troy) pennyweights (troy) 20.0
ounces (troy) pounds (troy) 0.08333
ounces/sq. inch dynes/sq. cm 4,309
ounces/sq. in pounds/sq. in 0.0625

P
To Convert Into Multiply By
12
parsec miles 19 x 10
13
parsec kilometers 3.084 x 10
parts/million grains/U.S. gal 0.0584
parts/million grains/Imp. gal 0.07016
parts/million pounds/million gal 8.345
pecks (British) cubic inches 554.6
pecks (British) liters 9.091901
pecks (U.S.) bushels 0.25
pecks (U.S.) cubic inches 537.605
pecks (U.S.) liters 8.809582
pecks (U.S.) quarts (dry) 8
pennyweights (troy) grains 24.0
pennyweights (troy) ounces (troy) 0.05
pennyweights (troy) grams 1.55517
–3
pennyweights (troy) pounds (troy) 4.1667 x 10
pints (dry) cubic inches 33.60
pints (liq.) cubic cm 473.2
pints (liq.) cubic feet 0.01671
pints (liq.) cubic inches 28.87
–4
pints (liq.) cubic meters 4.732 x 10
–4
pints (liq.) cubic yards 6.189 x 10
pints (liq.) gallons 0.125
pints (liq.) liters 0.4732
pints (liq.) quarts (liq.) 0.5
–27
Planck’s quantum erg - second 6.624 x 10
poise gram/cm sec 1.00
poundals dynes 13,826
poundals grams 14.10
–3
poundals joules/cm 1.383 x 10
poundals joules/meter (newtons) 0.1383
poundals kilograms 0.01410
poundals pounds 0.03108
7
pound-feet cm-dynes 1.356 x 10
pound-feet cm-grams 13,825

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
pound-feet meter-kg 0.1383
pounds drams 256
4
pounds dynes 44.4823 x 10
pounds grains 7,000
pounds grams 453.5924
pounds joules/cm 0.04448
pounds joules/meter (newtons) 4.448
pounds kilograms 0.4536
pounds ounces 16.0
pounds ounces (troy) 14.5833
pounds poundals 32.17
pounds pounds (troy) 1.21528
pounds tons (short) 0.0005
pounds (avoirdupois) ounces (troy) 14.5833
pounds (troy) grains 5,760
pounds (troy) grams 373.24177
pounds (troy) ounces (avdp.) 13.1657
pounds (troy) ounces (troy) 12.0
pounds (troy) pennyweights (troy) 240.0
pounds (troy) pounds (avdp.) 0.822857
–4
pounds (troy) tons (long) 3.6735 x 10
–4
pounds (troy) tons (metric) 3.7324 x 10
–4
pounds (troy) tons (short) 4.1143 x 10
pounds of water cubic ft 0.01602
pounds of water cubic inches 27.68
pounds of water gallons 0.1198
–4
pounds of water/min cubic ft/sec 2.670 x 10
pounds/cubic ft grams/cubic cm 0.01602
pounds/cubic ft kg/cubic meter 16.02
–4
pounds/cubic ft pounds/cubic in 5.787 x 10
–9
pounds/cubic ft pounds/mil-foot 5.456 x 10
pounds/cubic in gm/cubic cm 27.68
4
pounds/cubic in kg/cubic meter 2.768 x 10
pounds/cubic in pounds/cubic ft 1,728
–6
pounds/cubic in pounds/mil-foot 9.425 x 10
pounds/ft kg/meter 1.488
pounds/in gm/cm 178.6
6
pounds/mil-foot gm/cubic cm 2.306 x 10
–4
pounds/sq. ft atmospheres 4.725 x 10
pounds/sq. ft feet of water 0.01602
pounds/sq. ft inches of mercury 0.01414
pounds/sq. ft kg/sq. meter 4.882
–3
pounds/sq. ft pounds/sq. in 6.944 x 10
pounds/sq. in atmospheres 0.06804
pounds/sq. in feet of water 2.307
pounds/sq. in inches of mercury 2.036
pounds/sq. in kg/sq. meter 703.1
pounds/sq. in pounds/sq. ft 144.0

