MODULE 2
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
● Environmental Theory
● called Mother of Modern Nursing
● born in Italy, on the 12th day of May. 1820
● Notes on Nursing (1859 - 1992), one of the book of Nightingale
The CRIMEAN War (1853 - 1856)
● between Russia and Turkey
● Nightingale volunteered her services and was given 38 nurses to Turkey
● Nightingale was nicknamed “The Lady with the Lamp”
Post-War Contributions
● returned as a national heroine in 1856
● published two books: Notes on Hospital (1859), Notes on Nursing (1859)
● established the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY (utilizing the patient’s environment for recovery)
● Environment is the external conditions and influence affecting an organism
Components of Environment
● Proper Ventilation - keeping air pure
● Adequate Light - direct sunlight
● Cleanliness - bathing daily; clean uniform and hands
● Warmth - patient’s balanced body temperature
● Quiet - unnecessary noise is harmful
● Management - controlling the environment, physically and administratively
Theory in View of Metaparadigms
● Nursing
- motherly instincts; every woman would be a nurse.
- Notes on Nursing: guidelines and advices on how to become a nurse
● Person
- the patient himself; recipient of our care
- Passive patient: depends wholly on the nurse
● Health
- being well; living up to one’s potential to the fullest
- Disease and Illness are reparative process insinuated by Mother Nature
● Environment
- “those elements external to and which affect the health of the sick and healthy person”
Application to Nursing
● Nursing Practice - components of environment are still important aspect of nursing care
● Nursing Education - established the St. Thomas Hospital and King’s College Hospital
● Nursing Research - Nightingale was considered the Mother of Nursing Research
because of her interest in the scientific methods of inquiry and statistics. She was the
first to use polar diagrams in presenting study data.
JEAN WATSON
● Theory of Transpersonal Caring
● born in Welch, West Virginia on June 10, 1940
● began developing her theory while she was asst. Dean at University of Colorado
● served as coordinator and director of the PhD program (1978 - 1981)
● worked from 11 curative factors to formulate her 10 carative factors
● authorized 11 books which reflect the evolution of her theory
- 1st book (1979) - Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring
- 2nd book (1985) - Nursing: Human Science and Human Care - A Theory in Nursing
TRANSPERSONAL CARING RELATIONSHIP
● a special kind of human care relationship
● foundational of her theory
● “caritas”, originated from the Greek vocabulary, to cherish and to give special loving
attention
● Watson used “carative” (caring process) instead of “curative” (treatments to cure)
10 Elements of Carative Factors
● Human-altruistic system of value
● Faith-hope
● Sensitivity to self and others
● Helping-trusting, human care relationship
● Expressing positive and negative feelings
● Creative problem solving caring process
● Transpersonal teaching-learning
● Supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual
environment
● Human needs assistance
● Existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces
Transpersonal caring relationship is a specialized human care relationship that depends on:
● Nurse’s moral commitment in protecting and enhancing human dignity and higher self
● Nurse’s caring consciousness communicated to preserve and honor the embodied spirit
● Nurse’s caring consciousness and connection having the potential to heal since
experience, perception, and intentional connection are taking place
Transpersonal: to go beyond one’s own ego and the here and now
Caring Occasion: moment when the nurse and another person come together in such a way
that an occasion for human care is created
Theory Assertations
● acknowledges the unity of the person’s mind-body-spirit
● mind is the point of access to the body and the spirit
● the spirit is the soul
● care of the soul is the most powerful aspect of the art of caring in nursing
Theory in View of Metaparadigms
● Nursing
- science of persons and human health-illness experiences
● Person
- Personhood (human being)
- unity of mind/body/spirit/nature
- “cannot be treated as objects”, “cannot be separated from self, others, nature, and the
larger universe”
● Health
- “illness is not necessarily disease; instead it is a subjective turmoil or disharmony within
the spheres of the person”
● Environment
- Society: provides the values that determine how one should behave and what goals
one should strive toward
Application to Nursing
● Nursing Practice - Administration and Leadership
● Nursing Education - Watson’s writings focuses on educating graduate nursing students
and providing them with bases for their practice.
● Nursing Research - Watson’s theory to reduce distress experienced by infertile women
Implications of the Theory
● Nurses of today have begun to neglect the essence of caring.
● Nurses of today should try to care for a patient for who he is.