NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

RESEARCH METHODS FOR ARCHITECTURE

RESEARCH PAPER

"Ocean Roots: A Proposed Agri-Industrial Hub Focusing

on Aquaculture to Empower the Badjao Community
Through Vernacular Architecture"

Submitted by:

ALEJANDRO P. BOBADILLA JR.

BS ARCH 41E1

Submitted to:

PROF. MARVIE VENTURA

 Introduction

Aquaculture, the cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds,
is vital in addressing global challenges related to food security and environmental sustainability
(Martinell, 2024). As traditional marine resources become depleted due to overfishing,
aquaculture presents a promising solution to meet the increasing demand for seafood while
fostering economic growth through job creation and community development (Hradovych et
al., 2024). Therefore, exploring how aquaculture can specifically benefit marginalized
communities, particularly the Badjao in the Philippines, is essential.

The Badjao people, originally from Tawi-Tawi, faced significant challenges when they
relocated to Batangas. Their traditional fishing practices have become unsustainable, leading
to socioeconomic difficulties, including limited access to stable employment and rising poverty
levels (Barboza et al., 2024; Santos et al., 2023). According to the report "Sama-Badjao Halaw
from South Ubian, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines from 2000-2018: Narratives" (2022), declining fish
stocks and increased competition have driven the Badjao to urban areas for better opportunities.
Thus, it is crucial to develop customized aquaculture solutions that address the unique cultural
and economic needs of the Badjao community in Luzon and beyond.

Rasul and Gurung (2023) emphasize that the marginalization of the Badjao exacerbates
food security and resource management issues. This study examines the socio-economic and
environmental challenges the Badjao community faces in Malitam, Batangas. This location
offers a unique opportunity to implement and assess aquaculture solutions tailored to support
their traditional way of life. The goal is to enhance their living conditions through a financially
viable and culturally appropriate aquaculture model.

The "Ocean Roots" project envisions an agri-industrial hub integrating sustainable

aquaculture with traditional vernacular architecture. This approach aims to create economic
opportunities while preserving the Badjao’s cultural heritage. The project uses traditional
materials and construction techniques to maintain a solid connection to the community’s
historical context. This research addresses the marginalization and cultural fragmentation
experienced by the Badjao, focusing on providing new opportunities while preserving their
unique cultural identity. The program adopts a holistic strategy that promotes economic
development, equality, and cultural preservation, effectively addressing urgent socio-economic
and sustainability issues.
 Background of the Study

Historical Context

The Badjao, often referred to as "sea gypsies," are an indigenous group from the Sulu
Archipelago. Their traditional fishing practices, well-adapted to their coastal environment, are
central to their economic survival and cultural identity (Mardhiyah et al., 2022; Adjei & Sika-
Bright, 2019). However, modern challenges such as overfishing and socio-political instability,
including the Moro insurgency, have significantly disrupted their way of life. Overfishing has
reduced fish stocks, threatening their economic stability and cultural practices (Castilla et al.,
2024). Additionally, socio-political issues, including violence from groups like Abu Sayyaf,
have led to displacement, forcing many Badjao to migrate to urban areas like Batangas in search
of better opportunities (Daug, 2013). Economic hardships, including food insecurity and
inadequate health services, have further driven this migration (Posso et al., 2022). Adapting to
urban life has made it increasingly difficult for the Badjao to maintain their cultural practices
due to conflicting traditional values (Tan & Firat, 2022).

Literature Context

Aquaculture is increasingly recognized as a crucial global food security and economic

development strategy. As the fastest-growing sector in food production, it is essential for
meeting the demands of a global population projected to reach 9 billion by 2050 (Mair et al.,
2023; Olaniyan, 2024). The sector provides nearly one-third of the world’s edible fish, critical
for enhancing nutritional security and alleviating pressure on overexploited wild fisheries
(Olaniyan, 2024). Additionally, aquaculture supports economic growth by creating
employment opportunities and fostering social programs, particularly in marginalized
communities (Garza, 2024). Innovations such as robotic technologies further promote
environmental sustainability by optimizing resource use and minimizing ecological impacts
(Lal et al., 2024). Tailoring aquaculture practices to local needs through community-centered
approaches enhances the effectiveness of these interventions (Buffa et al., 2023).

Aquaculture plays a vital role in the Philippines, leveraging the country’s extensive
coastline and biodiversity to support diverse practices. Regions III and IV-A are particularly
notable for their abundant natural water bodies, facilitating high fish production and various
aquaculture activities (Cid et al., 2022). The sector is also significant for cultivating high-value
species such as freshwater eels (Santos et al., 2023). Marine reserves and community-based
management have proven effective in facilitating fish stock recovery and promoting healthier
marine environments (Marriott et al., 2021; Bayani & Corpus, 2024). Aquaculture remains the
dominant source of fish in the Philippines, contributing over 70% of fish production and
playing a critical role in food security and local economies (III et al., 2022).

