Module 2: Introduction to Research: Definition, Characteristics, Components and Type of Research,

Research Design, Research tittle and Standard in writing Research

Objectives

By the end of this module, participants will be able to:

1. Define research and its connection to community development.

2. Understand the historical context and key proponents of community development.

3. Identify the characteristics, purposes, and importance of community development.

4. Recognize the significance of different types of research, including qualitative, quantitative, mixed
methods, and action research.

5. Engage in participatory research activities to enhance community involvement.

6. Formulate research titles and identify research problems relevant to community development.

Definition of Research

Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to answer questions or
solve problems (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). It involves investigating a specific topic or phenomenon to
expand knowledge, test hypotheses, or develop new theories (Babbie, 2016).

Characteristics of Research

Effective research is characterized by several key features:

¶ Systematic: Follows a structured approach to ensure validity and reliability (Neuman, 2014).

¶ Empirical: Based on observations and data collection (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2015).

¶ Replicable: Allows for replication by documenting methods and procedures (Babbie, 2016).

¶ Objective: Strives for impartiality throughout the research process (Neuman, 2014).

¶ Generalizable: Findings should be applicable to broader contexts (Frankfort-Nachmias &

Nachmias, 2015).
Components of Research

A research study typically consists of the following components:

1. Introduction: Background information and research problem.

2. Literature Review: Summary and analysis of existing literature.

3. Methodology: Research design and data collection methods.

4. Results: Presentation of findings.

5. Discussion: Interpretation of results and implications.

Types of Research

1. Quantitative Research

Definition

Quantitative research is a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among
variables. These variables, in turn, can be measured, typically on instruments, so that numbered data
can be analyzed using statistical procedures. The final written report has a set structure consisting of
introduction, literature and theory, methods, results, and discussion (Creswell, 2018).

Characteristics

Focuses on measuring and quantifying phenomena

Uses numerical data that can be analyzed statistically

Employs deductive reasoning to test hypotheses

Emphasizes objectivity and control of variables

Aims to establish causal relationships between variables

Relies on standardized data collection methods

Common Quantitative Research Designs:

1. Descriptive Research: Involves describing characteristics of a population or phenomenon.

2. Correlational Research: Examines the relationship between two or more variables without
manipulating them.

3. Experimental Research: Tests hypotheses by manipulating one or more independent variables to

observe the effect on a dependent variable.

4. Quasi-Experimental Research: Similar to experimental research but lacks random assignment to

treatment or control groups (Creswell, 2018).

Advantages

1. Findings can be generalized to larger populations

2. Data analysis is relatively straightforward and efficient

3. Researcher bias is minimized through standardized procedures

4. Replicability of studies is easier to achieve

Disadvantages

1. May oversimplify complex phenomena by reducing them to numbers

2. Fails to capture the depth and context of human experiences

3. Assumes that all phenomena can be quantified and measured

4. May overlook important variables or relationships not included in the study

Process

1. Identify the research problem and hypotheses

2. Select an appropriate quantitative research design (e.g., experimental, correlational, descriptive)

3. Determine the sampling strategy and select participants

4. Develop or select appropriate measurement instruments

5. Collect data using standardized procedures

6. Analyze the data using statistical techniques

7. Test the hypotheses and draw conclusions based on the statistical findings

8. Assess the validity and reliability of the study

9. Write up the research report

Example in Community Development

A researcher wants to examine the impact of a community development program on household income
levels. They would use a quantitative approach by:

1. Formulating a hypothesis, such as "The community development program will increase household
income by 20% over a 2-year period."

2. Selecting a correlational or experimental design to measure the relationship between the program
and income changes.

3. Collecting data on household income through surveys or financial records before and after the
program implementation.

4. Analyzing the data using statistical tests to determine if there is a significant difference in income
levels between program participants and non-participants.

5. Drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of the program based on the statistical findings.

2. Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or
groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The process of research involves emerging questions and
procedures, data typically collected in the participant's setting, data analysis inductively building from
particulars to general themes, and the researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data.
The final written report has a flexible structure (Creswell, 2018).

Characteristics

1. Focuses on understanding meanings, experiences, and perspectives

2. Uses non-numerical data such as words, images, and observations

3. Employs inductive reasoning to generate hypotheses and theories

4. Emphasizes depth and richness of data over breadth

5. Allows for flexibility in data collection and analysis

6. Acknowledges the subjectivity of the researcher

Common Research Designs:

[Link] Research: Focuses on the lived experiences of individuals regarding a particular

phenomenon.

2. Ethnographic Research: Involves the in-depth study of people and cultures in their natural settings.

3. Grounded Theory: Aims to develop a theory based on data systematically gathered and analyzed.

4. Case Study: Provides an in-depth exploration of a specific case (individual, group, or organization)
within its real-life context.

Advantages

1. Provides in-depth insights into complex phenomena

2. Allows for exploration of new ideas and theories

3. Gives voice to marginalized groups and perspectives

4. Facilitates understanding of context and process

Disadvantages

1. Findings may not be generalizable to larger populations

2. Data analysis can be time-consuming and labor-intensive

3. Researcher bias may influence data collection and interpretation

4. Replicability of studies may be challenging

Process

1. Identify the research problem and objectives

2. Select an appropriate qualitative research design (e.g., case study, ethnography,

phenomenology)
 3. Determine the sampling strategy and select participants

4. Collect data using methods such as interviews, focus groups, or observations

5. Analyze the data using techniques like thematic analysis or grounded theory

6. Interpret the findings and draw conclusions

7. Ensure trustworthiness through strategies like triangulation and member checking

8. Write up the research report

Example in Community Development

A researcher wants to explore the lived experiences of homeless individuals in a community. They would
use a qualitative approach by:

Identifying the research problem, such as understanding the challenges faced by homeless individuals in
accessing community resources.

Selecting a phenomenological design to focus on the lived experiences of the participants.

Conducting in-depth interviews with homeless individuals to gather their stories and perspectives.

Analyzing the interview transcripts using thematic analysis to identify common themes and patterns.

Interpreting the findings to provide a rich understanding of the experiences and challenges faced by
homeless individuals in the community.

Ensuring trustworthiness through strategies like member checking, where participants review the
researcher's interpretations for accuracy.

3. Mixed Methods Research

Mixed methods research is an approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative
research methodologies within a single study to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a
research problem (Creswell & Clark, 2017). This approach allows researchers to leverage the strengths
of both methods, enabling a richer analysis of complex phenomena.

Characteristics of Mixed Methods Research

1. Integration of Data: Combines qualitative (open-ended) and quantitative (closed-ended) data to

address research questions.
2. Concurrent or Sequential Design: Can be conducted simultaneously (concurrent) or in phases
(sequential), where one method informs the other.

3. Rigorous Procedures: Employs systematic and rigorous processes for both qualitative and quantitative
methods to ensure validity and reliability.

4. Philosophical Foundation: Grounded in a philosophical worldview that acknowledges the value of

both qualitative and quantitative perspectives.

5. Triangulation: Uses multiple data sources or methods to validate findings, enhancing the credibility of
the results.

Common Research Designs:

1. Convergent Design: Collects both qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously and merges the
results for comparison.

2. Explanatory Sequential Design: Begins with quantitative data collection and analysis, followed by
qualitative data to help explain the quantitative findings.

3. Exploratory Sequential Design: Starts with qualitative data collection to explore a phenomenon,
followed by quantitative data collection to test the findings (Creswell, 2018).

Advantages of Mixed Methods Research

1. Comprehensive Understanding: Provides a more holistic view of the research problem by integrating
both qualitative and quantitative data.

2. Validation of Results: Triangulation of data enhances the credibility and validity of findings, as results
from one method can corroborate those from another.