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 — Q
To Convert Into Multiply By
quadrants (angle) degrees 90.0
quadrants (angle) minutes 5,400.0
quadrants (angle) radians 1.571
5
quadrants (angle) seconds 3.24 x 10
quarts (dry) cubic inches 67.20
quarts (liq.) cubic cm 946.4
quarts (liq.) cubic feet 0.03342
quarts (liq.) cubic inches 57.75
–4
quarts (liq.) cubic meters 9.464 x 10
–3
quarts (liq.) cubic yards 1.238 x 10
quarts (liq.) gallons 0.25
quarts (liq.) liters 0.9463

R
To Convert Into Multiply By
radians degrees 57.30
radians minutes 3,438
radians quadrants 0.6366
5
radians seconds 2.063 x 10
radians/sec degrees/sec 57.30
radians/sec revolutions/min 9.549
radians/sec revolutions/sec 0.1592
radians/sec/sec revolutions/min/min 573.0
radians/sec/sec revolutions/min/sec 9.549
radians/sec/sec revolutions/sec/sec 0.1592
revolutions degrees 360.0
revolutions quadrants 4.0
revolutions radians 6.283
revolutions/min degrees/sec 6.0
revolutions/min radians/sec 0.1047
revolutions/min revolutions/sec 0.01667
–3
revolutions/min/min radians/sec/sec 1.745 x 10
revolutions/min/min revolutions/min/sec 0.01667
–4
revolutions/min/min revolutions/sec/sec 2.778 x 10
revolutions/sec degrees/sec 360.0
revolutions/sec radians/sec 6.283
revolutions/sec revolutions/min 60.0
revolutions/sec/sec radians/sec/sec 6.283
revolutions/sec/sec revolutions/min/min 3,600.0
revolutions/sec/sec revolutions/min/sec 60.0
rod chain (Gunters) 0.25
rod meters 5.029
rods feet 16.5
rods (surveyors’ meas.) yards 5.5

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 — S
To Convert Into Multiply By
scruples grains 20
–4
seconds (angle) degrees 2.778 x 10
seconds (angle) minutes 0.01667
–6
seconds (angle) quadrants 3.087 x 10
–6
seconds (angle) radians 4.848 x 10
slug kilogram 14.59
slug pounds 32.17
sphere steradians 12.57
5
square centimeters circular mils 1.973 x 10
–3
square centimeters sq. feet 1.076 x 10
square centimeters sq. inches 0.1550
square centimeters sq. meters 0.0001
–11
square centimeters sq. miles 3.861 x 10
square centimeters sq. millimeters 100.0
–4
square centimeters sq. yards 1.196 x 10
–5
square feet acres 2.296 x 10
8
square feet circular mils 1.833 x 10
square feet sq. cm 929.0
square feet sq. inches 144.0
square feet sq. meters 0.09290
–8
square feet sq. miles 3.587 x 10
4
square feet sq. millimeters 9.290 x 10
square feet sq. yards 0.1111
6
square inches circular mils 1.273 x 10
square inches sq. cm 6.452
–3
square inches sq. feet 6.944 x 10
square inches sq. millimeters 645.2
6
square inches sq. mils 10
–4
square inches sq. yards 7.716 x 10
square kilometers acres 247.1
10
square kilometers sq. cm 10
6
square kilometers sq. ft 10.76 x 10
9
square kilometers sq. inches 1.550 x 10
6
square kilometers sq. meters 10
square kilometers sq. miles 0.3861
6
square kilometers sq. yards 1.196 x 10
–4
square meters acres 2.471 x 10
4
square meters sq. cm 10
square meters sq. feet 10.76
square meters sq. inches 1,550
–7
square meters sq. miles 3.861 x 10
6
square meters sq. millimeters 10
square meters sq. yards 1.196
square miles acres 640.0
6
square miles sq. feet 27.88 x 10
square miles sq. km 2.590
6
square miles sq. meters 2.590 x 10
6
square miles sq. yards 3.098 x 10