Research on Marginalized Communities and Aquaculture

Community-based aquaculture (CBA) projects in countries like Madagascar and Nepal

demonstrate how aquaculture can provide alternative income streams and improve social
outcomes for marginalized communities (Funk et al., 2022; Farquhar et al., 2018). These
initiatives highlight aquaculture's potential to address economic challenges and support
community development.

Theoretical Context

Vernacular architecture is essential for preserving cultural identity and community pride
through traditional art and practices (Laksmiyanti et al., 2023). Adapting traditional designs to
modern needs helps preserve cultural heritage while meeting contemporary requirements (Hu
& Suh, 2023). Traditional aquaculture systems utilizing biodegradable materials, such as
bamboo, are environmentally friendly and reduce pollution compared to modern techniques
(Manna & Bhattacharjya, 2009). Incorporating indigenous materials into aquaculture facilities
reflects local culture and practices, fostering community identity (Cao et al., 2023).

Research Gap

A significant gap in the existing literature is the lack of studies integrating modern
aquaculture practices with the traditional fishing methods of the Badjao community. Current
models often overlook Indigenous practices and needs, leading to suboptimal outcomes and
resistance to new methods (Smith & Lee, 2023; Jones et al., 2024). Furthermore, insufficient
research exists on how culturally sensitive aquaculture projects impact the economic stability
and cultural preservation of the Badjao community. Comprehensive studies are needed to
explore how these benefits can be maximized while respecting and integrating Badjao’s
cultural heritage (Garza, 2024; Farquhar et al., 2018).

Statement of the Problem

This study explores the integration of modern aquaculture practices with the traditional
architectural styles of the Badjao community, focusing on the following research questions:

1. How can aquaculture facilities be designed to integrate the traditional architectural

styles of the Badjao community while addressing the technological and operational
needs of modern aquaculture systems?
2. What design strategies can effectively merge the traditional building forms of the
Badjao with the technical requirements of contemporary aquaculture systems?
3. How does incorporating traditional Badjao architectural elements into aquaculture
facilities influence the community’s acceptance and utilization of these structures?
4. How can traditional materials and construction methods be employed in the design of
aquaculture facilities to minimize environmental impact and enhance sustainability?

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to provide comprehensive solutions that ensure both cultural and
operational requirements are met by integrating traditional architectural styles with modern
aquaculture needs:

1. To develop design guidelines for aquaculture facilities that harmoniously blend the
traditional architectural styles of the Badjao with the functional needs of modern
aquaculture, ensuring both cultural relevance and operational efficiency.
2. To identify and propose architectural solutions that reconcile traditional Badjao
building forms with the technical demands of contemporary aquaculture systems.
3. To evaluate the effects of incorporating traditional Badjao architectural features into
aquaculture facilities on community acceptance, integration, and cultural preservation.
4. To investigate applying traditional materials and construction techniques in aquaculture
facility design to reduce environmental impact and enhance sustainability.
 Scope and Delimitations

Scope of the Study

This research focuses on designing an agro-industrial hub to introduce aquaculture to

the Badjao community in Malitam, Batangas, Philippines. The primary objective is to develop
design guidelines that promote sustainability and economic opportunities while preserving the
cultural identity of the Badjao through vernacular architecture.

The research will specifically explore how aquaculture practices, such as shellfish
farming and coastal fish culture, can complement the traditional fishing methods of the Badjao
and be seamlessly integrated with their architectural styles. This study will consider various
aspects, including:

• Cultural Integration: How can the design reflect Badjao's cultural identity while
supporting modern aquaculture practices?

• Sustainability: Implementing environmentally sustainable practices and materials in

the hub's design.

• Community Engagement: Involving the Badjao community in the design process to

ensure that the facilities meet their needs and respect their traditions.

• Economic Viability: Analyzing the potential for the hub to create job opportunities and
improve livelihoods within the community.

Delimitations of the Study

This study will specifically focus on the Badjao community in Malitam, Batangas,
excluding other indigenous groups or communities in the Philippines. By concentrating on this
particular population, the research aims to provide targeted insights into the unique cultural and
economic context of the Badjao people.

