Group 5: 1st Generation Cellular

Systems (1G)

BY:
Likitha B Poojar 1DA22EC068
Prateeksha M 1DA22EC110
Priyanka P 1DA22EC114
Spoorthy Devaramane 1DA22EC130
Pratik Pujari 1DA23EC417
 Introduction
• - Introduced in the 1980s
• - First generation of cellular mobile
communication systems
• - Based on analog transmission technology
• - Provided basic voice services only
• - Popular systems: AMPS (USA), TACS (UK),
NMT (Nordic countries)
 Characteristics of 1G
• - Analog Frequency Modulation (FM) for voice
• - FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
for channel allocation
• - Operated in 800–900 MHz frequency band
• - Channel bandwidth: 30 kHz (AMPS)
• - Peak data rate: 2.4 kbps (only for signaling)
• - Services: Voice only, no data or SMS
 Architecture of 1G
• - Key components:
• • Mobile Station (MS) – user handset
• • Base Station (BS) – connects mobile to the
network
• • Mobile Switching Center (MSC) – call routing
and mobility management
• - Analog signal transmission between MS and BS
• - Used FDMA for multiple access
 Advantages of 1G
• - First step in mobile telephony revolution
• - Enabled wider area coverage through cellular
concept
• - Supported handoff between cells
• - Increased spectrum efficiency compared to
previous radio systems
• - Established the foundation for 2G and
beyond
 Limitations of 1G
• - Analog transmission → poor voice quality
• - No encryption → poor security, easy
eavesdropping
• - Limited capacity due to FDMA
• - Low battery life (large, power-hungry
devices)
• - No support for SMS or data services
 Examples of 1G Systems
• - AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) –
USA
• - NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) – Nordic
countries
• - TACS (Total Access Communication System) –
UK
• - C-Netz – Germany
 Transition Beyond 1G
• - Limitations of 1G led to development of 2G
(digital) systems
• - Key improvements: better voice quality,
security, data/SMS, GSM standardization
• - 1G paved way for modern wireless
communication
 Summary
• - 1G = Analog voice communication (1980s)
• - Used FDMA, FM modulation, 800–900 MHz
band
• - Provided only voice services
• - Major drawbacks: low quality, insecure, no
data
• - Important foundation for evolution to 2G
and beyond
Group 1: 2nd Generation Digital
Cellular Systems (2G)

BY:
Leena 1DA22EC066
Mahima Manjunath Kamat 1DA22EC074
Niveditha 1DA22EC099
Shreesha R 1DA22EC119
Ruchitha M N 1DA22EC128
Shubharani H S 1DA22EC150
 Introduction
• The second generation (2G) cellular systems marked the
transition from analog to digital communication in mobile
networks.
• Launched in the early 1990s, 2G improved upon 1G systems
by enabling better voice quality, enhanced security, and digital
services like SMS (Short Message Service).
 Key Features of 2G
• Digital Modulation: Replaced analog FM with
digital modulation (e.g., GMSK in GSM).
• Improved Spectrum Efficiency :Enabled more users
per MHz of spectrum.
• Enhanced Voice Quality:Reduced noise and
interference with digital coding.
• SMS and Data SupportIntroduced basic data
services (up to ~14.4 kbps).
• Encryption: Provided better privacy with digital
encryption methods
 Major 2G Technologies
1. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
• Developed in Europe; most widely adopted 2G system globally
• Uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
• Carrier bandwidth: 200 kHz
• Supports voice, SMS, and limited circuit-switched data
• Widely known for its international roaming capabilities

2. IS-95 (cdmaOne)
• Developed in the U.S.
• Based on CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
• Offers better capacity and spectral efficiency than GSM
• Carrier bandwidth: 1.25 MHz
 Major 2G Technologies
3. D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)
• A digital version of the 1G AMPS standard
• Uses TDMA over 30 kHz channels
• Adopted mainly in North America
 Applications
• Enabled digital voice calls with better clarity and security than 1G analog
systems.
• Introduced SMS (Short Message Service) for sending and receiving text
messages.
• Supported basic data services like fax, email, and early mobile internet
(WAP) at low speeds.
• Provided telephony features such as caller ID, call waiting, call
forwarding, and voicemail.
• Introduced SIM cards, allowing easy switching of devices while retaining
mobile numbers.
• Laid the groundwork for advanced services in later mobile generations (3G,
4G, etc.).
 Advantages of 2G
• Improved voice quality with digital transmission, reducing
noise and interference.
• Enhanced security through digital encryption, making calls
more private.
• Introduction of SMS, enabling convenient text messaging
services.
• Support for basic data services like email and low-speed
internet access.
• Better battery life in mobile devices due to digital signaling.
• Global roaming capability (especially with GSM), allowing
use across countries.
 Limitations of 2G
• Limited data speeds (usually up to 14.4 kbps),
unsuitable for modern multimedia or internet
applications.
• Primarily designed for voice, so data services were slow
and basic.
• Lack of support for advanced multimedia, like video
calling or streaming.
• Limited global compatibility for some 2G standards
(e.g., PDC, IS-136) causing roaming issues.
• Network capacity constraints as mobile usage grew
rapidly.
 Difference between 1G and 2G
Topic 1G 2G
Technology Analog communication Digital communication
Voice quality Poor, prone to noise and Improved clarity with digital signals
interference
Data Services Voice only Basic data services like SMS and low-
speed internet
Security No encryption, easy to Digital encryption for secure calls.
evasdrope.
Battery Life Shorter due to analog Better battery life with digital
transmission. technology.
 GSM and its evolution
• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a 2G digital
cellular standard developed in Europe in the 1980s and officially
launched in the early 1990s.
• It is based on TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and operates
primarily in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands (and later extended to
1900 MHz).
• GSM was designed to provide improved voice quality, better spectrum
efficiency, and global roaming capabilities.
 Evolution
• Basic GSM (2G):
– Introduced voice services, SMS, and low-speed data.
– Used primarily TDMA with 200 kHz carrier bandwidth.
– Early GSM supported circuit-switched data only.
• GPRS (2.5G):
– General Packet Radio Service added packet-switched data on top of
GSM.
– Data rates up to ~114 kbps.
– Enabled always-on internet access, multimedia messaging (MMS), and
email.
• EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution):
– An enhancement over GPRS that uses more advanced modulation (8-
PSK).
– Data rates up to ~384 kbps.
– Considered a bridge technology between 2G and 3G.
• Transition to 3G and beyond:
– GSM networks evolved into UMTS (3G), which uses W-CDMA
technology.
– Later migration to LTE (4G) focused on IP-based broadband services.
– GSM infrastructure laid the foundation for modern cellular networks,
including SIM usage and network architectures.
 Architecture
• The GSM network architecture is divided into three main
subsystems:
1. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• Handles radio communication between the mobile station
and the network.
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The physical radio tower that
transmits and receives signals to/from the MS.
• Base Station Controller (BSC): Controls multiple BTSs,
manages radio resources, handovers, and frequency hopping.
 Architecture
2. Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
• The core network that handles call switching and subscriber
management.
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC): Central component for call
routing, setup, and termination.
• Home Location Register (HLR): Database storing subscriber info,
location, and service profiles.
• Visitor Location Register (VLR): Temporary database holding info
about subscribers currently roaming in the MSC area.
• Authentication Center (AuC): Stores security keys and handles
authentication.
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR): Tracks valid and stolen
devices via IMEI numbers.
THANK YOU
Group 1: 3G Broadband Wireless
System