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
square millimeters circular mils 1,973
square millimeters sq. cm 0.01
–5
square millimeters sq. feet 1.076 x 10
–3
square millimeters sq. inches 1.550 x 10
square mils circular mils 1.273
–6
square mils sq. cm 6.452 x 10
–6
square mils sq. inches 10
–4
square yards acres 2.066 x 10
square yards sq. cm 8,361
square yards sq. feet 9.0
square yards sq. inches 1,296
square yards sq. meters 0.8361
–7
square yards sq. miles 3.228 x 10
5
square yards sq. millimeters 8.361 x 10

T
To Convert Into Multiply By
temperature (°C)+273 absolute temperature (°C) 1.0
temperature (°C)+17.78 temperature (°F) 1.8
temperature (°F)+460 absolute temperature (°F) 1.0
temperature (°F)–32 temperature (°C) 5/9
tons (long) kilograms 1,016
tons (long) pounds 2,240
tons (long) tons (short) 1.120
tons (metric) kilograms 1,000
tons (metric) pounds 2,205
tons (short) kilograms 907.1848
tons (short) ounces 32,000
tons (short) ounces (troy) 29,166.66
tons (short) pounds 2,000
tons (short) pounds (troy) 2,430.56
tons (short) tons (long) 0.89287
tons (short) tons (metric) 0.9078
tons (short)/sq. ft kg/sq. meter 9,765
tons (short)/sq. ft pounds/sq. in 2,000
tons of water/24 hr pounds of water/hr 83.333
tons of water/24 hr gallons/min 0.16643
tons of water/24 hr cubic ft/hr 1.3349

V
To Convert Into Multiply By
volt (absolute) statvolts 0.003336
volt/inch volt/cm 0.39370

W
To Convert Into Multiply By
watt-hours Btu 3.413
10
watt-hours ergs 3.60 x 10
watt-hours foot-pounds 2,656
watt-hours gram-calories 859.85

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 –3
—
watt-hours horsepower-hr 1.341 x 10
watt-hours kilogram-calories 0.8605
watt-hours kilogram-meters 367.2
watt-hours kilowatt-hr 0.001
watt (international) watt (absolute) 1.0002
watts Btu/hr 3.4129
watts Btu/min 0.05688
watts ergs/sec 107
watts foot-lb/min 44.27
watts foot-lb/sec 0.7378
–3
watts horsepower 1.341 x 10
–3
watts horsepower (metric) 1.360 x 10
watts kg-calories/min 0.01433
watts kilowatts 0.001
watts (Abs.) Btu (mean)/min 0.056884
watts (Abs.) joules/sec 1
8
webers maxwells 10
5
webers kilolines 10
7
webers/sq. in gausses 1.550 x 10
8
webers/sq. in lines/sq. in 10
webers/sq. in webers/sq. cm 0.1550
webers/sq. in webers/sq. meter 1,550
4
webers/sq. meter gausses 10
4
webers/sq. meter lines/sq. in 6.452 x 10
–4
webers/sq. meter webers/sq. cm 10
–4
webers/sq. meter webers/sq. in 6.452 x 10

Y
To Convert Into Multiply By
yards centimeters 91.44
–4
yards kilometers 9.144 x 10
yards meters 0.9144
–4
yards miles (naut.) 4.934 x 10
–4
yards miles (stat.) 5.682 x 10
yards millimeters 914.4