The research will introduce aquaculture practices that align with traditional Badjao
fishing methods, mainly focusing on shellfish farming and coastal fish culture. These practices
are chosen for their relevance to the community's knowledge and traditions. Consequently, the
study will not explore non-coastal aquaculture methods or practices unrelated to the Badjao,
ensuring that the research remains culturally sensitive and contextually appropriate.
 To maintain relevance to contemporary practices, the analysis will cover developments
in aquaculture from 2010 to 2024. This time frame allows for examining recent trends and
innovations that could positively impact the Badjao community, ensuring that the proposed
solutions are modern and applicable.

Geographically, the study is confined to Malitam, Batangas, without extending to other

regions or communities. This localized focus enables a deeper understanding of the specific
challenges and opportunities present in the area, facilitating more effective design solutions.

Potential limitations may arise in accessing community data due to geographical

barriers and the varying willingness of community members to engage in the study. These
challenges could impact the richness of the data collected and the overall findings, emphasizing
the need for careful planning in the research process.

Lastly, there may be resistance to integrating modern aquaculture techniques with

traditional practices. This potential pushback underscores the importance of adopting a
culturally sensitive approach in the design process to foster acceptance and enhance the
effectiveness of the proposed aquaculture solutions.

Significance of the Study

This study holds significance for multiple stakeholders, including the Badjao
community, local policymakers, and the field of architecture and aquaculture.

For the Badjao Community

The research aims to empower the Badjao community by introducing sustainable

aquaculture practices that can enhance their economic opportunities. By integrating traditional
fishing methods with modern aquaculture, this study seeks to provide the community with
viable income sources while respecting and preserving their cultural identity through
vernacular architecture.

For Local Policymakers

The findings can serve as a valuable resource for policymakers focused on sustainable
development in coastal areas. By demonstrating how aquaculture can be harmoniously
integrated with cultural heritage, the study can inform policies that promote economic growth
without compromising traditional lifestyles.
For Architectural and Aquaculture Disciplines

This research contributes to architecture and aquaculture by showcasing innovative

design solutions prioritizing sustainability and cultural sensitivity. Integrating vernacular
architecture with modern aquaculture practices can serve as a model for similar initiatives in
other Indigenous communities, fostering a broader understanding of culturally appropriate
design.

For Future Research

The study lays the groundwork for future research on the intersection of culture and
aquaculture. It highlights the need to explore how traditional practices can inform modern
sustainability efforts, encouraging interdisciplinary environmental and cultural studies
approaches.
Definition of Terms

Agro-Industrial Hub: This concept involves creating a centralized facility that combines
agricultural and industrial processes. In the context of this thesis, the agro-industrial hub will
serve as a platform for introducing aquaculture practices while fostering local economic
development.

Aquaculture: In this study, aquaculture refers to the cultivation of aquatic organisms, such as
fish and shellfish, specifically aimed at enhancing food security and creating economic
opportunities for the Badjao community in Malitam, Batangas.

Badjao: The Badjao people are an indigenous group traditionally associated with fishing and
maritime activities. Their unique cultural identity and way of life are integral to this research,
as the study seeks to incorporate their traditions into modern aquaculture practices.

Coastal Fish Culture: Referring to the raising of fish species in coastal areas, this practice is
particularly relevant for the Badjao community. The research explores how it can enhance local
livelihoods while maintaining ecological balance.

Community Engagement: Community engagement involves the Badjao in the design and
implementation process of the agro-industrial hub. This approach ensures that the facilities
meet their needs and honor their cultural values.

Culturally Sensitive Design: This concept emphasizes the importance of designing

aquaculture facilities to respect the Badjao’s cultural beliefs and practices, ensuring that new
developments align with their way of life.

Economic Viability: Economic viability pertains to the capacity of the proposed agro-
industrial hub to generate sufficient income and job opportunities for the Badjao community,
thus enhancing their quality of life.

Environmental Impact: Environmental impact concerns the effects of introducing

aquaculture practices on the local ecosystem. The study aims to assess these impacts to ensure
the proposed solutions are environmentally sustainable.

Shellfish Farming: A specific aquaculture practice focusing on the cultivation of shellfish.

This study highlights shellfish farming as a viable complement to the traditional fishing
methods of the Badjao.
Sustainability: Sustainability in this study refers to practices that ensure environmental
balance and resource conservation while meeting the current needs of the Badjao community
without compromising future generations.

Technological Integration refers to incorporating modern aquaculture technologies into

traditional practices. The research investigates how these technologies can enhance the
effectiveness and acceptance of aquaculture among the Badjao.

Vernacular Architecture: This term denotes the traditional architectural styles of the Badjao
community, characterized by the use of local materials and building techniques. The study
emphasizes how these architectural elements can be integrated into the design of aquaculture
facilities to preserve cultural identity.
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