2

RtpmdtwrioH In Plants and Ani11z,u

- -- -- -- -- -~ ~
,ntroductio,, . . . ~
. , s b which tho continuity of o species 1s rnaint .
Rc-prl''du(:\1~~" ,s A l\'l~ll.c:;e,l~I Atlll posses It on
duplic~trs 1\~ \lC1'(:\ 1\; from yonorotion to Yener:1~ed. A
ml
• t1on ",.
Thr n,,,,1c ot '<'llt oductio11 "' ny be Sil xunl or asoxua~, While
tho great rnaiorit • i1.
' ,1,h c"'lls o1 om bodios and many microorganisms
~uc,1 ~s reproduce asexua11 YOf li1.,
~rn~nised anim"ls and p\an\s reproduce sexua II y an d pO
Iv t;
h' hi Y, n
\ , ssess ig Y specia1· earir1~, ~
the purpose, ISe I~
d~t,
~. ~sexuaheproduction: This type of reproductio.n involves
a~ingle individual, rri 1
gametes (sex cells) are absent. It generally mvolv~s a 51
.m~le process of /le atii
seen in amoeba and bacteria which reproduce by binary
fission. Yeast or h 811 di.1
by budding. Yd '1
Dau ra rep
ghter Ctl
\Ir
\

►e
Single parent Daughter cells Single parent
Binary .fissio11 in Amoeba
Budding;,, t.,
Even flowering plants which bear male and fema ieast
le gametes
can be propagated asexually from their vegetative
parts like Female gamete
root, stem and leaves.
b. Sexual reproduction: This mode of reproductio
union of male and female gametes. This process
n involves the
is termed •\
fertilisation. The fusion of gametes results in the
of a zygote from which the new individual develops.
* If fertilisation occurs outside the body
formation
I
of the organism,
as in fishes and frogs, it is termed external fertilisatio
n.
* If fertilisation occurs inside the body of the organism, ..
as Fertilisation
in birds and mammals, it is termed internal fertilisatio
n.
In animals, the male and female gametes are
generally
produced in separate individuals. The male gamete
or sperm,
is produced in the testes. The female gamete or ovum
or egg,
is produced in the ovaries. In certain animals like Zygote
the snail
and tapeworm, both sex organs (testes and ovary)
occur in
a single individual. These animals are called hermaphro
dites.
In plants, the sexes may or may not be separate. Acco
rdingly,
a flower is either unisexual (bearing either male or
female Embryo
gamete) or bisexual (bearing both gametes). Sex11al Reprod11crion

0
 -
Ase)(Unl Reproduction In Plants and Animals
~l'ILH1uction is tho prucoss by which o -
:\I I<'I • Ty(le!I of A!le:rnal keproduction
r~th nnistn produces on uff sprinu without tho
\ le orll•
g 1f g.l1notes. I. Binary fission
sio'' l
~ir-.. ,;sties of Asexual Reproduction 2. Multiple fission
't ,ttrect6 .
nstitutes a rapid mode of reproduction. 3. Regeneration or Fragmentation
It co
'~s
, l It ,n
.
volves only one individual and takes place
d f ·1· .
4. Spore formation
/1111 without gametes an ert1 1sat1on.
5. Budding
~~. offsprings are identical to the parent.
6. Vegetative propagation in Plants
, of Asexual Reproduction
'Cl 1,vpes . .
v;~. Bioarv F1ss1on
'1·
!~tc Binary fission is common in unicellular organ-
r-. •srns and occurs when food is abundant and
I • I .
I ternperature optimum.
Dividing nucleus
Daughter amoebae
\~,
~ In unicellular organisms like amoeba, Nucleus
(ii The nucleus splits into two and forms
the new nuclei. Simultaneously a deep
constriction appears in the cell, passing
through the middle.
(ii) The constriction eventually divides the cell
into two halves, each containing a new Binary fission in Amoeba
nucleus.
(iii) Thus, two daughter cells are formed. Each
daughter cell acquires a contractile vacu-
ole. They now begin to feed and grow into
new individuals.
Example: Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, Euglena,
,.. Sea anemone
2. Multiple fission
Under favourable conditions such as extreme Binary fission in Sea anemone
temperatures or food scarcity, some unicellular
jndividuals secrete a three-layered protective
wall around it called the cyst.
Daughter
Inside the cyst, the nucleus divides and each Cyst Daughter cells cells escape
nuclei surrounds itself with cytoplasm to form
several off springs.
On return of favourable conditions or on finding
a favourable substrate, the cyst absorbs water
and its walls burst. The offsprings escape and
soon grow into new individuals. Parent