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
23.5 Reference Tables
Table 23.1 Power Conversion Factors (decibels to watts)

dBm dBw Watts Multiple Prefix

12
+150 +120 1,000,000,000,000 10 1 Terawatt
11
+140 +110 100,000,000,000 10 100 Gigawatts
10
+130 +100 10,000,000,000 10 10 Gigawatts
9
+120 +90 1,000,000,000 10 1 Gigawatt
8
+110 +80 100,000,000 10 100 Megawatts
7
+100 +70 10,000,000 10 10 Megawatts
6
+90 +60 1,000,000 10 1 Megawatt
5
+80 +50 100,000 10 100 Kilowatts
4
+70 +40 10,000 10 10 Kilowatts
3
+60 +30 1,000 10 1 Kilowatt
2
+50 +20 100 10 1 Hectrowatt
+40 +10 10 10 1 Decawatt
+30 0 1 1 1 Watt
–1
+20 –10 0.1 10 1 Deciwatt
–2
+10 –20 0.01 10 1 Centiwatt
–3
0 –30 0.001 10 1 Milliwatt
–4
–10 –40 0.0001 10 100 Microwatts
–5
–20 –50 0.00001 10 10 Microwatts
–6
–30 –60 0.000,001 10 1 Microwatt
–7
–40 –70 0.0,000,001 10 100 Nanowatts
–8
–50 –80 0.00,000,001 10 10 Nanowatts
–9
–60 –90 0.000,000,001 10 1 Nanowatt
–10
–70 –100 0.0,000,000,001 10 100 Picowatts
–11
–80 –110 0.00,000,000,001 10 10 Picowatts
–12
–90 –120 0.000,000,000,001 10 1 Picowatt

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
Table 23.2 Specifications of Standard Copper Wire Sizes
1
Wire Diam. Circular Turns per Linear Inch Ohms Current Diam.
Size in mil Enam. SCE DCC per Carrying in
2 3
AWG mils Area 100 ft Capacity mm

1 289.3 83810 - - - 0.1239 119.6 7.348

2 257.6 05370 - - - 0.1563 94.8 6.544
3 229.4 62640 - - - 0.1970 75.2 5.827
4 204.3 41740 - - - 0.2485 59.6 5.189
5 181.9 33100 - - - 0.3133 47.3 4.621
6 162.0 26250 - - - 0.3951 37.5 4.115
7 144.3 20820 - - - 0.4982 29.7 3.665
8 128.5 16510 7.6 - 7.1 0.6282 23.6 3.264
9 114.4 13090 8.6 - 7.8 0.7921 18.7 2.906
10 101.9 10380 9.6 9.1 8.9 0.9989 14.8 2.588
11 90.7 8234 10.7 - 9.8 1.26 11.8 2.305
12 80.8 6530 12.0 11.3 10.9 1.588 9.33 2.063
13 72.0 5178 13.5 - 12.8 2.003 7.40 1.828
14 64.1 4107 15.0 14.0 13.8 2.525 5.87 1.628
15 57.1 3257 16.8 - 14.7 3.184 4.65 1.450
16 50.8 2583 18.9 17.3 16.4 4.016 3.69 1.291
17 45.3 2048 21.2 - 18.1 5.064 2.93 1.150
18 40.3 1624 23.6 21.2 19.8 6.386 2.32 1.024
19 35.9 1288 26.4 - 21.8 8.051 1.84 0.912
20 32.0 1022 29.4 25.8 23.8 10.15 1.46 0.812
21 28.5 810 33.1 - 26.0 12.8 1.16 0.723
22 25.3 642 37.0 31.3 30.0 16.14 0.918 0.644
23 22.6 510 41.3 - 37.6 20.36 0.728 0.573
24 20.1 404 46.3 37.6 35.6 25.67 0.577 0.511
25 17.9 320 51.7 - 38.6 32.37 0.458 0.455
26 15.9 254 58.0 46.1 41.8 40.81 0.363 0.406
27 14.2 202 64.9 - 45.0 51.47 0.288 0.361
28 12.6 160 72.7 54.6 48.5 64.9 0.228 0.321
29 11.3 127 81.6 - 51.8 81.83 0.181 0.286
30 10.0 101 90.5 64.1 55.5 103.2 0.144 0.255
31 8.9 50 101 - 59.2 130.1 0.114 0.227
32 8.0 63 113 74.1 61.6 164.1 0.090 0.202
33 7.1 50 127 - 66.3 206.9 0.072 0.180
34 6.3 40 143 86.2 70.0 260.9 0.057 0.160
35 5.6 32 158 - 73.5 329.0 0.045 0.143
36 5.0 25 175 103.1 T7.0 414.8 0.036 0.127
37 4.5 20 198 - 80.3 523.1 0.028 0.113
38 4.0 16 224 116.3 83.6 659.6 0.022 0.101
39 3.5 12 248 - 86.6 831.8 0.018 0.090
1
Based on 25.4 mm.
2
Ohms per 1,000 ft measured at 20°C.
3
Current-carrying capacity at 700 cm/amp.

