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SERVICES)

MODULE-2

ERANAD KNOWLEDGE CITY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE I AR. JANIS JAWAD

MODULE I (11 hrs)
Introduction - Role and Purpose of HVAC systems in everyday use. Need for architects to study the system.
The scope and impact of Mechanical systems- Impact of space planning - Impact on Architectural Design -
Impact on High-rise Buildings - Impact on construction cost – Impact on the Global environment. Engineering
Fundamentals - Principles of Heat transfer – Conduction, convection, radiation, Thermodynamics.
Document any traditional context where passive system for thermal comfort is implemented.

MODULE II (11 hrs.)

Psychrometry - Psychrometric properties - Psychrometric chart – Psychrometric process - adiabatic mixing -
Sensible heating and cooling - humidifying and dehumidifying – bypass factor - sensible heat factor - room
sensible factor – RSHF and GSHF line - Thermal Comfort-Human comfort, comfort chart - Standard
requirements of ventilation for different conditions of living and work. Conditions for comfort - Control of
quality, quantity, temperature, and Humidity of air. Indoor Air Quality, Techniques and Adaptations of
different climatic conditions. Effective temperature – Factors governing effective temperature.

MODULE III (12 hrs.)

Principles of Refrigeration – Capacity - Coefficient of performance (COP)- Carnot refrigeration cycle - vapor
compression systems - Theoretical and practical cycles -Thermodynamic analysis using PH diagram - Standard
refrigerants including eco-friendly refrigerants and their properties - Study of refrigeration system
components– Compressors – Condensers -Expansion devices – evaporators - cooling towers.
Exercise: Site visits to study various air conditioning systems.

MODULE IV (12 hrs.)

Air conditioning systems - Room air conditioning systems - window A/C, split packaged systems - central and
unitary systems – summer – winter - year-round air conditioning systems - Cooling load calculation - various
heat sources - Design of air conditioning systems - AHU, Duct design - air distribution systems - draft - throw
- entrainment ratio – spread - location of air outlets - location of return air openings - general consideration
in air duct design and layout - noise and noise control. Determination of duct size using equal friction (constant
pressure loss) method.
Sustainable design approaches - Materials and systems for insulation, energy efficient techniques regarding
HVAC systems. Awareness of VRF system design, diversity factor in HVAC, district cooling system Heating
systems- modern sustainable solutions like heat pumps.

Exercise: Documentation and case studies of small scale and large-scale buildings, reading
drawings, understanding notations, legends, symbols, and sizes.

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 1. PSYCHROMETRY
 Psychrometry is the science dealing with the physical laws of air - water vapour mixtures.
 When designing an air conditioning system, the temperature and moisture content of the air to be
conditioned, and the same properties of the air needed to produce the desired air conditioning effect.
 In other words, we can say that Psychrometry is the study of MOIST AIR or mixture of dry air and
water vapour.

1.1 PROPERTIES OF PSYCHROMETRY

 DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
 HUMIDITY RATIO
 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE
 WET BULB TEMPERATURE
 HUMIDITY
o Specific humidity
o Absolute humidity
 PSYCHROMETRIC RATIO

1.1.1 DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

 The temperature at which moisture starts to condense out of the air is known as DEW POINT.
 Dew point is also known as saturation temperature.
 Dew point temperature is determined by moving from a state point horizontally to the left along lines
of constant humidity ratio until the upper, curved, saturation temperature boundary is reached.
For eg: If moisture condenses on a cold bottle taken out from a refrigerator , it means
dewpoint temperature of air outside is above the temperature in the refrigerator.

Condensation occurs at dew point temperature

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 1.1.2 RELATIVE HUMIDITY

1.1.3 HUMIDITY RATIO

 Actual weight of water in an air - water vapour mixture
 Amount of moisture per unit of dry air
 Can be defined as, W=m/G

1.1.4 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE

 The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in a
place sheltered from direct solar radiation. The term dry-bulb is customarily added to temperature to
distinguish it from wet-bulb and dew point temperature.

1.1.5 WET BULB TEMPERATURE

 Wet bulb temperature is the temperature recorded by thermometer when the bulb is enveloped by
cotton wick saturated with water.

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  The accuracy of a simple wet-bulb thermometer depends on how fast air passes over the bulb and
how well the thermometer is shielded from the radiant temperature of its surroundings.

1.1.6 HUMIDITY
 Specific humidity is defined as the proportion of the mass of water vapour per unit mass of the moist
air sample (dry air plus the water vapour); it is closely related to humidity ratio and always lower in
value.
 Absolute Humidity: The mass of water vapor per unit volume of air containing the water vapor. This
quantity is also known as the water vapour density.

