Online Course

on

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based

Seismic Design of Structures

Fawad A. Najam
Department of Structural Engineering
NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan
Cell: 92-334-5192533, Email: fawad@[Link]
An Introduction to Performance-based Seismic Design and
Assessment of Structures

Fawad A. Najam
Department of Structural Engineering
NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan
Cell: 92-334-5192533, Email: fawad@[Link]
 Acknowledgements

• The material for the preparation of these lectures slides are taken from different sources.

• The primary source for these lecture slides are the lectures of Dr.
Naveed Anwar and Prof. Dr. Pennung Warnitchai at Asian
Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand

• Some other references of this training material include the

following.
• Online Training Material from TBI, PEER and IRIS

• Online Educational Resources from FEMA

• Class Notes of Prof. Dr. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai at Asian Institute of

Technology (AIT), Thailand Dr. Naveed Anwar Prof. Dr. Pennung Warnitchai

• Lectures of Dr. Punchet Thammarak at Asian Institute of Technology (AIT),

Thailand

• The material is taken solely for educational purposes. All sources are duly acknowledged.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 3

 An Introduction to Performance-based Seismic Design and
Assessment of Structures
• Historical Background
• Basic Philosophies of Seismic Design of Structures
• From Code-based Design to Performance Based Design (PBD)
• Performance-based Design and Assessment Process – An Introduction
• Going Beyond PBD – The Risk- and Consequence-based Design
• Some Future Trends

4
 Historical Background

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 5

The beginning of Structural Engineering

recognition of the loads,

and fact that loads have an effect on

members and materials

and that there is a resistance within

materials to resist the loads effects

and that there is some relationship

between them

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 6

(1643 – 1727)
 Evolution of our Understanding of Structures
Risk integrated based design, and a
more holistic approach towards
consequence based engineering

The introduction of capacity

based design approach
The recognition of the
difference between brittle and
ductile failure modes
Performance based design
and more explicit linkage
between demand and
performance
Formulation of ultimate
strength design approach
Formulation of limit state
design principles

Explicit consideration of
partial factor of safety (FOS)

Limits on the allowable stresses to achieve

in-direct factor of safety (FOS)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 8

 From where it all started …

D’Alembert (1717–1783) Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736 - 1830) Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt, 1842 - 1919)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 9

 Entrance in Earthquake Engineering

Arturo Danusso (1880 - 1968) Theodore von Karman (1881 - 1963) Maurice Anthony Biot (1905 - 1985)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 10

 The 20th Century

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 11

 On the Standardization …

As the size and complexity of projects increased, … it became desirable

and even necessary to … set up a series of routine procedures for analysis
and design.

With these standardized formulas and specifications and methods it

became possible to use a greater number of men and men with less
training to produce engineering works …

Standardization … as a check on fools and rascals or set up as an

intellectual assembly line, has served well in the engineering world”

– Hardy Cross

Engineers and Ivory Towers, 1952

Taken from CEE Spring Distinguished lecture by Prof. Jack Moehle - PEER

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 12

 The 20th Century

Ray W. Clough (1920 - 2016) Edward L. Wilson (Born 1931)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 13

 Evolution of Structural Design Approaches

Resilience-
based Design
Consequence-
and Risk-
Performance- based Design
based Design
Code-based
Design
Intuitive
Design

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 14

 The First Code - Hammurabi's (1792 BC to 1750 BC)

Clause 229: If a builder builds a house for someone, and does

Implicit Requirements not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in
Explicit Collapse Performance and kills its owner, then that builder
Consequence of non-Performance shall be put to death.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 15

Public Safety and the Codes

“In case you build a new house, you must also

make a parapet for your roof, that you may not
place bloodguilt upon your house because
someone falling might fall from it”

Prescriptive Performance Oriented

Modern Codes, c2000 Law of Moses (1300 BC)

Ref: Teh Kem, Associate Prof. NUS The Bible, Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 22, Verse 8

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 16

 Building Industry relies on Codes and Standards

• Specify requirements
• Give acceptable solutions
• Prescribe (detailed) procedures, rules, limits
• Mostly based on experience and not always rational

• Spirit of the code to provide Public Safety and Convenience

• Compliance to letter of the code is indented to meet the spirit

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 17

 How modern codes intent to ensure “Safety”

• Define appropriate/estimated hazard or load levels

• Prescribe limits on structural systems, members, materials
• Define procedures for analysis and design
• Provide rules for detailing
• Provide specifications for construction and monitoring

• Hope that all of this will lead to reduced vulnerability and safer structures …

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 18

The Modern Codes – With “intent” to make buildings safe for public

Extremely Detailed prescriptions

and equations using seemingly
(ACI 318 – 11) arbitrary, rounded limits with
implicit meaning

(IS 456-2000)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 19

Structural Engineers are “trained” to
follow the procedures and equations
and rules and be conformists

Whereas Architects are encouraged

to dream and be “defiant”
20
 Design the most
Determine the wall thickness and
cost effective water tank to hold 36 m3
reinforcement
of water
(6x2x3m)

Most Structural Engineers would not know

Most structural engineer should be able to do what to do
(Will need a “Structural
Designer”)
21
Design the most
cost effective, beautiful, and amazing water tank to
hold 36 m3 of water

Performance + Cost + Aesthetes Will need “Structural Artist”

22
 Basic Philosophies of Seismic Design of Structures

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 23

Development of Formal Buildings Codes

1666 CE - “Rebuilding of 1908 CE – The formal 1927 CE - Uniform Building

London Act” after the building code was drafted Code (UBC) [updated every
“Great Fire of London” and adopted 3 years]

1988 CE – ASCE 7 by the

1680 CE - “The Laws of the 1904 CE - A Handbook of
American Society of Civil
Indies” Spanish Crown the Baltimore City
Engineers (ASCE)

1859 CE - In USA, the City

1844 CE - London Building 1997 CE - The International
of Baltimore first building
Act Building Code (IBC) by ICC
code

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 24

The General Code Families

Uniform Building Codes (UBC), International Building Codes (IBC)

Common Families of Traditional Building Codes

Guidelines from American Concrete Institute (ACI), American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE), American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Euro Codes (EC), British Standards (BS)

Building Code of Australia (BCA) & Australian Standards, NZ Codes, etc.

