INTRODUCTION

J\1ix rure : M1x rure ,., c.1 ')Ub..,tdnce that <.on..,,, ,.., ol l\.\-o or mo1c clerrn,nh or l ompound~ 1HJ1 emll dll
combme together by retaining the indrv1duul propert1e.., ol u J1nponent . ,

Uomogrncous \J1·,UJre.., The rrn.x ture m which the , uh,tarKe, ,uc Lomp Ic•tel J\, 1111xcd rogcll,er and ctr
mdistrngu1,hable trom one Jnother are u Ll led homoge neou1., 1111 xi LIi c
. <,cJJar' 11 c d 11<J one 1., ub, tanl
Hctcrogeneou.c,, \lt,:turc.s: The mixture 111 wh1th the , ub,u111c.e, Lire 1e mc.11n
t<, ..,pread through out the other , ubstam:e clfe c. alled hete1ogencou1., mi xture

Mixture
I
~
Homogeneouc., Hetcrogcneou.,
I
+
True 4iolut1on
Collo1daJ solution Suspension

, Three fypes of Solutions

On the basis of particle size of the substance. the solut10ns may be d1 v1ded mlo three lype"i The5e are
I) True solut10ns 2) Suspem,1on(i 3) Col101daJ solut,om
True soJution 1s a homogeneou5 solut10n which contains small solute partJcles (molecules or 1omJ
dispersed throughout a solvent For example, the solution of sodwm chloride m waler The particle size
1s less than 1 nm. The particles of a solute m a true solutmn are mv1s1ble even under microscope and !Is
partJcles can pass through ordinary filter paper as well as through animal membrane
Suspension 1s a heterogeneous m1xlure which contams small insoluble par11cles The particle size 1,
more than J00 nm For example. dirt particles m water The partH.: les of a suspension may not be visible
to the naked eye but are v1s1ble under a mJcroscope The particles of a suspension can neither pass
through an ordmary filter paper nor through animal membrane
,
1
ColJoidaJ Stute
Thomas Graham m 186 l observed that certain solute\ c;uch as starch, glue, gelatrn etc could not pasc;
through the parchment membrane while to ordinary solutes such a.,;; sodmm chlonde, urea, sugar etc, can
easdy do so Graham called the fonner solute,;; as coll01ds (Greek, Kollo meanmg glue) while the latter
were called crystaJJ01ds However. the above class1fi cat1on of solutec;, rnto crystallo,ds and colloids proved
unsatisfactory because a particular sub<itance would be crysu1l101d m one solvent and a collo,dal m the
other For example, m aqueous solution NaCl J<i a cryc;tallo1d, while m bcnLene, ,r behave 5 as colliod.
Similarly. soap 1s typ1caJ col101d m waler hut 11 acls as a Lrystallo,d 111 alcohol. Furthei studiec; of the
 ~ it !! M ."~ ,F f f f ~ ~f.j!!J441UrJ
ysiuH01d
na wrc ul thr '> Ul>'>lltnre "'he thc1 l<>ll nnJ or a
tx-h. n l ll tJf t)l U)c -,o lure , h.11 e , hown th:u lhe
o ,he pan ,de , 11<·. Whe n the 1111.e of rhe pc1n1dc.., i t. be1w ecn JO <J in < l nm) Lu IO 7m ( J00
JeJx>ll<h 11pn
ncrens11 c-. o/ t,ry'>tal101d
hd1J \ c-; Ilk~ i.l coJJ oul and m l a1ie. rt,~ h''>"i rhun rh,c; nu,ge, ,t give-; rhe dw,
r~n ). ti ar '[Link] ,
of a 1iuhMaJ1C,:e which <.Jcpcnc.h upon 1lw molccuJ
I Jw-;, l uJ/oid ,-. nnt a -, ub1,tJJ1cc but II it. a Mate
ple.
idal 1io/u tion ,s herc [Link] ncou s <;o/u tiun "'hic h Lont,lln '> par lldec; o/ mrer mcdt,JICt,fL.C For exam
( ollo icle~ cunn or be
diJm erer '> ber ween l ru lOO 11111 Such part
11u[l,,. The particle-; ot u rollo,daJ solution ha"e under an ult ramicro-
1w 1mJl lj seen \\.Ith l:I naked e}e
However. light rencc1c<.J hy rhem cno be seen
ugh arnm al
,nip e The part 1de \ uf a [Link] c;olution
cm, p.11>s through oidrnary filler paper bJJI nor thro
e ('iLH.:h
mem brnne. In :i coll o1d, the J,..,perseu ph<1s
e may comw, l "i of particles of ;,i i,rng lc nrncro mol ecul
or <111 [Link] of m,my atoms, mol erulell or ,om,
.
;-1.c; ~.rnll1e11 c; pol) mer or prulein)
having
oiua l part Jde , have an eno rn10 us ,1,urf acc arct1per unJI ma,;5_For example, consider c1 cube
CoU of I
cm 2 beca u,;e it hac, six faLc<, and each face hat. area
each <,1de nc. 1 cm lt ha~ tota l surface area of 612 oidtrJ
2 No'.N , 1f ,t \.\-ere divi ded equ ally rnro 10 rnbes, t..he cubes would be rhc si1e of large coll
cm .
2 or 6m 2 This eno nnous area is responsible for <.;Orn e
particle , Jnd ha\ e c1 rot.a l surface area of 60,000 cm
t in 1h1s un,r
spcu;iJ proper11e5 nf colloids which will be learn
e types of <;Oluriom are as fo llow s
Thr 1mpor1<rnr distrngu1 shrng fearure,; of I.h e thre - !
A
'
~ e Solijdon
1