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
Table 23.3 Celsius-to-Fahrenheit Conversion Table

°Celsius °Fahrenheit °Celsius °Fahrenheit

–50 –58 125 257

–45 –49 130 266
–40 –40 135 275
–35 –31 140 284
–30 –22 145 293
–25 –13 150 302
–20 4 155 311
–15 5 160 320
–10 14 165 329
–5 23 170 338
0 32 175 347
5 41 180 356
10 50 185 365
15 59 190 374
20 68 195 383
25 77 200 392
30 86 205 401
35 95 210 410
40 104 215 419
45 113 220 428
50 122 225 437
55 131 230 446
60 140 235 455
65 149 240 464
70 158 245 473
75 167 250 482
80 176 255 491
85 185 260 500
90 194 265 509
95 203 270 518
100 212 275 527
105 221 280 536
110 230 285 545
115 239 290 554
120 248 295 563

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

 —
Table 23.4 Inch-to-Millimeter Conversion Table

Inch 0 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 Inch

0 0.0 3.18 6.35 9.52 12.70 15.88 19.05 22.22 0

1 25.40 28.58 31.75 34.92 38.10 41.28 44.45 47.62 1
2 50.80 53.98 57.15 60.32 63.50 66.68 69.85 73.02 2
3 76.20 79.38 82.55 85.72 88.90 92.08 95.25 98.42 3
4 101.6 104.8 108.0 111.1 114.3 117.5 120.6 123.8 4
5 127.0 130.2 133.4 136.5 139.7 142.9 146.0 149.2 5
6 152.4 155.6 158.8 161.9 165.1 168.3 171.4 174.6 6
7 177.8 181.0 184.2 187.3 190.5 193.7 196.8 200.0 7
8 203.2 206.4 209.6 212.7 215.9 219.1 222.2 225.4 8
9 228.6 231.8 235.0 238.1 241.3 244.5 247.6 250.8 9
10 254.0 257.2 260.4 263.5 266.7 269.9 273.0 276.2 10
11 279 283 286 289 292 295 298 302 11
12 305 308 311 314 317 321 324 327 12
13 330 333 337 340 343 346 349 352 13
14 356 359 362 365 368 371 375 378 14
15 381 384 387 391 394 397 400 403 15
16 406 410 413 416 419 422 425 429 16
17 432 435 438 441 445 448 451 454 17
18 457 460 464 467 470 473 476 479 18
19 483 486 489 492 495 498 502 505 19
20 508 511 514 518 521 524 527 530 20