1.1.7 PSYCHROMETRIC RATIO

 The psychrometric ratio is the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient to the product of mass transfer
coefficient and humid heat at a wetted surface. It may be evaluated with the following equation:

where:

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 1.2 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

 Vertical lines are dry-bulb temperature

 Horizontal lines are humidity ratio (right axis) or dew point temp (left axis)
 Slanted lines are wet-bulb temp and enthalpy
 Specific volume are the "other" slanted lines

1.3 PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES

o Sensible heating
o Sensible cooling
o Dehumidification
o humidfiying
o Adiabatic cooling
o Adiabatic mixing (moist air & water vapor)

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 Psychrometric Processes in detail
1. SENSIBLE HEATING: it is addition of heat to moist air without the addition of moisture. It follows a
constant humidity ratio line on the psychrometric chart.

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 2. SENSIBLE COOLING: It is the removal of heat from moist air without the removal of moisture. It also
follows a constant W on the psychrometric chart.

 Heating & Cooling process - addition or removal of sensible heat without change in absolute
moisture content.
 NOTE: RH changes as temperature changes.

3. COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING: It is the removal of heat and moisture from moist air, it involves
sensible and latent heat transfer.

4. DEHUMIDIFICATION BY COOLING - in cooling coils temp of air reduces and the saturation point (dew
point) is reached.
Further cooling results in reduction of absolute humidity.

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 5. HEATING AND HUMIDIFYING: It is the addition of heat and moisture to moist air, it also involves
sensible and latent heat transfer.

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 6. HUMIDIFYING: It is the addition of moisture to moist air without the addition of heat.

7. ADIABATIC OR EVAPORATIVE COOLING: A psychrometric process which invovles the cooling without
heat loss or gain. Sensible heat lost by air is converted to latent heat in the added water vapor.

8. ADIABATIC MIXING OF MOIST AIR & STREAM : A psychrometric process that invovles no net heat
loss or gain during the mixing of two air streams.

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 1.4 Psychrometric Climate Classification
shows the various approximate zones of temperature and humidity on the psychrometric chart.

2. HUMAN COMFORT

 Human thermal comfort is defined as a condition of mind, which expresses satisfaction with the
surrounding environment.
 High temperatures and humidity provide discomfort sensations and sometimes heat stress (i.e.,
reducing the body's ability to cool itself)
 Discomfort and heat stress reduce productivity of workers and may lead to more serious health
problems, especially for aged persons.

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 2.1 COMFORT CHART
The Comfort Chart is a psychrometric chart that shows temperature on the X-axis and humidity index on the
Y-axis. Since humidity index is fairly unknown, relative humidity curves are also shown. On the psychrometric
chart, a comfort zone is identified to indicate the comfort limits defined for this zone.

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 2.2 Factors Affecting Human Comfort
 Heat production and regulation in human body

 Heat and moisture losses from the human body

 Moisture content of air

 Quality and quantity of air

 Air motion

 Hot and cold surfaces

 Air stratification

 Effective temperature

2.2.1 Heat Production and Regulation in Human Body:

The rate of heat production depends upon the individual’s health, his physical activity and his
environment. The rate at which the body produces heat is metabolic rate. The heat production from
a normal healthy person when a sleep (called based metabolic rate) is about 60 wtts and it is about
ten times more for a person carrying out sustained very hard work.

2.2.2 Heat and Moisture Losses from the Human Body:

The heat is given off from the human body as either sensible or latent heat or both. In order to design
any air-conditioning system for spaces which human bodies are to occupy, it is necessary to know the

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 rates at which these two forms of heat are given off under different conditions of air temperature
and bodily activity.

2.2.3 Moisture Content of Air:

The moisture content of outside air during winter is generally low and it is above the average during
simmer, because the capacity of the air to carry moisture is dependent upon its dry bulb temperature.
This means that in winter, if the cold outside air having a low mist rue content leaks into the
conditioned space, it will cause a low relative humidity unless minster is assed to the air by the
processes of humidification. In summer, the reveres will take place unless moisture is removed from
the inside air by the dehumidification process.

2.2.4 Quality and Quantity of Air:

The air in an occupied space should, at all times, be free room toxic, unhealthful ordisagreeable fumes
such as carbon dioxide. It should also be free from dust and odour.

2.2.5 Air Motion:

The air motion which included the distribution of air is very important to maintain uniform temperate
in the conditioned space. The air velocity in the occupied zone should not exceed 8 to 12m/min.

2.2.6 Cold and Hot Surfaces:

The cold or hot objects in a conditioned space may cause discomfort to the occupants.

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 2.2.7 Air Stratification:
The movement of the air to produce the temperature gradient from floor to ceiling is termed as air
stratification. In order to achieve comfortable conditions in the occupied space, the air conditioning
system must be designed to reduce the air stratification to a minimum.

2.2.8 EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE

Effective temperature is not an actual temperature in the sense that it can be measured by a
thermometer. The effective temperature (ET*) defines as that index whích correlate combined effect
of air temperature, relative humidity and air velocty on the human body.

THE FACTORS THAT GOVERN EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE INCLUDE

 Climatic and seasonal differences
 Clothing
 Age and Sex
 duration of stay
 kind of Activity
 Density of occupants
 Air velocity

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BYPASS FACTOR

SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR

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ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR

GROSS SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR

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