IJ •
P,ioperty .r.:·:· Suspension , . ;:. Cof10JdfSoli1tfon..f 1·. .,~
.
)$!~ ~'t' ~J.- . ' ,.

~ -· . ,.
Heterogeneou s Homogen eom
J Nature Heterogeneous
I < l nm
I > JOO nm J nm - JOO nm
2. Particle size
I 7
(or 10- 9 - 10- m)
(or < 10- 9 m)
(or > 10- 7m)

I 3 Separation by
Ordinary filtration Poss ible Nol poss ible Not poss ible I
I
i)
Poss ible Not po~5 ible
1iJ Ultra - filtration Possible
I 4. Setting of particle 'i Set1Je under gravity Settle only on Do nor settl e

I cenlnfugation
I Particles visible lo Scallen ng of light by the Part1clc-s are
I 5. Vi~ibility
naked eye or under particles ,s observed und er inv1s1bl ~
I
I a microscope ultra - nucros<.:ope
Generally transparent Tran o;; pare nt
Appearance
Opaque
6. Doe!-. 110 1 ~how
Shows Shows
,..,
I. Tyndall effect Diffuse) rnp,dly
Do not diffu..,e Diffuse'i slowly
8. j,._ Diffusion of particles
Shows Neg ligible
show
9. / Brownian moveme nt May
__ _j_

g powder is CaOC/t
Do· -vou know : The c:hemicalformula ofbleachin
 El-
:·,•1••"'•i"'i~t,~
:----------,s:a ~r.r::rn ~rem
1: " ' - 1, ~
&;-..:~.M.,.... I re intermedJdte betv. een true 1i0Jurwn , arid .. u, pcn~,om,
nw. . t 0Jlu1dd.1 SL) UIJ Oll ', d
rt le,
h h f I
r
in c..o l101d..tl ,oluuon, i i, more l Jn l ttt o "'' 1 ure
Jrticle\ m {1 I
~ae of d1i,pt:r'>Cd pc1 Jl
maller than [Link] ot suspem1on tx J
., f -'·tferenr soluuom, are liometime, expre,~<l in other unih al,o ..1, given • ''
The . , ,ze o w

Size (diameter) of particles In different unfLc, ~

.
True solutmm~ ( .ollmds
. •suspen.4i1om, Rdation ✓-

< 10-9 IO - 9m to J0-7 m > IO 7 m

J nm == J(J
9m
/ < 1 nm 1run - 100nm > JOO nm
10
< IOA JOA-IOOOA > 1000A 1 A= 10 m
J pm ::: Jv- 12 m
< lOOOpm 1000 pm - 106 pm > 105 pm

