Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
8.1 INTRODUCTION
1. “Photometry is the study and measurement of light.” Is this an adequate definition?
Explain your answer.
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2. What interest does the study of photometry have for eyecare professionals?
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3. List two assumptions that underlie the relationships of photometry.
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8.2 SOLID ANGLES
1. Define steradian.
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2. Calculate the solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere, radius 150cm, by an area
of 1.75 m2 on the surface of the sphere.
Since the surface area of a sphere of radius r is 4πr2, the solid angle for a complete sphere
(i.e. surrounding a point) is 4π steradians.
3. How many steradians are there in a complete sphere? _______________
2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
8.3 LUMINOUS POWER AND LUMINOUS INTENSITY
1. Which of the following quantities determines the visual sensation?
A. The total light energy reaching the eye.
B. The luminous power reaching the eye.
2. (a) The luminous power of a source is defined as ___________________________
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(b) Luminous power has these units: _______________________.
3. (a) The luminous intensity of a source is defined as _________________________
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(b) Luminous intensity has these units: _______________________.
(c) The relationship between the luminous intensity of a source and the total luminous
flux emitted is:
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4. A source has a luminous intensity of 350 cd in a particular direction. How much
luminous power (flux) is emitted per unit solid angle in that direction?
5. A light source has a luminous intensity of 60 cd. How much total flux does it emit?
2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
8.4 LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY AND LUMINOUS EFFICACY
1. The ratio of luminous power emitted to power supplied is known as ____________
______________ and has units __________________ .
2. The luminous efficiency of a source is the ratio of __________________________
to total radiant power output. It has units of ________________ and should preferably
have a large / small value.
3. A 100 W lamp is reported to have a luminous efficacy of 20 lumens per watt. Determine
the luminous intensity of the lamp.
8.5 ILLUMINANCE
1. Define illuminance.
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2. Write the above definition in the form of an equation.
3. Illuminance is measured in __________.
4. How is the total illuminance determined if more than one source is present?
5. Equal areas of a matte and a shiny surface are illuminated by the same source held 50
cm away from each in turn. The matte surface appears less bright.
(a) Which surface has the greater illuminance? ___________________________
(b) Which surface has the greater luminance? _____________________________
8.6 FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF PHOTOMETRY
1. State the first Law of Photometry.
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2. Write the above law in the form of an equation.
2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
3. State the second Law of Photometry.
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4. Write the above law in the form of an equation.
5. A point source of light is suspended 4 metres above a horizontal surface. The intensity
of the light is 100 cd.
(a) Calculate the total luminous power emitted.
(b) Calculate the illuminance on the surface at a point vertically below the source.
(c) Determine the illuminance on the surface 6 m from the point in (b).
6. A certain 60 W light bulb has a luminous intensity of 70 cd. A reflector concentrates all
the light from the bulb into a circle whose area is 0.8 m2 when the bulb is 1 m from a
book that is being held perpendicular to the light rays.
(a) Determine the illuminance on the pages of the book.
(b) If the lamp had no reflector and radiated isotropically, how far from the book would
it have to be located to produce the same illuminance?
TUTORIAL 8.1
1. Calculate the luminous intensity of a source that emits 4500 lumens of flux in directions
below the horizontal and no flux in any direction above the horizontal.
2. A 4 cd light source is suspended 80 cm above the centre of a circular table 1 m in
diameter. Determine the illuminance
(a) in the centre of the table;
(b) at the edge of the table.
3. A 30 cd lamp is suspended over the centre of a square table of side 2 m.
(a) Find the height of the lamp above the table in order that the illuminance on the
table directly under the lamp may be 1.5 lux.
(b) Calculate the illuminance at the corners of the table.
4. A 100 cd lamp is placed on a pole 15 m above the ground. Find the illuminance on the
ground
(a) directly under the lamp;
(b) 20 m to one side.
2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
5. A table is situated directly under a 64 cd lamp which is 2.5 m above the table.
(a) Calculate the illuminance of the surface at the centre of the table.
(b) If the table is moved 3.5 m horizontally from its original position, calculate the
intensity of the lamp required to give the same illuminance as before on the centre
of the table in the new position.
6. At what distance from a screen will a 27 cd lamp provide the same illuminance as a 75
cd lamp 5 m from the screen?
7. Two lamps of 5 and 20 cd respectively are 1.5 m apart. How far from the 5 cd lamp
must a screen be placed so that the illuminance on each side is the same?
8.7 LIGHT SOURCES
8.7.1 Incandescent Sources
1. (a) Describe the construction of an incandescent lamp.
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(b) Describe how an incandescent lamp produces light.
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(c) Why does the light emitted become more like white light and appear brighter as the
temperature of the filament increases?
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2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
2. How can the oxidation of the tungsten filament be avoided?
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3. How can the vaporization of the filament be reduced?
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4. What are the disadvantages of reducing the power through the lamp?
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5. List the advantages the tungsten-halogen lamp has over an ordinary incandescent lamp.
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6. Why is quartz used as the cover for a tungsten-halogen lamp?
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2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
7. Why is the tungsten-halogen lamp made much smaller than an ordinary incandescent
lamp?
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8.7.2 Gas Discharge Tubes
1. Briefly describe the construction and operation of a neon discharge lamp.
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2. Why does a sodium lamp contain neon (and argon)?
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3. State THREE differences between low pressure and high pressure sodium lamps.
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Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
8.7.3 Fluorescent Lamps
1. What is meant by fluorescence?
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2. Briefly describe how light is produced in a fluorescent lamp.
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3. What is the role of the phosphor?
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4. State THREE advantages the fluorescent lamp has over the incandescent lamp.
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5. What is the major disadvantage of the fluorescent lamp?
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2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
8.7.4 LASERS
1. What does the acronym LASER stand for?
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[Link] Coherent light
1. Compare coherent and incoherent light.
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[Link] Stimulated Emission
1. Compare spontaneous emission to stimulated emission.
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2. What is meant by a metastable energy state?
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3. What requirements are there for lasing action to occur?
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2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
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[Link] Laser Action
1. Ruby is a mineral of chemical formula ________ with some of the _____ atoms replaced
by _______ , which is the actual lasing material.
2. What is meant by optical pumping?
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3. 1.8 eV = _________ Joules, which corresponds to a wavelength of 694.3 nm.
4. How are the conditions required for lasing met by the ruby laser?
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5. How are pulsed lasers different from continuous ones?
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[Link] Medical Applications
1. Describe four procedures whereby lasers are used to treat problematic eye conditions.
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2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
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[Link] Laser Safety
1. Why are even lasers with relatively low power dangerous to the eye?
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2. “Which part of the eye is most subject to injury is a matter of wavelength.”
Discuss this statement.
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8.7.5 Light Emitting Diodes
1. What is meant by a diode?
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[Link] A Brief History
1. In the 1950’s LEDs were observed to produce electroluminescence in the
_____________ region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
2. The first practical visible-spectrum LED produced emissions that were ______ in colour.
2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
3. The use of LEDs for illumination was only feasible after the invention of _______
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[Link] How an LED works
1. Give a brief description of how an LED produces light.
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2. List TWO ways in which white light can be obtained from an LED.
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[Link] Advantages
1. Describe TEN advantages of light-emitting diodes compared to incandescent
and fluorescent lamps.
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2014 Geometric and Physical Optics
Tutorial questions – Chapter 8
[Link] Disadvantages
1. Describe some of the disadvantages of light-emitting diodes as light sources.
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2014 Geometric and Physical Optics