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

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Table 23.5 Conversion of Millimeters to Decimal Inches

mm Inches mm Inches mm Inches

1 0.039370 46 1.811020 91 3.582670

2 0.078740 47 1.850390 92 3.622040
3 0.118110 48 1.889760 93 3.661410
4 0.157480 49 1.929130 94 3.700780
5 0.196850 50 1.968500 95 3.740150
6 0.236220 51 2.007870 96 3.779520
7 0.275590 52 2.047240 97 3.818890
8 0.314960 53 2.086610 98 3.858260
9 0.354330 54 2.125980 99 3.897630
10 0.393700 55 2.165350 100 3.937000
11 0.433070 56 2.204720 105 4.133848
12 0.472440 57 2.244090 110 4.330700
13 0.511810 58 2.283460 115 4.527550
14 0.551180 59 2.322830 120 4.724400
15 0.590550 60 2.362200 125 4.921250
16 0.629920 61 2.401570 210 8.267700
17 0.669290 62 2.440940 220 8.661400
18 0.708660 63 2.480310 230 9.055100
19 0.748030 64 2.519680 240 9.448800
20 0.787400 65 2.559050 250 9.842500
21 0.826770 66 2.598420 260 10.236200
22 0.866140 67 2.637790 270 10.629900
23 0.905510 68 2.677160 280 11.032600
24 0.944880 69 2.716530 290 11.417300
25 0.984250 70 2.755900 300 11.811000
26 1.023620 71 2.795270 310 12.204700
27 1.062990 72 2.834640 320 12.598400
28 1.102360 73 2.874010 330 12.992100
29 1.141730 74 2.913380 340 13.385800
30 1.181100 75 2.952750 350 13.779500
31 1.220470 76 2.992120 360 14.173200
32 1.259840 77 3.031490 370 14.566900
33 1.299210 78 3.070860 380 14.960600
34 1.338580 79 3.110230 390 15.354300
35 1.377949 80 3.149600 400 15.748000
36 1.417319 81 3.188970 500 19.685000
37 1.456689 82 3.228340 600 23.622000
38 1.496050 83 3.267710 700 27.559000
39 1.535430 84 3.307080 800 31.496000
40 1.574800 85 3.346450 900 35.433000
41 1.614170 86 3.385820 1000 39.370000
42 1.653540 87 3.425190 2000 78.740000
43 1.692910 88 3.464560 3000 118.110000
44 1.732280 89 3.503903 4000 157.480000
45 1.771650 90 3.543300 5000 196.850000

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

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Table 23.6 Conversion of Common Fractions to Decimal and Millimeter Units

Common Decimal mm Common Decimal mm

Fractions Fractions (approx.) Fractions Fractions (approx.)

1/128 0.008 0.20 1/2 0.500 12.70

1/64 0.016 0.40 33/64 0.516 13.10
1/32 0.031 0.79 17/32 0.531 13.49
3/64 0.047 1.19 35/64 0.547 13.89
1/16 0.063 1.59 9/16 0.563 14.29
5/64 0.078 1.98 37/64 0.578 14.68
3/32 0.094 2.38 19/32 0.594 15.08
7/64 0.109 2.78 39/64 0.609 15.48
1/8 0.125 3.18 5/8 0.625 15.88
9/64 0.141 3.57 41/64 0.641 16.27
5/32 0.156 3.97 21/32 0.656 16.67
11/64 0.172 4.37 43/64 0.672 17.07
3/16 0.188 4.76 11/16 0.688 17.46
13/64 0.203 5.16 45/64 0.703 17.86
7/32 0.219 5.56 23/32 0.719 18.26
15/64 0.234 5.95 47/64 0.734 18.65
1/4 0.250 6.35 3/4 0.750 19.05
17/64 0.266 6.75 49/64 0.766 19.45
9/32 0.281 7.14 25/32 0.781 19.84
19/64 0.297 7.54 51/64 0.797 20.24
5/16 0.313 7.94 13/16 0.813 20.64
21/64 0.328 8.33 53/64 0.828 21.03
11/32 0.344 8.73 27/32 0.844 21.43
23/64 0.359 9.13 55/64 0.859 21.83
3/8 0.375 9.53 7/8 0.875 22.23
25/64 0.391 9.92 57/64 0.891 22.62
13/32 0.406 10.32 29/32 0.906 23.02
27/64 0.422 10.72 59/64 0.922 23.42
7/16 0.438 11.11 15/16 0.938 23.81
29/64 0.453 11.51 61/64 0.953 24.21
15/32 0.469 11.91 31/32 0.969 24.61
31/64 0.484 12.30 63/64 0.984 25.00

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

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Table 23.7 Decimal Equivalent Size of Drill Numbers

Drill Decimal Drill Decimal Drill Decimal

no. Equiv. no. Equiv. no. Equiv.