,. PH \SE OF COi LOID~ .\ \-D THEIR CL \SSIFl(ATI0'-

11 JJp.,per\td pha1,r It 1s the component present rn small proportion and 1s JUSI like a solu te in a
[Link] For example. rn the coll01dal [Link] of sJ.J ver rn water, the former acts ru, a disper\ed
phases
iii DispeNion medium : ll 1s generally component present rn excess and is JUSt bke a solvent rn a
solut10n. In the above example. water acts as a d1spers1on medium
Thus. the parucles of the dispersed phase are d1stnbuted m the d1sperswn medrnm Out of solJd, hqUJd
and ga5. each one can acr as dispersed phase and d1spers10n medrnm leadmg to eight types of collmdaJ
systems
,. CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS
The c0Uo1ds are classified on the basis of the following cntena
AJ Phy,1cal stare of dispersed phase and d1spers1on medrnm.
B) Narure of mteracuons bet\[Link] dispersed phase and dispersion medium
C) Type of particles of the d1,persed phase
\. Clas'S ifiration based on the Ph}~iraJ state of the DisJ){'rsed pha\e and Disprr~ion medium.
Depending upon the physical state of dispersed phase and d1spers1on med mm whether these are solids
hqu1ds or gases. eight type~ of coJJ01da1 systems are po<is 1bJe. The examples of the vanous types of
collo1ds and their typical names are given m table ahead It may be noted thar a gas nuxed with another
gas forms a homogeneous mixture and therefore, 11 ,s not a collo1dal system
Types of colloidal systems
 \
}'
', , Snlirl "ol f -\Hoy~. ~rud gJa~,, g~m '!tone,, , ruby gfa5s.
( '
Sofkf
I i I
I >
I Sol I Pninu, , d l fluid~ Slfm'h Jfaf)\.~ in ~ater_gold y:
I -· ')
Solid j Uqu1d I
I
I
ISmvkc. Jus1&lorrn, haze
Al!to,~ol
' I So~J
"' i
I G~
I I
)I

•k 1I L1qµid Sohd tJ\'l Je1Jy, butter. rheese. boor polish. curd

r ). I uquld .L,qmd Emulsion Milk, hair cream, emulsifie.d oils, medicine'>

0- r l 14ufd Gas Aerosol Mist., fog. cloud. imecticide spray

"i Gas Solid Sohd sol Pumice stone. foam rubber

8 G;is Liquid Foam Soap leather, froth, whipped <:rerun, soda ~ atc-r

ll I!> d t>1I from table thal man~ common commercrnl p1oduc1s and nalurnl objerb arc collo1d.. f
example. \\ hipped cre:im 1s a collm«Jal ") stem (foam). n g~ [Link]~ed m a liquid. Out of the d1ftercr:
types of collo1ds. the 010s1 ~ommon are sols (solids rn uquids ). gels (liquids m sohd~1and em!J/,11,
liqmJ.\ in hgmd.,.
Dia1)sis : The proce,\ of separarmg the particles of colloids from Lhvse of crystaJJu,d) b~ m~.1r, ,,:
d1ffus1on through a sullable membrane 1~ calleJ dial) ,1<;
Brownian mo, ement: 'When colloidal -;olulion~ art' \ 1t'wed tlm>ugh J p<merful ultramJCrn,u re ·:-:,
colloidal pJJ11des are seen 10 be rn a ~ldte of contmuou, 11g ZJg mt)flon. Thi-. mol!nn \\ a, fi r,1 oh,en c-d
b) Lhe Bnt1sh boranisl, Roben Brem n in 182"7 TI11, r> pt' ol nttH1on " LJlkJ Rnrn rn.1Il 1mn emenr
Tyndall efTrrt : The phenomenon (lf sc,lflenng ol light h\ i:t1l1o1J.1l pJrtk·k, a, J rc, ulr tit \\ hk h the p.d
of lhe beam be... omes visible 1s caJle<l T) n<lall d k c1
Elf<'trophoresis : The presence of the L'harge on the c,ol pamde....md 11, nature ,, hc'ther p(', ![J\ ~ ~'r
negn, e can be determined with the help of a phenomenon ~no\, n J S electrophore,b \\ hen .:'le'- r... i:r~ 1,
pa,;sed the sol panicles are migrated tO\\ ards oppm1tely charged elecmxle,
J<Jt1droo,1110,i , : When tbe mo\'ement of the collmdal pnnJCle, pre\enteJ h~ ,(lme , u11Jhle me.m, JJd
[Link] molec11J~ of the dispersion medium are allowed to rno\'e under the mfluenl·e nt JpplieJ ~1tt' n □ J.1 Ihe
phenomenon is called elecrro-osmosis.
True solution : In normal life \\ e rarely come acros" pure ~ub,tance, , h1-1 ,1t rhe,e .1re m1, mft',
contauung two or more pure substances. Their utiliry m life depend~ on Lhe,r l·nmr()~l!t(ln for e,.m1ple.
the properuc-; of bra5-. .u-e quite wfferent fro m thoc;e of hron1e. One rrm Pf Flu11nJe H'n, m ,, Jtt'r
pre"enls rooth decay. while l.5ppm causes the toolh to bec0m e mn11 kd .md hifh l' llllt enrmtwn, t"lf
Fluoride ions can be pot!'ionous lntravenou, in3ectiom are alwa~., di" t)h eJ Ill ,, JteT (l1nramm~ ,.1lt, Jt
rJn1u1l,1r 1om c w ncenrrations that match" 1111 blood pla.-,ma ronrentrJtl\, r1' ,u,d , 0 l1n

