General Anatomy of Bones
Dr. Irum Naz
BONES
• Highly specialized connective tissue of the body.
• Consists of cells (osteocytes), fibers and ground substance.
• Intercellular substance/matrix is impregnated with calcium salts as a
result of which it is very rigid.
FUNCTIONS
• Mechanical functions
• Physiological functions
MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS
• Rigid framework that supports the body.
• Protects vital organs.
• Make body movements.
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
• Storehouse and supplier of calcium, phosphate and magnesium salts.
• Bonemarrow
TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
• Compact bone tissue
• Spongy (cancellous) bone tissue
Regional distribution of bones:
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
AXIAL SKELETON
• Head, neck and trunk
• Skull 22 bones
• Ear ossicles (3+3)=6
• Hyoid 1
• Vertebral column 26
• Ribs 24
• Sternum 1
• Total 80
APPENDICULAR SKELTON
• Upper limb 64
• Lower limb 62
• Total 126
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
• Developmental classification
• Regional classification
• Classification according to size and shape
Developmental classification
• Membrane bones
• Cartilaginous bones
• Membrano cartilaginous bones
Membrane bones
• Intramembranous method of osteogenesis.
• Examples:
• Flat bones of skull
• Bones of face (maxilla, zygomatic, nasal bones).
Cartilaginous bones
• Intracartilaginous method of osteogenesis.
• Preformed hyaline cartilage.
• Limbs, ribs and vertebrae.
Membrano cartilaginous bones
• Partly by membrane and partly in cartilage.
• Occipital, temporal and sphenoid bones.
Classification according to size and shape
• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones
• Accessory bones
LONG BONES
TYPICAL LONG BONES
Typical long bones
Miniature long
bones
SHORT BONES
• Same dimension in length, width and thickness and shaped
irregularly.
• Carpal and tarsal bones
FLAT BONES
• Thin and curved plates.
• 2 layers of compact bones with a spongy bone sandwiched between
them.
• Tables
• Diploe
Irregular bones
• Do not fit in any category.
• Hip bones, vertebrae and bones of face (maxilla, zygomatic).
ACCESSORY BONE (SUPERNUMERARY BONES)
Heterotropic bone
ADULT TYPICAL BONE
PERIOSTEUM:
• Outer covering
• Blood capillaries,
lymphatic vessels and
nerves
• Osteoprogenitor cells
• Osteoblasts
:MEDULLARY CAVITY:
Bone marrow
Blood vessels and fat cells