80 0.0135 53 0.0595 26 0.1470

79 0.0145 52 0.0635 25 0.1495
78 0.0160 51 0.0670 24 0.1520
77 0.0180 50 0.0700 23 0.1540
76 0.0200 49 0.0730 22 0.1570
75 0.0210 48 0.0760 21 0.1590
74 0.0225 47 0.0785 20 0.1610
73 0.0240 46 0.0810 19 0.1660
72 0.0250 45 0.0820 18 0.1695
71 0.0260 44 0.0860 17 0.1730
70 0.0280 43 0.0890 16 0.1770
69 0.0292 42 0.0935 15 0.1800
68 0.0310 41 0.0960 14 0.1820
67 0.0320 40 0.0980 13 0.1850
66 0.0330 39 0.0995 12 0.1890
65 0.0350 38 0.1015 11 0.1910
64 0.0360 37 0.1040 10 0.1935
63 0.0370 36 0.1065 9 0.1960
62 0.0380 35 0.1100 8 0.1990
61 0.0390 34 0.1110 7 0.2010
60 0.0400 33 0.1130 6 0.2040
59 0.0410 32 0.1160 5 0.2055
58 0.0420 31 0.1200 4 0.2090
57 0.0430 30 0.1285 3 0.2130
56 0.0465 29 0.1360 2 0.2210
55 0.0520 28 0.1405 1 0.2280
54 0.0550 27 0.1440

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

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Table 23.8 Decimal Equivalent Size of Drill Letters

Letter Decimal Letter Decimal Letter Decimal

Drill Equiv. Drill Equiv. Drill Equiv.

A 0.234 J 0.277 S 0.348

B 0.238 K 0.281 T 0.358
C 0.242 L 0.290 U 0.368
D 0.246 M 0.295 V 0.377
E 0.250 N 0.302 W 0.386
F 0.257 O 0.316 X 0.397
G 0.261 P 0.323 Y 0.404
H 0.266 Q 0.332 Z 0.413
I 0.272 R 0.339

Table 23.9 Conversion Ratios for Length

Known Quantity Multiply by Quantity to Find

inches (in) 2.54 centimeters (cm)

feet (ft) 30 centimeters (cm)
yards (yd) 0.9 meters (m)
miles (mi) 1.6 kilometers (km)
millimeters (mm) 0.04 inches (in)
centimeters (cm) 0.4 inches (in)
meters (m) 3.3 feet (ft)
meters (m) 1.1 yards (yd)
kilometers (km) 0.6 miles (mi)
centimeters (cm) 10 millimeters (mm)
decimeters (dm) 10 centimeters (cm)
decimeters (dm) 100 millimeters (mm)
meters (m) 10 decimeters (dm)
meters (m) 1000 millimeters (mm)
dekameters (dam) 10 meters (m)
hectometers (hm) 10 dekameters (dam)
hectometers (hm) 100 meters (m)
kilometers (km) 10 hectometers (hm)
kilometers (km) 1000 meters (m)

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

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Table 23.10 Conversion Ratios for Area