3. Flexibility: Allows researchers to adapt their methods and approaches based on the research
question, making it suitable for complex issues.

4. Rich Contextual Data: Qualitative data adds depth and context to quantitative findings, helping to
explain the "why" behind numerical trends.

Disadvantages of Mixed Methods Research

1. Complexity: Designing and implementing mixed methods studies can be more complex than single-
method studies, requiring careful planning and execution.

2. Time-Consuming: Collecting and analyzing two types of data can be labor-intensive and time-
consuming.

3. Potential for Conflicting Results: If qualitative and quantitative data yield differing results, it can be
challenging to reconcile these findings and draw coherent conclusions.

4. Resource Intensive: Often requires more resources, including time, funding, and interdisciplinary
collaboration, compared to single-method studies.

Process of Conducting Mixed Methods Research

1. Define the Research Problem: Clearly articulate the research question and objectives that necessitate
a mixed methods approach.

2. Select a Mixed Methods Design: Choose a design that fits the research question, such as convergent
parallel, explanatory sequential, or exploratory sequential (Creswell & Clark, 2017).

3. Determine Data Collection Methods: Decide how to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This may include surveys, interviews, focus groups, or observations.

4. Collect Data: Implement the data collection process for both qualitative and quantitative components,
ensuring that the methods are integrated appropriately.

5. Analyze Data: Analyze quantitative data using statistical methods and qualitative data using thematic
or content analysis.

6. Integrate Findings: Combine the results from both data sets to draw comprehensive conclusions. This
may involve comparing and contrasting findings to identify patterns or discrepancies.

7. Interpret Results: Discuss the implications of the integrated findings, addressing how they contribute
to understanding the research problem.

8. Report the Research: Write up the study, clearly presenting the mixed methods approach, findings,
and interpretations in a coherent manner.

Mixed methods research offers a powerful approach for addressing complex research questions
by integrating qualitative and quantitative data. While it presents unique challenges, the benefits of
obtaining a richer, more nuanced understanding of phenomena make it a valuable methodology in
various fields, including social sciences, health, and education.
4. Action Research

Action research is a type of research that involves actively engaging in problem-solving activities
and reflecting on the process. It is particularly useful in educational settings for improving teaching
practices and student learning outcomes.

Characteristics of Action Research

1. Participatory: Action research involves collaboration between researchers and participants, who are
often teachers or educators.

2. Practical: The goal of action research is to find practical solutions to real-world problems in specific
contexts.

3. Cyclical: Action research follows a cyclical process of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting, which
is repeated until the problem is satisfactorily addressed.

4. Reflective: Action researchers engage in critical reflection throughout the research process to inform
their actions and decisions.

5. Context-specific: Action research is tailored to the unique needs and circumstances of the setting in
which it is conducted.

Common Research Design.

1. Individual Action Research. Conducted by a single researcher, often a practitioner, aiming to improve
their own practice or understanding of a specific issue.

2. Collaborative Action Research. Involves a group of practitioners working together to investigate a

problem and develop solutions collectively.

3. School-Wide Action Research. Engages the entire school community in identifying and addressing
systemic issues affecting the school environment and student learning.

4. Participatory Action Research. Involves community members as co-researchers, empowering them to

take part in the research process and influence outcomes.

5. Practical Action Research. Focuses on addressing specific issues within a particular setting, often
conducted by practitioners to improve practices.

6. Community-Based Action Research. Engages community members in the research process to address
local issues, ensuring that the research is relevant and beneficial to those involved.
Process of Conducting Action Research

1. Identify the problem: Clearly define the issue or challenge you want to address through your research.

2. Plan the action: Develop a plan of action that outlines the steps you will take to address the problem.

3. Implement the action: Put your plan into practice by implementing the identified strategies or
interventions.

4. Observe and collect data: Gather data on the effects of your actions using various methods such as
observations, interviews, or surveys.