Example: P/asmodium (inside RBC of humans) Multiple fission in Plasmodium

0
 ____ --~~ge,un Ation
-~ f rog mPntnt,on "" ,o • •
of All ind1v1duc1I.,
' t0
1 t'l ~ r 1 (f f ~ q n, () I
r, Anv r-11 l . • f ti,~ ,iticl~tts yrows Hl
· · f! pl'H 11011 f1 • , ' f
1I . ·~ coll~d fragrncntnt on.
ron1~1n•ni~ . .
· i v,du:'-ll
::I nr-,, ,n, ' ,
,,s I;, ,,
i ·t h.>tl when~ t 1e
f
f .,~r,u:'ll , rpf<~t u<,, , .
A ""rrn (I l I ,f I C<11 owitH.J cot t lllf l (,tit
c l iC: t; tl f' :l 1 p t ,' ' • d
\v~1:tn1. n. • l "·Jy whc,, it loses t lH~fll, ,s ca lie
,ts )l,u I
r,~rt~. ,,f ' " A (:Ut P~' t without the nuc eus
,

T'('O(tOPrA1 ,or.· • ' •

_ • , "' rc·"<'n(')r ~te And everitually dies.
~
, ~n! l
'=)inmo,e: P/mu1rit1, spirogyra, starfish
.. Uiff __ (J
Spiral
chloroplast Fragment '
1!111 .
a Spore Formation '
Certain fungus like bread mould reproduce Fragmentation in S .
Ptr0 ,,..
asexually by the forn,ation of the spores. The ,v-,,"
body of the fungus is composed of hyphae
.,,,./'SPorano·
which develop the sporangium. The sporangium ~ el~ll)

is a swollen structure at the tip of the filaments C;

bearing the spores. The spores are tough

C;

~o Spores
structures which are dispersed by the breaking
of the sporangium. Hundreds of spores are Sparano;
oiOp~,
liberated and each gives rise to a new individual.
Example: Bread moulds - Rhizopus and Mucor,
algae like Chlamydomonas
5. Budding
A bulb like outgrowth called bud arises from
the parent body. The developed bud separates
from the parent body and exists as a new Bread mould (Rhizopus)
independent individual. Bud Daughter cell
Vacuole
Example:
Nucleus #-~

(i) Yeast: Yeast is a unicellular organism. The

bud is formed on one side of the body. The
nucleus divides and one of the daughter
nuclei passes into the bud.
(ii) Hydra: Hydra is a multicellular organism. Parent cell Nucleus Cytoplasm Two
The bud forms from one side of the body divides divides daugh!!
and develops to form tentacles before it Budding in Yeast
cells
detaches from the parent .
._.,. , _ , . . - 7 Tentacles Oflspring

Parent hydra Bud grows Bud gets detached

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __!}_B~11~1ht!}_t1~·n~g!_il~1~HQy~d~ra~------~~~--___-,

0
;:;
r.,. ....ti;-1,101rn\'Jn
- -lhm~ --~-----------i
l
Ii, f'lnut"
\II clp\f'
pti1tiv<' p1oi.>O\.ll'ltlon is n furm of n~oxus,I
1
vr1 1tl:t 1o,, in pln11ts in which n hud prosont
,,~,w
1PI
.
'" \ vouotot,vo pnrt of tho plnnt such 08 lrr111111al h11d
,,,, ~,em or lonf grows ond dovolups into n
l)l~, I • • •
1
platH. Vcgotnt,vo propagatmn may toko
Node
,,e,~ bV ,,ntur el or nrtif icial methods. fntcrno<lc Axillary bud
pl8'-e
rt'l Vegetative Propagation -Node ✓
N&tll
Role of Roots In Vegetative Propagation
1.
In addition to their normal functions of - - Ff<,wcr bud
fixation, absorption and conduction of
water and minerals from the soil, both tap
roots and adventitious roots are modified '
Leaf ~car
in various ways for food storage for
perennation.
Perennation is the ability of organisms,
particularly plants, to survive from one
germinating season to another, especially
under unfavourable conditions such as
drought or winter. Storage organs such Position of Buds on a Stem
as tubers, rhizomes and corm, and the
buds serve as organs of perennation.
Perennation and vegetative reproduction
are closely linked because the organisms
usually use the same organs for both,
continued existence and reproduction.
The tuberous roots of mint, guava and
sweet potato bear adventitious buds.
When such bud-bearing roots are planted
in the soil, new plants are produced.

