Introduction to Cryptography
Understanding Secure
Communication and Data Protection
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What is Cryptography?
• - Cryptography secures information by
transforming it into an unreadable format.
• - Prevents unauthorized access to data.
Steganography vs. Cryptography
• - Cryptography: Modifies data structure to
make it unreadable without a key.
• - Steganography: Hides data inside other files
(images, videos, audio, etc.).
• - Example: Encrypting text into cipher vs.
hiding text within an image’s metadata.
Steganography
What is Cryptography?
• Encryption : Changing original text into a secret
message using cryptography
• Decryption : Changing secret message back to
original form
• Plaintext: Unencrypted data to be encrypted or is
the output of decryption
• Ciphertext: The scrambled and unreadable
output of encryption
• Cleartext data: Data stored or transmitted
without encryption
Types of Cryptography
• 1. Symmetric Encryption - Single key for
encryption and decryption.
• 2. Asymmetric Encryption - Uses public and
private key pair.
• 3. Hash Functions - Converts input data into a
fixed-length hash value.
Symmetric Encryption
• - Single key used for both encryption and
decryption.
• - Examples: AES, DES, Blowfish.
• - Fast but requires secure key sharing.
• - Use Case: VPN, file encryption.
Asymmetric Encryption
• - Uses a pair of keys: public key for encryption,
private key for decryption.
• - Examples: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman.
• - Secure but slower than symmetric
encryption.
• - Use Case: Digital signatures, SSL/TLS.
Hash Functions
• - One-way transformation of data.
• - Examples: MD5, SHA-256, bcrypt.
• - Use Case:
• Password Hashing: Secure storage of passwords.
• Data Integrity: Ensuring files haven’t been
tampered with.
• Digital Signatures: Verifying document
authenticity
Digital Signatures
• - A cryptographic technique to verify the
authenticity and integrity of digital messages or
documents.
• - Uses asymmetric encryption (public & private
keys).
• - Ensures non-repudiation, meaning the sender
cannot deny signing the document.
• **Example Use Cases:**
• - Secure email communication
How Digital Signatures Work
• 1. **Signing Process:**
• - The sender hashes the message using a hash
function (e.g., SHA-256).
• - The hash is then encrypted with the sender’s
private key to generate the digital signature.
• 2. **Verification Process:**
• - The receiver decrypts the signature using the
sender’s public key.
Applications of Cryptography -
Overview
• - Cryptography is widely used in securing
communications, transactions, and identity
verification.
• - Common applications include messaging
apps, web security, banking, cloud storage,
and authentication.
Secure Communications
• - **Messaging Apps:** WhatsApp, Signal,
Telegram (End-to-End Encryption - E2EE)
• - **Email Encryption:** PGP, S/MIME ensure
email confidentiality.
• - **VoIP Calls:** Skype, Zoom encrypt voice &
video calls.