Guidelines from Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), Korean Society of Civil
Engineers (KSCE), Chinese and Russian Codes, etc.

Indian Standards (IS), Thailand Codes, Myanmar National Building Code (MNBC),
National Building Code of Philippines (NBCP), Building Code of Pakistan (BCP), etc.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 25

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 26
 “Structural Design is the process of proportioning the structure to safely
resist the applied forces in the most cost effective and friendly manner”

• Load Effects • Material Specifications

• Requirements DESIGN • Cross-section Details
• Constraints • Member Sizes and Configurations

A systematic investigation of the stability, strength

and rigidity of structures

Where Safety is a prime concern

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 27

 Ensuring Safety through Factor of Safety!

Capacity > Demand

𝐶 𝑪
=𝐷 = 𝑭𝒐𝑺 𝐶 = 𝐷 × 𝐹𝑜𝑆
𝐹𝑜𝑆 𝑫

𝐶
= 𝐷 × 𝐹𝑜𝑆 2
𝐹𝑜𝑆 1

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 28

 Design Approach 1: Working Stress Design

Stress
𝐶 fy
=𝐷
𝐹𝑜𝑆
0.5fy

Unused Strength and Ductility

Strain

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 29

 The “Real Behavior”

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 30

 Design Approach 2 - Ultimate Strength Design

• The Strain becomes the primary concern.

• Full “strengths” of the materials at “ultimate” strains are utilized with
appropriate “other” factors.
fs NA
CL
fc
y
1 1 n 
N z = 1     (x, y ) dx dy ... +  Ai i ( x, y ) ...
c

  1 x y  2 i =1  h
f1
or
1 1 n  f2 sf
M x =  2     (x, y ) dx dy . y ... +  Ai i ( x, y ) yi ...
e
s l
fn es
Str Stee
  1 x y  2 i =1 or
 es
ses f nd
a
Horizontal
Str crete
1 1 n  co
n
R/F
M y = 3     (x, y ) dx dy . x ... +  Ai i ( x, y ) xi ... Str
ain
  1 x y  2 i =1 

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 31

 The Use of Material Stress-Strain Models

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 32

 Considering Interaction of Actions

Nz
The realization that “Envelop Results” can not
be used for design

• Shear-Torsion Interaction

• Shear – Flexure interaction

• Torsion-Flexure Interaction

• Shear-Torsion-Flexure Interaction

My
Mx

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 33

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 34
Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 35
Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 36
 Design Approach 3 - Limit State Design

• Limit State Design concept is an advancement over both Working Stress and Ultimate Strength design
approaches.

• Attempts to ensures safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at working loads.

• The basic idea involves the identification of all potential modes of failure (i.e. identify significant limit
states and determination of acceptable levels of safety against occurrence of each limit state.

• This philosophy uses more than one safety factors attempting to provide adequate safety.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 37

 Limit State Design
Types of Limit State Description
Ultimate Limit states • Loss of equilibrium
• Rupture
• Progressive Collapse
• Formation of plastic mechanism
• Instability
• Fatigue
Serviceability limit states • Excessive deflections
• Excessive crack width
• Undesirable Vibration
Special limit states Due to abnormal conditions and abnormal loading such as
• Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes
• Structural effects of fire, explosion
• Corrosion or deterioration

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 38

 Partial Factors of Safety

Characteristic value of Design member

Design Strength
material basic strength capacity
Ym Yb
Material safety Member Factor
Structure Verification
Factor
Factor Yi
Characteristic value of Design member
Design load
Load capacity
Yf Ya
Load Factor Structural Analysis
Factor

The value of Safety Factor tells how much confidence

we have on our knowledge.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 39

 Improving Factors of Safety

Factors Example
Structure Level Importance Factors (1.0 to 1.5)
Structure type “𝑅” factors

Member Level Over-strength Factors (Ω)

Action Level Different “𝜙” factors for flexure, shear, …

Material Level Different 𝛾 factors for concrete and steel

Load Factors Different for different loads, based on probability of

variance

Load Combination Factors Deferent for various probability of simultaneous occurrence

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 40

 Progression of Seismic Resistance Design

V V
Lack of Knowledge on Elastic Forces
Earthquake Demand reduced for
and Building Capacity
Design by R

Vdes Vdes Inelastic

Linear Elastic Building
Response
Response

Yield
Max

HistoricalHistorical
Approach:Approach: Traditional Codes:
Traditional Codes:
Earthquake forces proportional to Elastic earthquake forces reduced for
Earthquake forces
building mass (Vdesproportional to
= 5 - 10% of Wt), Elastic earthquake forces reduced for
linear design (Vdes = Vmax/R)
building mass (Vdes = 5 - 10% of Wt), linear design (Vdes = Vmax /R)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 41

 Current Seismic Design Approach

Sa
Demand Reduced Based on
Inelastic Capacity of
Building
Current Trend:
a) Inelastic earthquake demand based on,
inelastic capacity of building
Performance Point b) Resolution of demand vs. capacity
generates Performance Point
c) Design based on displacement, ∆des

des Sd

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 42

 Design Philosophies for Seismic Resistance and Extreme Events

• Force/stress-based design
• Assume reduced forces, limit the stresses.

• Displacement-based design
• Allow force D/C to exceed, as long as displacements can be limited.

• Capacity-based design
• Put “fuses” in the structure limit the force capacity, hence the demand.