Do you know : The chemiral Jon1111/a of soda alum is Na1SO,. A.I/ SO) 1 • 1-1 H_,0.

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. n

 ... , ,l1 Jl!C ti)
h111,1n
1· 1, l,_1111\\ II .t ~
Hmnr} ,olution : A ..,olutllm l rn1t,1111111g unh I\ \ ll L 11in p(illL'll ·
B ina') ..,0Jut1 0 11 <-O nlJtn , one ..,oluLe ,mJ nnc , vh t.:111
I ,.m1plt
• ')olutrt)fl o t -,ug,Lr 1n \\,He1 ,J , o l LI IL
~olut e : , , l i1111 11111 1, rdern.: •1'
I he 1.nmpunc111 rre-,cnt ,n le-,-,e, 4u.int1t \ 111 .i h i ll.t r II ·J ,nh, c nt
Jll ,olut1on 1.., L,l t:;
'\ohcnt . The 1.0111ponen1 pn!..,l'lll 111 IJrgc , quanlll ). [Link] j 111 )
Tern,lf\ , o l u11 n1i... Jre uimpo..,eJ o l Llu--ee Lnmponent -.
l xample : Salt JncJ ,ug..i1 111 \\J l l' J

Quatc rnar\ , ol u1 1on-.. .ire LOmpo,c<l of tour lumponenb

1'.. , ample : Three d1tlcren1 -.. ..1lr-- 111 ,,.iter
\ o lu11 0 11 = , olut e + -..ohc nt

'-ote : No ,oluL1on "rm..,1hlc v. uh more Lh,rn one ,ol,ent

GOAL - I ASSIGNMENT
\I( Q \\tlh o n( (orrt•( t ,rn,,H·r

The numbe, o f Lomponent, pre,cnt

a) I hJ 2
111 .i [Link]\ , o lu11on ,..,
ti,
dl 4
6
A mong the foll ow mg mi xture\ the ..,olullon I\
a) waler
Sand 111 I[ I
hl Ch~llk tn v.atc1
c) Sugar m waler <l l \v ,lier 111 kcro,enc

IO g of NuC/ 11i d1-,..,oh,ed rn o ne l11re ol v. ater then the \olutc ,..,

J) NaCl h) Waler t 11 11hcr .i or h I [t1
LI ) Both .i and b
The compo ncnl pre-;ent 111 le..,,er 4u,1n111y 111 J hinJI) , o lut1on 1,
a) Solvent b) Solute l l ) o lu11on
LIJ b thcr a or b
I bI
5 lJ a lf 1s taken a ~ a bmdry solution, the \Ol\cnt 1\
a) N, bJ O, L) ('()
d) H,
1c( 1
6. The \ Ile of collo1dal part1clc1., 1, 111 the range of

7
a)O l - lnm b) lnm
Collo1<.lal particle, ex h1b11 Tyndall cl feet due 10
100nm 1. l I 00 nm I 000 11 m
d ) 1000
1nooo nm 'b
a) Polan '-.at1on of light h ) Scattcrmg of light lb
L) Re tlcct1 on of light d) Rd ra1.t1on o f light

Do you know : The source 01°1

 f · Ch~ ~· is a <.:o UoidAI ,oJutro.n uf c) Gas in 5 o)iJ d) Absorption
a.) G;l~ jn liquid b) Liqu id In solid
111 gas typesolu tion 1'- l Cll
q. Arnoog cht follu \\ ing, the example for solj J
h ) Sugar iu water
u) Can)phor in air
ti) Moisture jn air
i.: , Mercury en gvld
,rco with more than one correct OllS\vt•r :
It). !\mong tJ1e f◊Jlowing, exa mple for a solution is
c) Glurm.e m wate r d ) Air
a) Nnphthalene in water b) Sugar in water
is
1t. Among the follo wing, lhe homoge neo us mixture
b) Benzene in H1O
a) Urea !n H20
d) Common salt in H1O
c) Sand m H10

fll Statement type que stio ns :