New plant

Sweet potato is a tuber that Dahlia develops om a

develops from a tap root system fibrous root system
Tap root is a true root as it Fibrous root is an adventitious root as
develops from the radicle. it develops from the base ofthe stem.
Roots modified for Pere11natio11 and Propllgation
 ;
-
~"'" C'lf !;tf'fll - '" v,~11t11tlvn rro,,nontlon
ltr,cirt()fOlttl<i ~tf'n\~
rN thf'I pwr,o~n of petenru1tfon, cortnin
Typct or""''
~, ...,,,~ •1t"vf'tlor unrtorgrounri nnd ,crnoin Pr~,- ,,,
(i) n,h<·r : ,,, ,, ,,,,,,fl
<1Nn,11nt for ~orno time. Those storns arc I dl<1, ;lrt, • ,,,
C
1
th•,"- i'tid ftostw ci110 to accumulation of (ii) Hhl1,omr: ( ;1·, ( hr,t \
rr~r,vo food m111tcrial and annually give off igcr, t ~~ '
.. ·) c·orrn '''tt1c,,c
n~n~I shoots. The food is used by the plant ( 111 : <ihcJ' r
' 1<1/u<i s
to survive through unfavourable periods of (iv) Hufh : Onion , CrrJt,,, r.
, 1sr1r/; 'i:, ,..
winter or the dry season. These stems can -- ...:• ,,,y ', f
develop into one or more new plants the
following year.
Being underground and non-green, these
stems resemble roets, but their true nature Lateral hud
(eye) Ne~
can be determined by the fact that they h~
8 li
bear nodes, internodes, buds and scafe- Buds g· t \
. l\lc
rise to
teaves. new
Plant

Rhizome of Ginger
Rhizome is a stem which
grows horizontally under ft£
the soil. Rhizomes store 1ri
starches and proteins and 111'
enable plants to perennate
RO
Adventitious
underground.
gi"
roots ----= ~ f:](i

Bulbs are small disc-like stems surroun ded by scale leaves. Corm
New plants can be propagated by replanting these bulbs.
Older
&
L
J Tennina l bud Bulbil

t
conn
Abulbil
with thE

r
I
c.,~~ '!(-- - Stem (disc)
~4---_ _;=- Roots
Plantswith_cormsarepropagatedbycutf for the
the corms mto section s and replantin ~ The bul
E h · g. into ne,
t ac sect10n, with at least one bud, usualli
I Bulb ofOnion
Daughter bulb can genera te a new conn. • yam
Examph
t
I
I
0
l
 eriAI Stems
5ub•II .
tenis of certain plants grow horizontally
118
, T ~e soil surf ace or just below it. These are
onodt·t·ed for vegetative propagation. They never
n, , 'food but con duct .1t away to the daughter
st0r~ until they are fully developed.
plan
\ Exaniple: Strawberry, grass

Strawberry plants reproduce through

stolons or "runners.''
Runners extend out several inches
from the crown, take root in the
.......-,::,:;:::;:;::::11~1 soil, and produce new plants called
I,~_-;.~[Link]..~~Jil).1t~~,~~~~~?.__:-.:~.:-~~~"""!'.':~~·~:::..,..--~ "daughter plants."
Adventitious roots -~~

R11n11er ofStrawberry

3
_ Role of Leaves in Vegetative Propagation
In some plants, buds develop along the leaf
margin. These buds give out adventitious roots.
Roots on the lower leaves strike the soil and
give rise to new plants.
Example: Bryophyllum

Notches Root Shoot Young leaves

Leaf ofBryophyllum with adve11titious roots
Bulbil
Abulbil is an aerial vegetative or floral bud swollen
with the accumulation of'food and meant essentially
Bulbil
for the reproduction of the plant.
The bulbils detach from the mother plant and grow
into new individuals during favourable conditions.
Example: Dioscorea, Agave americana, onion, wild
yam Bu/bi/ ofAgave