• Energy-based design
• Total energy input is collectively resisted by kinetic energy, the elastic strain energy and energy dissipated through
plastic deformations and damping.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 43

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 44
Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 45
 The Role of Ductility and Capacity Design?

• Capacity Design is a design process in which it is decided which objects within a structural system will be
permitted to yield (ductile components) and which objects will remain elastic (brittle components).

• Once ductile and brittle systems are decided upon, design proceeds according to the following guidelines:
• Ductile components are designed with sufficient deformation capacity such that they may satisfy displacement-
based demand-capacity ratio.

• Brittle components are designed to achieve sufficient strength levels such that they may satisfy strength-based
demand-capacity ratio.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 46

 Ductile link Analogy for Capacity based design

Reference: C. V. R. Murty, 2002

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 47

 From Code-based Design to Performance Based Design (PBD)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 48

 Are All Buildings Codes Correct ?

• If they differ, can all of them be correct ?

• Did we inform the structures to follow which code when earthquake or hurricane strikes ?

• Codes change every 3 or 5 years, should we upgrade our structures every 3 or 5 years to conform ?

• Codes intend for “Life Safety”, not damage limits or cost implications

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 49

 Prescriptive Codes – A Shelter

• Public
• Will the building be safe?

• Owner
• Will the building collapse/ will it be damaged ?
• Can I use the building after a given earthquake?
• How much will repair cost?
• How long will it take to repair?
• Can I make building that will not be damaged and will not collapse

• Structural Engineer:
• Not sure, but I did follow the “Code”

As long as engineers follow the code, they can be sheltered by its

provisions

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 50

 Prescriptive Codes – A Shelter

• The building codes implicitly ensures that the performance of

structure will be acceptable if its rules are followed.

• The performance may not be acceptable in certain cases.

So, we end up in changing the rules every three years,

Or invent new rules.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 51

How long do we have before the building
will collapse in this fire?

- Fire Chief from the structural engineer/(Architect)

The Towering Inferno (1974)

52
 Shortcomings of Code Based Design for Tall Buildings

• Traditional codes govern design of general, normal buildings

− Over 95% buildings are covered, which are less than about 50 m

• Not specifically developed for tall buildings > 50 m tall

• Prescriptive in nature, no explicit check on outcome

• Permit a limited number of structural systems

• Do not include framing systems appropriate for high-rise

• Based on elastic methods of analysis

• Enforce uniform detailing rules on all members

• Enforce unreasonable demand distribution rules

• Do not take advantage of recent computing tools

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 53

 Traditional Systems

Moment Resisting Frame Shear Wall and Frame Shear Wall – Frame Coupled Braced Frame

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 54

 Traditional vs. Innovative

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 55

 A Move Towards Performance Based Approach

• Prescriptive Codes restrict and

discourage innovation Prescribed
Objective Requirements
Solution

• Performance Based approach

Alternate
encourages and liberates it Objective Requirements
Solution

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 56

 Motivations for PBD

• Lack of explicit performance in design codes is primary motivation for performance-based

design.

• Performance based methods require the designer to assess how a building is likely perform in
extreme events and their correct application will help to identify unsafe designs.

• Enables arbitrary restrictions to be lifted and provides scope for the development of
innovative, safer and more cost-effective solutions.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 57

 Motivations for PBD

• In 1980 and 1990s (in the prevailing era of building codes), owners began to question how their
buildings would perform in future earthquakes and demand that engineers design (or
upgrade) their buildings to perform better.

• Owners usually express their desires in terms of a series of performance objectives.

• I want my existing building to be safe etc. etc.

• I want to be able to use my building right away.

• I want the repair cost to be less than 20% of the replacement value.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 58

 Performance Based Design (PBD)

• An approach in which structural design criteria are expressed in terms of

achieving a set of performance objectives or levels.

• Explicitly link the performance with earthquake hazard

• Ensures structures reaches specified demands level in both service and strength
design levels.

• Why it was needed?

• Traditional codes not suitable/adequate

• Explicit verification not specified or required in most codes

• Public does not care about the code, or theories or procedures, they care about “safety”
and ‘performance”

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 59

 The Essence of PBD

• A “decision-maker” states a desire that a building be able to “perform” in a certain way.

• Protect life safety

• Minimize potential repair costs

• Minimize disruption of use

• The “engineer” uses his or her skill to provide a design that will be capable of achieving these
objectives.

Ron H. (2014), 2014 EERI Technical Seminar

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 60

 Prescriptive vs. Performance

Approach Procedure Outcome

Prescriptive Specify “what, and how to do” Implicit Expectation

(emphasis on procedures)
Make Concrete: 1:2:4

(a strength of 21 MPA is expected)

Performance Based Approach What ever it takes Explicit Performance

(emphasis on KPI)

(within certain bounds) Concrete less than 21 MPA is

rejected

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 61

 Performance Objectives

A Ground Motion A Performance Level

𝑥% PE in 50 years
Maximum acceptable damage, given that
e.g. 2% PE in 50 years the ground motion occurs
10% PE in 50 years
50% PE in 30 years

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 62

Performance Levels

Based on FEMA 451 B

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 63

 Operational Level

• Negligible structural and nonstructural damage

• Occupants are safe during event

• Utilities are available

• Facility is available for immediate re-use (some Restaurant

cleanup required)

• Loss < 5% of replacement value

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 64

 Immediate Occupancy Level

• Negligible structural damage

• Occupants safe during event

• Minor nonstructural damage

Restaurant

• Building is safe to occupy but may not function

• Limited interruption of operations

• Losses < 15%

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 65

 Life Safety Level

• Significant structural damage

• Some injuries may occur

• Extensive nonstructural damage

t
ran
au
• Building not safe for re-occupancy until repaired R est

• Losses < 30%

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 66

 Collapse Prevention Level

• Extensive (near complete) structural and nonstructural

damage

• Significant potential for injury but not wide scale loss of life

• Extended loss of use

• Repair may not be practical

• Loss >> 30%

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 67

The First Generation of PBD Methodology

Nonlinear Analysis → Nonlinear Static (Pushover) Analysis

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 68
Standard Structural Performance Levels