Known Quantity Multiply by Quantity to Find

2 2
square inches (in ) 6.5 square centimeters (cm )
2 2
square feet (ft ) 0.09 square meters (m )
2 2
square yards (yd ) 0.8 square meters (m )
2 2
square miles (mi ) 2.6 square kilometers (km )
acres 0.4 hectares (ha)
2 2
square centimeters (cm ) 0.16 square inches (in )
2 2
square meters (m ) 1.2 square yards (yd )
2 2
square kilometers (km ) 0.4 square miles (mi )
hectares (ha) 2.5 acres
2 2
square centimeters (cm ) 100 square millimeters (mm )
2 2
square meters (m ) 10,000 square centimeters (cm )
2 2
square meters (m ) 1,000,000 square millimeters (mm )
2
ares (a) 100 square meters (m )
hectares (ha) 100 ares (a)
2
hectares (ha) 10,000 square meters (m )
2
square kilometers (km ) 100 hectares (ha)
2 2
square kilometers (km ) 1,000 square meters (m )

Table 23.11 Conversion Ratios for Mass

Known Quantity Multiply by Quantity to Find

ounces (oz) 28 grams (g)

pounds (lb) 0.45 kilograms (kg)
tons 0.9 tonnes (t)
grams (g) 0.035 ounces (oz)
kilograms (kg) 2.2 pounds (lb)
tonnes (t) 100 kilograms (kg)
tonnes (t) 1.1 tons
centigrams (cg) 10 milligrams (mg)
decigrams (dg) 10 centigrams (cg)
decigrams (dg) 100 milligrams (mg)
grams (g) 10 decigrams (dg)
grams (g) 1000 milligrams (mg)
dekagram (dag) 10 grams (g)
hectogram (hg) 10 dekagrams (dag)
hectogram (hg) 100 grams (g)
kilograms (kg) 10 hectograms (hg)
kilograms (kg) 1000 grams (g)

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

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Table 23.12 Conversion Ratios for Volume

Known Quantity Multiply by Quantity to Find

milliliters (mL) 0.03 fluid ounces (fl oz)

liters (L) 2.1 pints (pt)
liters (L) 1.06 quarts (qt)
liters (L) 0.26 gallons (gal)
gallons (gal) 3.8 liters (L)
quarts (qt) 0.95 liters (L)
pints (pt) 0.47 liters (L)
cups (c) 0.24 liters (L)
fluid ounces (fl oz) 30 milliliters (mL)
teaspoons (tsp) 5 milliliters (mL)
tablespoons (tbsp) 15 milliliters (mL)
liters (L) 100 milliliters (mL)

Table 23.13 Conversion Ratios for Cubic Measure

Known Quantity Multiply by Quantity to Find

3 3
cubic meters (m ) 35 cubic feet (ft )
3 3
cubic meters (m ) 1.3 cubic yards (yd )
3 3
cubic yards (yd ) 0.76 cubic meters (m )
3 3
cubic feet (ft ) 0.028 cubic meters (m )
3 3
cubic centimeters (cm ) 1000 cubic millimeters (mm )
3 3
cubic decimeters (dm ) 1000 cubic centimeters (cm )
3 3
cubic decimeters (dm ) 1,000,000 cubic millimeters (mm )
3 3
cubic meters (m ) 1000 cubic decimeters (dm )
3
cubic meters (m ) 1 steres
3 3
cubic feet (ft ) 1728 cubic inches (in )
3
cubic feet (ft ) 28.32 liters (L)
3 3
cubic inches (in ) 16.39 cubic centimeters (cm )
3
cubic meters (m 264 gallons (gal)
3 3
cubic yards (yd ) 27 cubic feet (ft )
3
cubic yards (yd ) 202 gallons (gal)
3
gallons (gal) 231 cubic inches (in )

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)

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Table 23.14 Conversion Ratios for Electrical Quantities

Known Quantity Multiply by Quantity to Find

Btu per minute 0.024 horsepower (hp)

Btu per minute 17.57 watts (W)
horsepower (hp) 33,000 foot-pounds per min (ft-lb/min)
horsepower (hp) 746 watts (W)
kilowatts (kW) 57 Btu per minute
kilowatts (kW) 1.34 horsepower (hp)

1(To Convert)= (Multiply by) X (into)