SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

Course Code 22EEG71 Credits 4

Hours/Week (L:T:P) 3:0:2 CIE Marks 50
Total Hours 39+26 SEE Marks 50
Exam Hours 3 Course Type IPCC
PREREQUISITE: Transmission & Distribution, Power Systems
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
Students will be able to:
1. Design a protection scheme incorporating the selected fuse.
2. Compare and contrast different circuit breakers based on their features and applications.
3. Assess the effectiveness and compliance of installed earthing systems, protective relays, and instrumentation with
standards and best practices.
4. Analyze and implement numerical overcurrent protection techniques suitable for different components of the power
system.
5. Utilize numerical relay concept to identify WAMS components, analyze stability issues, and implement predictive
analytics for proactive power system management and control.
COURSE CONTENTS
UNIT- 1 (7 Hours)
Switches and fuses: Isolating switch, load breaking switch, Fuse law, cut -off characteristics, Time current characteristics, fuse
material, HRC fuse, liquid fuse, Application.
Principle of circuit breakers: Principles of AC and DC Circuit breaking, problems encountered in DC breaking, Initiation and
maintenance of arc, Arc interruption -high resistance and low resistance interruption.
Arc interruption theories: Slepian’s theory and energy balance theory, restriking voltage, recovery voltage, Rate of rise of
restriking voltage, current chopping, capacitance switching, resistance switching.
UNIT- 2 (7 Hours)
Circuits Breakers: Rating of Circuit breakers, Air Circuit breakers – Air brake and Air blast Circuit breakers, Oil Circuit breakers
- Single break, double break, minimum OCB, SF6 breaker - Puffer and non-Puffer type of SF6 breakers. Vacuum circuit breakers -
Construction, principle of operation, advantages and disadvantages of different types of Circuit breakers.
Testing of Circuit breakers: Unit testing, synthetic testing short circuit test layout.
UNIT - 3 (7 Hours)
Power system earthing: Resistance, Reactance and Resonant grounding, Grounding transformer, Harmonic suppressors and
Neutral grounding practice.
Protective Relaying: Classification, Requirement of Protective Relaying, Zones of protection, primary and backup protection,
Essential qualities of Protective Relaying, CTs & PTs and their applications in the protection scheme.
Installation and instrumentation in panels: Overview of HT and LT Panels for stations, substations, industrial plants, Wiring
Diagrams & Instrumentation in HT & LT Panels.
UNIT - 4 (9 Hours)
Induction type relay: Non-directional and directional over current relays, Principle of operation of Differential relay, percentage
differential relay, bias characteristics, Distance relay: Three stepped distance protection, Impedance relay, Reactance relay, Mho
relay, Buchholz relay, Negative Sequence relay.
Protection Schemes:
Generator Protection: Merz price protection, Transformer Protection: Differential protection,
Induction motor protection: Protection against electrical faults.
UNIT - 5 (9 Hours)
Modern Trends in Power System Protection: Numerical over current and distance protection.
Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS): Introduction, Supervising backup protection, Impedance
excursions, Stability related protections, Special protection systems (SIPS).
Monitoring Performance and Big Data Analytics for Power System Operation and Control: Techniques for fault detection,
Monitoring and Preventive Maintenance, Smart Metering and Analytics, Data Analytics Techniques.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Familiarization with different kinds of insulators, fuses and miniature circuit breakers & Determination of the time
current characteristics (TCC) curve of a fuse & MCB.

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 2. To measure the dielectric (Breakdown) strength of transformer oil
3. Study of the performance of over current relay.
4. To study the performance characteristic of Over Voltage and Under Voltage Relay.
5. Testing of Phase Failure, Phase Sequence Protection and Earth Leakage Protection Relay.
6. Performance study of a differential relay for the protection of transformer.
7. Understanding the characteristics of Numerical type Differential Relay.
8. Study of different types of motor protection system.
9. Study of relay coordination in feeder protection scheme.

TEXTBOOKS
Edition/Year of
SI. No Unit Textbook Title Author(s) Publisher(s)
Publication

1. 1,2 Switchgear & Protection Sunil [Link] Khanna Publishers 2022

Power System Protection &
2 3,4 Badriram & ViswaKharma Tata McGrawhill 2015
Switchgear
John Wiley and Sons
4 5 “Power System Relaying” Arun G. Phadke, S H Horowitz 4th Edition, 2014
Ltd
Fundamentals of power
5 3, 5 Y G. Painthankar & S R Bhides Tata McGrawhill 2018
system protection
"Big Data Analytics for Power H. M. Hashemipour and S. M.
6 1,3,5,6 Springer 2020
System Operation and Control" Abbasian.
REFERENCE BOOKS
“Power System Protection &
1 1,2,3 Ravindarnath & Chandra PHI 2020
Switchgear”

2 4,5 “Switchgear and Protection” [Link], [Link] & Sons 2018

"Electrical Installation and

3 2,3,4 R. K. Rajput S. Chand 2018
Maintenance"

COURSE ASSESSMENT METHOD

CIE: 50 Marks
MSE1 (50%) + MSE2 (50%) = 30 Marks
LA1: (10 Marks)
LA2: (10 Marks) or Skill development activity
Record & Observation = 25 Marks, Viva-Voce = 05 Marks, Lab test =20 Marks.
Lab weightage is 30% = 15Marks (30% of 50), Eligibility is 40% = 06 Marks.
SEE: 50 Marks
Eligibility to appear for SEE: Theory (40% -14 Marks) + Lab (40% -6 Marks) = 40 %( 20 Marks out of 50 Marks)
PEDAGOGY
1. Blackboard Teaching.
2. Power Point Presentations (if needed).
3. Regular review of students by asking questions based on topics covered in the class.

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 CO-PO-PSO MAPPING
POs PSOs
CO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2
1 3 3 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 3 2
2 3 3 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 3 2
3 3 3 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 3 2
4 3 3 2 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 3 2
5 3 3 -- 1 3 -- -- -- -- -- 1 3 3

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