Restaurant nt
ura
sta
Re

Operational Immediate Life Safety Collapse

Occupancy Prevention

0% Damage or Loss 99 %

Ref: FEMA 451 B

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 69

Link the Hazard to Performance Levels

sta
Re nt
ura

Resta
urant
Loading Severity

Consequences

Resta
urant
Hazard

Vulnerability Structural Displacement

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 70

Link Performance to other Indicators

Restaurant Restaurant nt
ura
sta
Re

Operational (O) Immediate Occupancy (IO) Life Safety (LS) Collapse Prevention (CP)

0% Damage or Loss 99 %

Lowest Casualties Highest

Lowest Downtime for Rehab Highest

Lowest Rehab Cost to Restore after event Highest

Highest Retrofit Cost to Minimize Consequences Lowest

Lowest Impact on Sustainability of Community Highets

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures Ref: FEMA 451 B 71
 Performance-based design can be applied to any
type of loads, but is typically suitable and targeted for
earthquake loads

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 72

 Concepts Incorporated within PBD

• Multiple performance levels are checked.

• Multiple seismic events are applied.

• May utilize nonlinear analysis.

• Detailed local acceptance criteria

• For structural elements

• For nonstructural elements

• Detailed local acceptance criteria indicates element-by-element checking, rather than an overall system
R factor such as is used in the conventional design of new buildings.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 73

 Performance Based Design Process

• Hazard:
• The intensity and characteristics of ground
shaking that design is developed to resist.

• Deterministic
• Magnitude “x” earthquake on “y” fault

• Easy to understand but there is considerable uncertainty as to how strong the motion from such an event actually is.

• Probabilistic
• “x” % probability of exceedance in “y” years for design event

• Low intensity shaking occurs frequently.

• Moderate intensity shaking occurs occasionally.

• Severe shaking occurs rarely

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 74

 Explicit Performance Objective in PBD

• Whereas traditional code procedures attempt to satisfy implicitly all three objectives by designing to
prescriptive rules for a single (design) level of seismic hazard, performance based design of high rise
buildings investigates at least two performance objectives explicitly

• 1) Service-level Assessment
• Negligible damage in once-in-a-lifetime earthquake having a return period of about 50 years(30 years to 72 years
depending on the jurisdiction and building importance)

• 2) Collapse-level Assessment
• Collapse prevention under the largest earthquake with a return period of 2500 years

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 75

 Explicit Performance Objective in PBD

Performance based design investigates at least two performance objectives

explicitly

Service-level Codes arbitrary Collapse-level

Assessment “Design Level” Assessment

Collapse prevention under extreme

Negligible damage with frequent hazards hazards
(Earthquake having a return period of about (the largest earthquake with a return period
50 years) of 2500 years)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 76

 Performance Objectives

Level of Earthquake Seismic Performance Objective

Serviceability: Structure to remain essentially elastic

Frequent/Service (SLE): 50% probability of
with minor damage to structural and non-structural
exceedance in 30 years (43-year return period)
elements

Design Basis Earthquake (DBE): 10% probability of Code Level: Moderate structural damage; extensive
exceedance in 50 years (475-year return period) repairs may be required

Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE): 2% Collapse Prevention: Extensive structural damage;

probability of exceedance in 50 years (2475-year repairs are required and may not be economically
return period) feasible.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 77

 Performance Based Design Process

• Earthquake Hazard must be specified/ identified.

• For performance-based design to be successful, both the client and engineer must be satisfied.

• Engineer
• Hazard must be quantifiable and performance must be quantifiable.

• Owner
• Hazard must be understandable and performance must be understandable and useful.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 78

 Performance Level Definitions

Owner Engineer

Will the building be safe?

amount of yielding, buckling, cracking,
permanent deformation, acceleration, that
Can I use the building after the
hazard? structure, members and materials
experiences
How much will repair cost in
case of damage?
Need a third party to ensure public safety and
realistic Performance
How long will it take to repair? Guidelines
Peer Review

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 79

Typical Review Objectives

Enhance Structural Improve Cost Objectives to be

Performance Effectiveness achieved through
• Improved serviceability, safety • Achieve efficient use of • Better structural system
and reliability materials, resources and time selection and its proportions

• Explicit check on various • Direct reduction cost through • Use of advanced design
performance indicators reduction of structural methodologies and tools
material quantities

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 80

 Typical Review Objectives

Enhancement of Performance Cost Effectiveness

• Dynamic response parameters • Capacity utilization ratio

• Lateral load response • Reinforcement ratios

• Vertical load response • Reinforcement volume ratios

• Demand and capacity ratios • Concrete strength and quantity

• Response irregularity, discontinuity • Rebar quantity

• Explicit Performance Evaluation at Service, • Constructability, time and

DBE and MCE accommodation of other constraints

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 81

 Performance-based Design Process – An Introduction

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 82

 Performance Based Design Process

Analyzing Linear Formulation &

Interpretation of
Elastic Model for Analysis of Results Extractions
Results for Decision
Code Based Design Nonlinear Model of and Processing
Making
Loading Real Building

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 83

 Code-based Design at DBE Determination of true
Architectural Drawings and
Linear Elastic Modeling Level (ELF and RSA capacities of all structural
Preliminary Design/Detailing
Procedures) elements

MCE-level Evaluation using Response Spectra for SLE

Service-level Evaluation
the Nonlinear Model and MCE Levels. Selection
using the Linear Model Nonlinear Modeling
subjected to NLTHA and Modification of Ground
subjected to RSA Procedure
Procedure Motions for MCE Evaluation