5. Reflect on the data: Analyze the collected data and reflect on the outcomes of your actions.

6. Revise the plan: Based on your reflection, make necessary adjustments to your plan and repeat the
cycle until the problem is satisfactorily addressed.

Advantages of Action Research

1. Relevance: Action research focuses on addressing real-world problems that are relevant to the
participants.

2. Empowerment: Engaging in action research can empower educators to take ownership of their
professional development and decision-making.

3. Flexibility: Action research allows for adaptations and modifications based on ongoing reflection and
evaluation.

4. Collaboration: Action research encourages collaboration among educators, which can lead to shared
knowledge and support.

5. Immediate impact: The cyclical nature of action research can lead to immediate improvements in
practice.

Limitations of Action Research

1. Generalizability: The context-specific nature of action research may limit the generalizability of
findings to other settings.

2. Validity: Action research may be perceived as less rigorous or valid than other research approaches
due to its participatory nature and potential for bias.
3. Time-consuming: Engaging in the cyclical process of action research can be time-consuming and may
require significant commitment from participants.

4. Resistance to change: Some educators may be resistant to change or hesitant to engage in action
research due to concerns about time, resources, or the potential for failure.

In conclusion, action research is a valuable tool for educators seeking to improve their practice and
student learning outcomes. By engaging in a cyclical process of planning, acting, observing, and
reflecting, action researchers can develop practical solutions to real-world problems and contribute to
the ongoing professional development of their colleagues.

Examples in Community Development:

A community initiative to enhance public health awareness through participatory workshops..

What is Research Design?

A research design is the overall plan or structure that guides the process of conducting research.
It serves as a blueprint for how a study will be carried out, encompassing the methods and techniques
used to collect and analyze data. A well-structured research design is essential for ensuring that research
objectives are met and that the results are valid and reliable (Scribbr, 2021).

Key Elements of Research Design

1. Research Objectives: Clearly define the goals and objectives of the research study. What is the
research trying to achieve or investigate?

2. Research Questions or Hypotheses: Formulating specific research questions or hypotheses that

address the objectives of the study. These questions guide the research process.

3. Data Collection Methods: Determining how data will be collected, whether through surveys,
experiments, observations, interviews, archival research, or a combination of these methods.

4. Sampling: Deciding on the target population and selecting a sample that represents that population.
Sampling methods can vary, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, or convenience sampling.

5. Data Collection Instruments: Developing or selecting the tools and instruments needed to collect
data, such as questionnaires, surveys, or experimental equipment.

6. Data Analysis: Defining the statistical or analytical techniques that will be used to analyze the
collected data. This may involve qualitative or quantitative methods depending on the research goals.
7. Time Frame: Establishing a timeline for the research project, including when data will be collected,
analyzed, and reported.

8. Ethical Considerations: Addressing ethical issues, including obtaining informed consent from
participants, ensuring privacy and confidentiality of data, and adhering to ethical guidelines.

9. Resources: Identifying the resources needed for the research, including funding, personnel,
equipment, and access to data sources.

10. Data Presentation and Reporting: Planning how the research findings will be presented and
reported, whether through written reports, presentations, or other formats.

Importance of Research Design

A well-planned research design helps ensure that methods align with research objectives and
that high-quality data is collected. It allows researchers to draw valid conclusions from their studies by
providing a structured approach to investigating complex questions (QuestionPro, 2023).

Research Title

A well-crafted research title should be:

1. Concise: Clear and to the point.

2. Informative: Reflects the content of the research.

3. Specific: Indicates the precise topic.

4. Interesting: Captures the reader's attention.

Research Problem

The research problem is the specific issue the study aims to address. Determining the research problem
involves:

1. Identifying gaps in existing literature.

2. Observing real-world challenges.

3. Consulting with experts or community members.

4. Sources of Research Problems

5. Research problems can arise from:

6. Personal experiences and observations.

7. Existing literature gaps.

8. Theories and models.

9. Funding agency interests.

Standards in Writing Research Papers

When writing research papers, it is essential to adhere to specific standards to ensure clarity,
credibility, and ethical integrity. Here are the key standards to follow:

1. Clarity and Conciseness

Research papers should be written clearly and concisely to effectively communicate ideas. Avoid jargon
and overly complex sentences that may confuse readers. Each sentence should contribute meaningfully
to the argument or discussion.