Statement (A) : Solution contain ~ only one com
ponent
12.
Stateme nt (B) : Starch in wat er is an exam
ple for homogen eous mixture
Stat emn ct IC' I : Solution i~ a homoge neous
mixture
h) All the above statements are incorrec t
a) AH Lhe abo ve statements are correct
t d) A, Bar e incorrec t and C is correct.
c) A, B are correct and C is incorrec
water i~ gas.
13. Statement (A) : The dispersed phase of ':Inda 0
Stat eme nt (B) : The dispersion [Link] of
boo t poli 5h 1s solid .
of liquid in ga.-;
Statement (C) : Insecticide spray i5 an example
the above statemen ts are correct b) All the abo \ e state men b are incu rrcl l
a) AIJ
d) A, B are incorrect and C 1!-i correct.
c) A, B are correct and C is incorrect

JV. Asserti on and Rea son typ e que stio ns :

(A) : Solu tion of sug ar and com mon 5alt in water is an example for tern ary ~oluuon.
1-l-. Asserti on I G\._ ]
: Ternary solu tion contain s three com ponents
Reason (R)
lanation of A
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct exp
b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct
explanation of A
c) A is correct and R is incorrect
d) A is incorrect and R is correct
wat er look s blue .
l Q_J
15. Assertion (A) : Sea
impurities present in sea wate r.
Reason (R ) : Due to scatting of light by co11oidal
a) Both A and Rar e true and R is the corr
ect explanation of A
of A
bp Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation
t) A 1s correct and R 1s incorrect
/ / d) A is inco rrect and R is correct

[Link]/>3
Do you kno w: Pyrargyrite or Ruby silver is 3Ag
\.
,ta!dUllj! thl loll11h WJ.! :

In LU I
1('11llottltl \ol11Uflll 1
I 1-.1 · 11 1 a.
1 I \ 1mplt.1
AI L411,J in i~, I 1~1,lk
Bl Suh<l in g.1., : , 81 11 pul l .I,
Cl L1qu1d 1n lt4u1<l 1
'-[Link]
Dl Solid m l14md ., I ( I ud
'- GokJ., -I
A B C D \ B ( D
il) ➔ 1 5 h, 1
➔ 1
-
cl ➔ J 1 5 Ji -l
·''
\I Pct-. .J!!l 1, pt que--llom ·
Bro" nian mO\ ement : \\'hen LO!loidJI '>ul ut1on, Jft' \ tf\\ cJ Lhrough J po"erful ultr.un1Lr1>"ope. Lt_
col101dal part1cle1, are ,een to be in a <;tale of u munuou, [Link] motion Thi" mouon v. ..t.;. fiN ob-,er,ec
b) the Bnll'ih botam,t. Roben Brov. n tn I),,2- Toh 11ix of mo11on ,., called Brm"man mo, emenL
T~ ndall efTert : The phenomenon of 'l<lllenng ol ligh1b~ rnl lrndal particle, a~a re.,ull of ~ h1ch the part
of the beam become, \ 1<,1ble ,., L,dled T) nLiJII el let 1

17 Zig Zag motion of coll01d.1J particle, ,., ~no,, n .i_,

a) Tyndall effect bi BrO\., nJJn mcnemrnr
Cl D1aJys1~ J I Ele<..trophore1i1,
I~ Charge of the ,olu11on partu.:lc.., v.he1her po,n,,.i.: or negJu,e L..m delcnmncd b)
a) T)ndall effect hi Broy,m.i_n mo,cmenl
ri
cl Dial)\l'i JJ Ekltrophorew,
19 _ _ solution Lan exh1b1t both Brm"nian mo\t!ment and T) nd..ill clfe(I
d) Blood bl SJ1I , nlu11on l I Mil~ d) Both J &. l
20 Bnm man mo,.ement concep1 wa, g1\en b'r Lhc ,cienti,I
aJ Robert bro\\n bl Robt'rt [Link]-1 ll D3 hon cJ 1 Bolt1 J & b