Performance Assessment for Change the design and

both SLE and MCE levels repeat the performance-
(Check Acceptance Criteria) based assessment

OK

Finish
 Pre-requisites for the PBD – Required Information
• Basis of Design • Site-specific Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment
• Description of building and structural system • Hazard evaluation
• Codes, standards and references
• Ground motion parameters
• Loading criteria and references
• SLE, DBE and MCE spectra
• Material properties
• Modeling, analysis and design procedures • Wind Tunnel Testing
• Performance objectives and acceptance criteria • 10-year return period wind load

• Geotechnical Investigation • 50- and 70-year return period wind load

• SPT values • Floor accelerations (1-year and 5-year return periods)

• Soil stratification • Rotational velocity (1-year return period)
• Soil type for seismic analysis • Natural frequency sensitivity study
• Allowable bearing capacity
• Sub-grade modulus
• Liquefaction potential
Reference: Mr. Aung Htut Thaung
• Basement wall Pressure (AIT Solutions, Thailand)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 85

How to Work with PBD

Client Architect

Structural Engineer

PBD Specialist

Site Specific Consultant

PBD Peer Reviewer

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 86

Special Purposes Guidelines for PBD

National
Federal
Earthquake
Applied Emergency PEER
Hazards Tall Buildings CTBUH
Technology Management Guidelines for
Reduction Initiatives (TBI) Guidelines
Council (ATC) Agency Tall Buildings
Program
(FEMA)
(NEHRP)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 87

 Nonlinear Analysis → Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 88

 Performance-based Design Process

Acceptance Criteria for Primary Components

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 89

 Performance Based Design Process

Acceptance Criteria for Secondary Components

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 90

 Performance Based Design Process - Primary and Secondary Parts

Slab as diaphragm
(Secondary)

Slab and Columns

(Interior frame)
(Secondary)

Plan
Shear wall (Primary)

Primary- Main lateral resisting elements

Secondary- non lateral resisting elements,
used for gravity load resistance

Elevation

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 91

Classification of Actions – Deformation-controlled Actions

• Behaviour is ductile and reliable inelastic deformations can be

reached with no substantial strength loss.

• Results are checked for mean value of demand from eleven

sets of ground motion records.

Reference: Mr. Aung Htut Thaung

(AIT Solutions, Thailand)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 92

Force-controlled Actions

Behaviour is more brittle and reliable inelastic deformations cannot

be reached.
• Critical action
Failure of which is likely to lead to partial or total structural
collapse.
• Ordinary action
Failure of which is either unlikely to lead to structural collapse
or might lead to local collapse comprising not more than one
bay in a single story.

Reference: Mr. Aung Htut Thaung

(AIT Solutions, Thailand)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 93

 Nonlinear
Reference: Modeling
Mr. Aung and
Htut Analysis
Thaung for Performance-based
(AIT Solutions) Seismic Design of Structures 94
 Classification of Actions

Element Action Type Classification Expected Behavior

Axial-flexure Ductile Linear

RC column
Shear Brittle Linear
Flexure Ductile Nonlinear
RC shear wall
Shear Brittle Linear
RC coupling beams (Deep
Shear Ductile Nonlinear
beam, ln/d<4.0)

RC coupling beams (slender Flexure Ductile Nonlinear

beam, ln/d≥4.0 Shear Brittle Linear

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 95

 Demand-to-Capacity (D/C Ratio)

• Definition of D/C: It is an index that gives an overall relationship between affects of load and ability of member to resists

those affects.

• It is a normalized factor; D/C ratio value of 1 indicates that the capacity (strength, deformation etc) member is just

enough to fulfill the load demand.

• Two types of D/C ratio

• Members with brittle behavior D/C is checked by Strength (Elastic)

• Members with ductile behavior D/C is checked by deformation (Inelastic)

• Total D/C ratio of the member is combined of these two.

(Powell, 2010)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 96

 Capacity Design Concept
• Some components in a structure can safely be allowed to yield. Others should remain elastic.

• If we do not know which are which, we have to rely on analysis to tell as. This can be dangerous. We are analysing
only a model, not the actual structure. So It is better to decide in advance which components can yield and which
must remain elastic.

• We can then design the yielding components to have sufficient ductility, and the elastic components to have sufficient
strength.

• Major advantages:

• We can set up more reliable nonlinear models.

• We can calculate more reliable demands and D/C ratios.

• The final design is likely to be more forgiving.

• Capacity design is not always possible, but is a desirable goal. (Powell, 2010)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 97

 Capacity Design — Frame Structure

• Specify the components that can yield. Use deformation D/C.

• Beams in bending.

• Columns at base and at roof.

• The remaining components should not yield. Use strength D/C.

• Columns except at base and roof.

• Connections.

• Beams and columns in shear.

• Foundations.

(Powell, 2010)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 98

 Capacity Design — Shear Wall

• Specify the components that can yield. Use deformation D/C.

• Flexural hinging at base of wall.

• Shear in coupling beams.

• The remaining components should not yield. Use strength D/C.

• Bending in wall at all levels except the base.

• Shear in wall at all levels, especially in hinge region.

• Foundations

(Powell, 2010)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 99

 Something Obvious But Important

• It is essential to establish formal demand-capacity measures (engineering demand parameters) and base the
performance assessment on those measures.

• All analysis results are important, and they should be examined for consistency. However, the only important results
for performance assessment are the D/C ratios.

• There may be subjective judgments in choosing demand-capacity measures, establishing capacity values, and
calculating demand values. However, the overall process must be objective.

• It does not have to be perfect (and never will be).

(Powell, 2010)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 100
 Purpose of Structural Analysis

• Structural analysis is not an end in itself. It is a tool for use in design.

• The goal is not to get an exact simulation of behaviour. This is impossible for a real structure.

• The goal is to get D/C ratio that are accurate enough for use in decision-making.