2. Objectivity and Unbiased Presentation

Researchers must strive for objectivity in their writing, presenting information and arguments without
personal bias. This includes acknowledging differing viewpoints and avoiding emotionally charged
language that could sway the reader's opinion.

3. Proper Citation and Adherence to Guidelines

Accurate citation of sources is crucial to avoid plagiarism and give credit to original authors. Follow the
specific citation style required (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) and ensure all references are formatted
correctly. This not only enhances credibility but also allows readers to locate original sources easily.

4. Ethical Considerations and Respect for Participants

Researchers must adhere to ethical standards, including obtaining informed consent from participants,
ensuring confidentiality, and minimizing harm. Ethical considerations also involve being transparent
about funding sources and potential conflicts of interest.

5. Logical Structure and Organization

A well-organized paper typically includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results,

discussion, and conclusion. Each section should flow logically into the next, guiding the reader through
the research process.
6. Use of Evidence-Based Arguments

Support claims with empirical evidence from credible sources. This strengthens the validity of arguments
and enhances the overall quality of the research paper.

7. Critical Analysis and Reflection

Engage critically with sources by analyzing their strengths and weaknesses rather than merely
summarizing them. Reflect on how they relate to your research question or hypothesis.

8. Revising and Proofreading

Before submission, thoroughly revise and proofread your paper for grammatical errors, typos, and
formatting issues. This step is vital for presenting a polished final product that meets academic
standards.

9. Adherence to Institutional Guidelines

Follow any specific guidelines provided by your institution or publisher regarding formatting, length,
submission procedures, and ethical compliance.

Activities

Activity 1: Research Problem Identification

Objective: To engage participants in identifying a relevant research problem in community development.

Instructions:

1. Group yourselves according to your group in research writhing.

2. Each group will brainstorm potential community issues (e.g., healthcare access, education, housing).

3. Groups will present their identified problems and discuss why they are significant for research. ( video
presentation)

Activity 2: Research Title Creation

Objective: To practice crafting effective research titles.

Instructions:

Provide participants with a list of research topics related to community development.

Instruct them to create concise and informative titles for each topic.

Share and discuss the titles as a group, providing feedback on clarity and specificity.

These will use during the Tittle Defense.

Conclusion

This module provides a comprehensive overview of research in community development, emphasizing

the importance of various research methodologies. Understanding these approaches equips participants
with the tools to conduct meaningful research that addresses community needs and contributes to
positive change.

References

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.). [Link]

Babbie, E. (2016). The practice of social research (14th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Bem, D. J. (2019). Writing the empirical journal article. In J. M. Darley, M. P. Zanna, & H. L. Roediger III
(Eds.), The compleat academic: A practical guide for the beginning social scientist (3rd ed., pp. 171-201).
American Psychological Association. [Link]

Boote, D. N., & Beile, P. (2005). Scholars before researchers: On the centrality of the dissertation
literature review in research preparation. Educational Researcher, 34(6), 3-15.
[Link]

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2015). Research methods in the social sciences (8th ed.). Worth
Publishers.

Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (7th ed.).
Pearson Education.

Stringer, E. T. (2014). Action research (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

References
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(2013). Creating and supporting a mixed methods health services research team. Health Services
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Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.).
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Purohit, S., & Devi, A. (2023). Mixed Methods-Research Methodology: An Overview. Mathews Journal of
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Scribbr. (2021). What Is a Research Design | Types, Guide & Examples. Retrieved from
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QuestionPro. (2023). Research Design: What it is, Elements & Types - QuestionPro. Retrieved from
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