0
 Artifici&l methods of Vegetethr8 P,-o,,Agetfon
\Vhen ,·r~1(>tativc, propt-,gn1ion tAkc:)s plocn nrtlficlnlly
w,th hurnan inte, vention, it is cnlled o, ti1icinl
vc-pet M ,ve pr◊p~g,H it1n. It is ;1 1ne1 hod that is
matnl\' u~0,i to ir'lttl',duce desired ch~, octer s such
0 ~ impro,·t?d fl~,·our t colour, f lAvour 01- nlJilit y to
r~~1~t di~e~~es in the new plants.
Thr pctrt of~ pl.~nt thM is used for artificial vegetative
prop~g~t,on is called vegetative propagule.
~u:tmg. Gr~fting, Layeringt and Tissue culture
1
are ~ome types of artificial rnethods of vegetative
A rtljfclal veuetatJ
(:,
&
..,,,e..___,
/Jr ...
tltat are carrletl ha, l 0 P<ll({(v
pr0oagat1on. ., '"'''u,,·' to ,,,,, II~
/JI'()/) t I
1 Cutting: Cutting is the method of cutting a stem Q~O!

of a plant with nodes and internodes intact and Cutting ,

growing it as an individual plant. The small
part of the stem with nodes and internodes is
removed from the parent, planted in moist soil,
and developed as a new plant.
Cutting is also possible in the roots of some
plants. By cutting, more plants are propagated.
Example: Rose plant, sugarcane
2. Grafting: In this type of propagation the stem
Propagation bu C .
system of the desired variety is cut and inserted ., Ult111g
into the root system of another healthy plant. Scion
The stem system is called a scion and the root
system is called stock. There can be a single
or multiple scions but there is only one stock.
This method can be performed in plant varieties
of the same species to give rise to new healthy
or multiple plants.
Example: Mango, guava
3. Layering: In this method of propagation roots Propagation by Grafting
are formed where the stem comes in contact
with the soil. A single stem or multiple stems
is bent and buried in the soil to give rise to a
new plant. Before burying the stem, an incision
is made in the node from which a new plant
arises. In the case of air layering, instead of
burying the stem a patch of soil and peat moss
is wrapped around the incised node.
Layering is useful for developing fruit orchards
in horticulture.
Example: Jasmine, tomatoes
'ng
Prop11gation by L"yen
\JT;. or Micropn,,)At1Atlon
,) c;tilttlf6 . .
~ ,,t,o ct1lture ,s the [Link]"'tl' 10 o~ !l~ nwlny
~1 ti 55ue t(ie 8,, h,tnct plnnt. h I~ thn m1t1,,I MPP
• 111 0 uts,
:i
,.rit
ce'''rN,a~, "tiO'' whm eI P rm\
1
1
.
tcllq nt o nt own 111
I
~ ·c(OP ediut,,, d~ve optn~ t mm into n tnroo
f r,11 1·~I ,,, . I
·, ~rtifiC ,ia,,tl~t~. Tissu~ C\I \, 11 t' mnin1 nin~ plnnt /'l,,nf 1lnt1t rullurt' I,
' ber <'f ~ ·,e eot,ditians on n tntltnblo nuttlont tHttf tn htft'd ~,,d, nr
uni 5tert J·tt ,
i1' ~ m~ss of unu, 1~1 ent,ntmi cnlls for on ,,,nw k lwft' p(flffN ftnm
115
e (fil,-,, ~s ·iod of ti1ne. In plmH~, this tnclmique is t In,,,~. .~,m,11 ~ hnntf ""
,e .-eJ J.'ef M· , . . . mulilplnl
teiio "s d~1,1t,g. it:t op, oµagat1on requires l(rntt r, n"tf
' o""''
lc:o ~" ,·e for the mu Itip
• 1·,cation
• of plantlets. mtrln 1if,rllt r.11nditforh.
~~ 'ttltll
~t is~ue {;,,,8 11 piece of tissue. is cut. from the plant and t Jnil Iffcrcrll 1M1~,J
c.1ll11ci
, . As sterred to a con~~1ner with nutrient medium
tr~r'I r aseptic cond1t1ons.
u~e .
·ssue absorbs the nutrients and grows into
r1,e ti f •
2. norganised mass o tissue called callus. Mcristcm cuttings arc set into a
an ll sterile medium that supports growth.
~ sniall quantit~es of thh~ cha_lluds are tr~nsferred into '--------'