• Exact is an impossible standard.

• Accurate enough is much easier.

(Powell, 2010)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 101
ASCE 41

• ASCE 41 (FEMA 356) applies to performance-based design for seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings.
• However, it can be applied to new construction.
• It provides guidance on modeling for nonlinear analysis.
• It provides deformation capacities for wide range of structural components, for the IO, lS and CP levels.
• However :
• The modeling guidelines are rather simplistic.
• The deformation capacities may be too conservative.
• It is a useful resource, but not a definitive set of rules.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 102
Expected Material Strengths

Source: LATBSDC 2017

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 103
 Stiffness Modifiers for Elastic Components Reference: Mr. Aung Htut Thaung (AIT Solutions)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 104
 Stiffness Modifiers for Elastic Components Reference: Mr. Aung Htut Thaung (AIT Solutions)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 105
 Stiffness Modifiers for Elastic Components Reference: Mr. Aung Htut Thaung (AIT Solutions)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 106
 Types /Methods for Evaluation

• The answer depends on:

• What performance level you are hoping to achieve.

• The configuration of the structure.

• How accurate you need to be

• Depends on the importance the structure

• Hazard level, available tools et.

• A wide range of choices are available

• Linear Static Analysis

• Linear Dynamic Analysis

• Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover Analysis)

• Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 107
 Performance Based Design Process
• If Behavior will be essentially elastic
• Regular structures with short periods
• Linear static procedures are fine

• For Regular structures with long periods and all irregular structures
• Linear dynamic procedures are better

• Response spectra are accurate enough

Restaurant Restaurant

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 108
 Performance Based Design Process
• If Inelastic behavior is significant (elastic analyses are the wrong approach!)

• For Structures dominated by first mode response

• Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover Analysis)

• Structures with significant higher mode response

• Nonlinear dynamic time history necessary

Restaurant

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 109
 Ground Motions

• Seven site specific ground motions records are used.

• Determined by qualified geotechnical and geological consultant, for the site located near by building.

• For the evaluations, “Average of 7 ground motions” approach is used to determine the overall response
and vulnerability of the building.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 110
 Judging Performance Acceptability

• Acceptance criteria are indicators of whether the predicted performance is adequate for

• Local (component based)

➢ Example: Drift ratio, structural component deformation

• Global (overall structure-based)

➢ Example: Roof drift , base shear

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 111
 Main Considerations - Which Items to Check for Performance?

• Modal analysis results • Shear wall axial strains

• Base shear and Base Moment • Shear wall shear capacity

comparisons
• Frame member rotations, D/C ratios
• Story Shear and Story Moment
• Frame member shear strength and D/C
comparison
ratios
• Building sway and displacement
• Coupling beams, in detail
• Story drift
• Slab diaphragm

• Damage overview, weak points etc.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 112
 Acceptance Criteria (Service Level)

Item Limit

Story Drift 0.5 percent

Coupling Beams Shear strength to remain essentially elastic

Core Wall Flexure Remain essentially elastic

Core Wall Shear Remain essentially elastic

Columns Remain essentially elastic

BRB Remain elastic (no yielding permitted)

• Essentially elastic behavior is defined as no more than 20% of the elements with ductile actions having a
D/C between 1.0 and 1.5. No elements will be allowed to have a D/C >1.5
• Brittle actions are limited to D/C of 1.0

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 113
 Acceptance Criteria (DBE Level)

Element Action Type Classification Expected Acceptance Limit

Behaviour

Plastic hinge
Ductile Nonlinear Hinge rotation ≤ ASCE limit
Beams rotation

Shear Brittle Linear D/C for strength capacity

Axial-Flexural
Ductile Nonlinear Hinge rotation ≤ ASCE limit
Columns interaction

Shear Brittle Linear D/C for strength capacity

Axial-Flexural Tensile strain in rebar rotation ≤ 0.050

Ductile Nonlinear
Shear Walls interaction Compressive strain in concrete ≤ 0.004

Shear Brittle Linear D/C for strength capacity

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 114
 Acceptance Criteria (MCE Level)

Item Limit

Story Drift 3 percent

Coupling Beam Rotation (Diagonal Reinforcement) 0.06 radian rotation limit

Coupling Beam Rotation (Conventional reinforcement) 0.025 radian rotation limit

Core Wall Reinforcement Axial Strain Rebar strain = 0.05 in tension and 0.02 in compression

Core Wall Concrete Axial Strain Concrete Compression Strain = 0.004 + 0.1 ρ(fy / f’c)

BRB 9 times yield strain

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 115
 Tools of the Trade

Design/ Evaluation Stage Analysis Type Software Used

Code based design and preliminary Response spectrum analysis ETABS V9.5
evaluation SAP 2000 V 14.2

Serviceability check Response spectrum analysis ETABS V9.5

SAP 2000 V 14.2

Collapse prevention check Nonlinear time history analysis Perform3D V4.0.4

SAP 2000 V 14.2

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 116
 Tools of the Trade for Structural Engineers
By Computers and Structures Inc. USA
A company created and run by Ashraf Habibullah

Integrated 3D Bridge Design Software

Integrated Software for Structural Analysis and Design

Integrated Analysis, Design and Drafting of Building Systems

Integrated Design of Flat Slabs, Foundation Mats and Spread Footings

Nonlinear Analysis and Performance Assessment for 3D Structures

Design of Simple and Complex Reinforced Concrete Columns

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 117
 Key Steps for performance-Based Design
• Choose the performance level and the design loads.

• Define the demand-capacity measures.

• Drift, plastic hinge rotation, shear strength, etc.

• Get the deformation and force capacities.

• Strength :AISC, ACI, etc. codes/

• Deformation : ASCE 41(FEMA 356), experiment.

• Calculate the deformation and force demands.

• Use structural analysis.

• Calculate D/C ratios. If D/C>1:

• Change the design, Sharpen the pencil on the demand side, or sharpen the pencil on the capacity side.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 118
PBD Findings and Fixes – An Example
No. Components Actions Comments for Seismic Evaluation at MCE level
1 Shear Walls Flexure OK
Shear Increase horizontal reinforcements and wall thickness
2 Columns Flexure OK
Shear Increase horizontal reinforcements and column size
3 RC Walls Flexure Increase confinement reinforcements (2 Stories)
Shear Increase horizontal reinforcements (2 Stories)
4 PC Walls Flexure Increase confinement reinforcements (2 Stories)
Shear Increase horizontal reinforcements (2 Stories)
5 Plies Axial OK
6 Foundations Flexure OK
Shear OK
7 Transfer Beams Flexure Increase longitudinal reinforcements
Shear Increase horizontal reinforcements
8 Coupling Beams Flexure OK
Shear Increase horizontal reinforcements

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 119
Peer Review
• Helps develop confidence in design and encourages knowledge-sharing between peer reviewer and EOR.
• Exchange of ideas has led to a significant enhancement in the body of knowledge for firms practicing PBD.
• Involve as early in the structural design phase
• Establish the frequency and timing of peer review milestones

• Scope

✓ Earthquake hazard determination

✓ Ground motion characterizations
✓ Seismic design methodology
✓ Seismic performance goals
✓ Acceptance criteria
✓ Mathematical modelling and simulation
✓ Seismic design and results, drawings and specifications

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 120
Peer Review

• Peer reviewer provides written comments to EOR.

• EOR shall provide written responses.
• Peer review maintains the log that summarizes reviewer’s comments, EOR responses to comments, and resolution of
comments.
• At the conclusion of the review, peer reviewer shall submit the references the scope of the review, includes the comment
log, and indicates the professional opinions of the peer reviewer regarding the design’s general conformance to the
requirements and guidelines in this document.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 121
 Performance of Nonstructural Components

• Accounts for more than 70% of earthquake economic losses.

• Not really covered by current procedures.

• Simple review of anchorage and bracing requirements similar to prescriptive code.

• Shake table qualification of “essential” systems.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 122
 How about Low-rise buildings?
Typical City Skyline

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 123
 Low- to Medium-rise Buildings

• Over 95% of the buildings are less than 10 floors in most cities

• Low-Mid rise buildings receive less attention to design, detailing and construction compared to tall buildings

• Due to smaller natural period, typically generate greater base shear during an earthquake

• Often lack a properly designed/designated seismic resisting system

• Easier to induce structural irregularities

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 124
 Unsymmetrical Buildings

• Structural un-symmetry can be of many types.

• Soft story

• Weak Story

• Plan Torsional irregularity

• Vertical Torsional Irregularity

• Simple masonry walls can cause buildings to become unsymmetrical.

• Unsymmetrical buildings produces unpredictable response and are a major cause of damage and collapse.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 125
 A Typical Building in Algeria

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 126
 Northridge (1994) Earthquake

Bourmedes (2003) Earthquake

Bhuj (2001) Earthquake Kobe (1995) Earthquake

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 127
 Collapse of Commercial/Residential Buildings in the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake (Taiwan)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 128
 129
Collapsed residential buildings in the 1999 Kocaeli (Turkey)
 Why do these buildings collapse !

• Primarily designed and detailed for gravity loads.

• Non-ductile detailing of reinforcement, both in columns and beams which can cause many possible brittle
failures.

• Dominated by strong beam-weak column behavior which can cause soft story mechanism.

• The irregularities of the buildings which make it difficult to predict the behavior of the buildings when
subjected to earthquake.

• Most of the time, these irregularities make the seismic performance become worse.

Turkey Algeria
Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 130
 Reason -1: Non Ductile Detailing

Turkey Algeria
Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 131
 Reason – 2: Unsymmetrical Configurations

Soft/Weak Story Interruption of Columns T-shaped Plan Torsionally Irregular

Abrupt Changes in Interruption of Vertical- Large Openings in Drastic Changes in

Size of Members Resisting Elements (walls) Diaphragm (Floor) Mass/Stiffness Ratio

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 132
 Reference: Prof. Pennung Warnitchai (AIT, Thailand)

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 133
Vulnerability Factors
▪ Non-seismic Detailing
▪ Strong Beam–Weak Column
▪ Soft/Weak First Story
▪ Torsional Irregularity
▪ Frame-Infill Interaction

3D-view generated by134

SAP2000
2D Modeling and Analysis Not Enough

1 A

2 B
Typical Floor Plan A B C

Which
1 Frame Represents the

building Performance? 3 C
2

Torsion and Weak Story Combined!

3
 What Should be done?

• For new buildings

• Use Performance Based Design (PBD) right from start

• Provide proper detailing, improve construction technology

• For exiting buildings

• Use Performance Based Evaluation (PBE)

• To avoid future disaster-either re-built or Retrofit

• Retrofitting can be done based on global retrofit approach or local retrofit approach .