~ 3. ther medium w 1c m uces differentiation

' ano d
and plantlets are pro uced.
piantlets are weaned from the laboratory and
4• acclimatised to the greenhouse environment.
weaned plants can be potted. The new plants Weaning
From vessel to
retain all the characteristics of the parent plant.
greenhouse
This is a very tedious and expensi~e procedure
hence not as popular as conventional farming Callus separated Rooting: Plantlets are transferred
an d . d . and single cells to rooting media so they can grow
methods of sowing an reaping crops.
are cultured. roots.
Advantages of Vegetative Propagation
l. It is a surer and quicker method of reproducing a plant, since
'

(i) The process of pollinati0~ and fertilisation is eliminated. As such, there is no dependence on
pollinating agents. "·
I \. \..
(ii) The new individual continues to r~eive food from the parent plant for some time and hence can
grow even during unfavourable conditions\. A seed on the other hand, would not germinate into
a new plant unless provided with optimum conditions of air, water, temperature and nutrients.
2. The characteristics of the parent plant is preserved. New, individuals develop with identical qualities.
3. Plants that do not produce viable seed (e.g. banana, potato, rose, sugarcane, orange etc. can be propagated
by this method.
4. Seedless fruits can be cultivated.
Disadvantages of Vegetative Propagation
1. It never produces new varieties.
2. Vegetative reproduction does not result in widespread distribution but tends to produce dense clumps
of daughter plants around the p:1rent. This leads to over crowding and competition for food.
 -....------~u-

• _:...--- su~~ary
-----~f-07.:~:p~
---:--:- the pH1ductin" o ,
~.n-~;-;:;;;--;~~;;;; 'S8
~lJa1 )
~"""~"
R·•~,.;,,c"' ·~ "I
"'· . • two i11divldunls and involves tho fusion of
.
!i'I' ..,
..~('\, :-t rrpm,,u,
~~n,rtrs.
·til'll I cqllll (.S
.
by which Osingle organism producos ari
'na1
~~
,._
/
S
, P'
l :\ [Link] is tho process Offsnri
• \, ~\\11' 1': J
• of gametes. II\,_ (i
. • I i
thr h1~1l"'' f roduction as ,t invo ves onIY one ind·
•
1 production ,s a ra pid .mode o rep
i. ,,r,t•i' re . . Offsprings produce d as a resu It of ase '"idua1 I
tes and fert1hsatIon. Xua1 r ~, I
"'~ce without game ecrr
llr<> idrntical to the parent. 1 i
al reproduction: .
,, Types of asexu . . lting in two identical cells, each hav
J. • • A parent cell d1v1des, resu ing th
, i) Binary fission. . e~-
' the size of the origina 1 ce 11 • ,
to grow to d division to produce a large nu ·
5 repeated
(ii) Multiple fission: The nucleus un ergdoeced from the parent cell. l"l'lber Of
Hence many daughter cells are pro u ,
• b
(iii) Fragmentation: An organism rea s.k off from itself and the broken fragments of h
t eOr ..
grow into individual separate organisms. . ~
• •ts ca pable of regrowing certain cut parts of its b
Regeneration: The organism Ody "'1
loses them.
• • Spores are spherical structures which are stored in sacs called
(• ) Spore formation. . d ud · b Por
iv When the sporang1a • burst·, hundreds of spores are liberate . n er su,ta le condr't•8 a
ions
develop into a new plant. '
(v) Budding: A new organism develops from a bud of an ~xisting organism. Until the
organism matures, it remains attached to the parent organism.
(vi) Vegetative propagation: New plant~ are _grown from veg~tative parts like roots, s~
leaves and buds of a plant, without rnvolvrng any reproductive organ.
• Natural vegetative propagation occurs when plants grow and develop naturally w~
any human interference. 1

* Artificial vegetative propagation occurs when plants -grow and develop with hUii
intervention.
4. Artificial methods of propagation include Cutting, Grafting, Layering and Tissue culture.
-----
Cutting: A plant part like stem or leaf is cut and planted in the soil.
Grafting: Plant parts from different plants are joined together so they grow as one plant
Layering: The new plant remains partially attached to the mother plant while forming ~
roots.

Tissue culture: An entire plant is grown from plant tissues under a controlled environment
the laboratory.
5
• Advant~ges of vegetative propagation: It is a quick and certain method. The offspring produd
is identical to the parent. Hence desirable qualities can be maintained.
Plants that do not have viable seed, can be reproduced.
6. Disadvantages of vegetative . din
around the parent plant H [Link]: Does not produce new variety. Leads to overcrow
• ence there ,s competition for food.