• One of the most important developments in earthquake engineering in recent years is the introduction of the concept of
designing ‘damage controlled structures’

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 136
 Damage Controlled System

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 137
 Mechanical Isolators and Dampers

[Link]

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 138
 Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) and Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs)

Tuned Mass Dampers

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 139
 BRB – Braces that Don’t Buckle

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 140
 Measures to correct torsional irregularity

Solid walls should be of Shear walls are added at

nonstructural cladding or near the open face

Strength and stiff Torsion is accepted, and

moment-resisting or building is designed to
braced frame is resist the forces and
designed for soft front minimize the distortion
wall they cause

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 141
 Local Retrofit Approach

Example: Use Column Jacketing

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 142
 Global Retrofit Approach

Example: Use Braces, Walls

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 143
 Purpose of Retrofitting

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 144
 Summary

• For buildings in high seismic zones:

• Code based approach not sufficient

• Explicit performance evaluation for structure level, member level, section level, material level

• Seismic performance of buildings is governed by different considerations for Tall and Low rise buildings

• Total risk and loss of life more due to low-rise then tall buildings

• Use Performance Based Design (PBD) for new buildings

• Use Performance Based Evaluation (PBE) for exiting buildings

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures

145 145
 Going Beyond PBD – The Risk- and Consequence-based Design

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 146
Is this acceptable?
Even though it satisfies CBD and PBD
 Evolution of Structural Design Approaches

Resilience
Based Design
Consequences
and Risk
Performance- Based Design
based Design
Code-based
Design
Intuitive
Design

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 148
 Beyond PBD

• For public, the performance criteria still

does reduce the effects of the events

• Insurance companies want to have greater

reliability of assessment of risk and
damages

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 149
 Questions still un-answered

• What if the chance that performance level is not achieved?

Code based was implicit, with

• What is the risk?
no confirmation of response

• What are the consequences?

PBD is explicit, can help to

• What if the performance levels are not sufficient?
confirm the response and
performance level

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 150
 Why do we need to go Beyond PBD?

• For public and society, the performance criteria still does reduce the effects of the events, but it can reduce the risk level

• The non-structural damage is not acceptable in modern buildings

• The disruption and loss goes much beyond the building

• Insurance companies want to have greater reliability of assessment of risk and damages

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 151
 Consequence Based Engineering

The trigger of an event is not important,

the consequences of an event are

• It is not enough to say “Cracking and non-structural damage is acceptable, as long as structure does not collapse”

• A natural extension of the performance-based design approach

• Structural consequences > DDD (dollars, deaths and downtime) (Porter, 2003).

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 152
 Consequence Based Engineering

• “Structural consequence and non-structural effects” determined entirely from the analysis of structural member as
well as overall system behavior.

• Proceeds through the analysis of expected system consequences, irrespective of the event triggering these
consequences.

• Requires the structural members to be designed for variable reliability levels, depending upon their contribution in
causing adverse system consequences.

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 153
Risk Based Design Process

Safety Studies Design

Risk Safety Critical Structure
(Probability and Accidental
Quantification Element Design
Consequence Analysis) Load

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 154
 What Next: What is still missing

• Adequacy, Performance and Risk reduction of Structure alone is not enough

• Structure serves a purpose in society, economy, community > Should be integrated with other aspects

• A more holistic approach, beyond structural design is needed

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 155
 Resilience Based Earthquake Design Go Beyond Life Safety

• A holistic approach which seeks to identify all hazard-induced risks

(including those outside the building envelope) and mitigate them
using integrated multi-disciplinary design and contingency
Economic Loses
planning to achieve swift recovery objectives in the aftermath of a
major earthquake.

• The key principle in resilience-based design is to limit expected

Loss of
damage to structural and architectural components and egress Loss of Quality
Community
systems (elevators, stairs, and doors) of Life
and Culture

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 156
 Some Future Trends

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 157
The Role of Computers and Software

• Initially, computers were used to program the

procedure we had

• Now, we develop procedures that are suited for

computing

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 158
Design approaches evolved to match computing revolution

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 159
 The Growing Computational Requirements

• Dynamic Analysis

• Nonlinear modelling

• Nonlinear Time History Analysis

• Progressive Collapse

• Staged construction analysis

• A new and major concern for structural safety

• Structure should not collapse completely if one or two elements are “destroyed”

• Backup systems, alternate load paths, additional redundancy

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 160
 A Swing Towards the AI

• Rich Pictures

• Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

• Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

• Genetic Algorithms (GA)

• Expert Systems (ES)

• Fuzzy Logic

• Deep Thinking

• Big Data and Data Mining

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 161
Mobile computing might change how we design

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 162
Using Artificial Neural
Networks
 Machine Learning and Cognitive Computing in Structural Engineering

Preliminary
Architectural Sizing Structural
Layout Response

• Number of stories • Column size • Natural period

• Length, Width, Height • Shear wall size • Drift ratio
• Grid spacing • Rebar quantities • Base shear
• ..

To make design preliminary decisions without explicit calculations

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 164
 Applications of Artificial Neural Networks in Structural Engineering

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 165
Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 166
 CSI Cloud

Your models on the go

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 167
 Forces

7 ACEE 2018

Displacements

Models Created in ETABS Various Capabilities of CSi ETABS Cloud Viewer App Settings
Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 168
 Cloud Based Access to Models

Example: ETABS Cloud Viewer is a mobile and web application for viewing CSI ETABS models

Android PC/Mac

Tablets
iOS

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 169
 Applications of Drones and Photogrammetry in Structural Engineering

Photogrammetry
Software tools, manual
cleaning and processing

Drone Imaging 3D Model

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 170
 Smart Monitoring of Construction Projects using UAVs

BIM Model Drone Images Volumetric Comparison

56450
56480

BIM Model
Drone Model

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 171
 Applications of 3D Printing in Structural Engineering

An Analyzed ETABS Model 3D Printed Model

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 172
 Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality,
Immersive Reality &
Virtual Reality

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 173
 Smart Systems for Post-earthquake Assessment of Structures

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 174
 Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) using Smart Sensors

Medical Doctor SHM Engineer

• Monitor patient’s health • Monitor condition of structures

• Uses medical equipment to check overall health • Uses sensors to check overall structural health
• Prescribes corrective medicine if required • Prescribes corrective measure if excessive
stresses or deformations

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 175
 Visual Vibrometry

Vibration Mechanics + Computer Vision Techniques = Applications in Structural Engineering

Extracting Vibration
Characteristics by Analyzing
the video of a freely vibrating
object

Convert to

Material and Stiffness

Properties of that Object

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 176
Thank you for your attention

Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis for Performance-based Seismic Design of Structures 177