BY:
RAHUL A 1DA22EC121
SHARAN S 1DA22EC139
THARUN G K 1DA22EC162
ULLAS V S 1DA22EC165
VIGNESH G N 1DA22EC173
 Introduction
• The third generation (3G) cellular systems marked a
significant transition from the analog to digital communication
of 2G.
• Launched in the early 1990s , 3G improved upon its
predecessors by enabling better voice quality, enhanced
security, and digital services like SMS (Short
Message Service)
 Key Features of 3G
• Digital Modulation: Replaced analog FM with
digital modulation (e.g., GMSK in GSM).
• Improved Spectrum Efficiency: Enabled more users
per MHz of spectrum.
• Enhanced Voice Quality: Reduced noise and
interference with digital coding.
• SMS and Data Support: Introduced basic data
services (up to ~14.4 kbps).
• Encryption: Provided better privacy with digital
encryption methods.
 Major 3G Technologies
1. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
The UMTS air interface, based on Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), is a
departure from the 2G GSM air interface.
UMTS was developed by ETSI as a 3G system for IMT-2000.
2 CDMA2000
A 3G standard that evolved from the CDMA community and IS-95.
 Major 3G Technologies
3. EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)
EV-DO was an evolution of CDMA2000-1X, designed as a high-data-rate
solution. EV-DO Rev.
A offered peak downlink rates of up to 3.1 Mbps.
 Applications
[Link]-Speed Internet Access
• Faster browsing compared to 2G.
• Always-on connectivity for smartphones, tablets, and laptops.

[Link] Calling / Conferencing

• Enabled face-to-face communication in real time.
• Useful for business meetings, education, and personal use.

3. Mobile TV & Multimedia Streaming

Watching live TV, sports, and video-on-demand directly on mobile devices.

[Link] Gaming
• Real-time multiplayer gaming became possible with low latency.

[Link] Commerce (m-Commerce)

•Secure mobile banking, online shopping, ticket booking, and payment transactions.
 Advantages of 3G
[Link] Data Speeds
•Faster internet compared to 2G (up to a few Mbps).
•Enabled smooth web browsing, downloads, and email.

[Link] Support
•Video calling, mobile TV, music & video streaming became possible.

[Link] Roaming
•3G standards allowed better international roaming than 2G.

[Link]-Based Services
•GPS navigation, maps, and location tracking worked more effectively.

•[Link] to Mobile Applications

•Enabled growth of social media, instant messaging, mobile banking, and e-commerce.
 Limitations of 3G
[Link] Deployment & Operating Cost
• Setting up 3G infrastructure was expensive for telecom operators.

[Link] Speed Compared to Later Generations

• Speeds (384 kbps – a few Mbps) are much slower than 4G and 5G.

[Link] Drain
• 3G radios consumed more power, reducing mobile battery life.

[Link] Issues
• Not available in remote or rural areas due to costly infrastructure.

[Link] Compatibility
• Early 2G phones could not support 3G; required new and more expensive handsets.
 Difference between 2G and 3G
Topic 2G 3G
Technology GSM, CDMA (circuit- WCDMA, HSPA (packet-switched +
switched) circuit)
Voice quality Acceptable for calls but Improved clarity compared to 2G
sometimes distorted or
unclear during congestion.
Main use Voice calls,SMS Voice + High-speed data, multimedia
Security Improved authentication and
Basic encryption
encryption
Internet Access Basic(slow Fast browsing,social media
browsing,emails)
 GSM and its evolution
• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a 2G digital
cellular standard developed in Europe in the 1980s and officially
launched in the early 1990s.
• It is based on TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and operates
primarily in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands (and later extended to
1900 MHz).
• GSM was designed to provide improved voice quality, better spectrum
efficiency, and global roaming capabilities.
 Evolution
• Basic GSM (2G):
 Introduced voice services, SMS, and low-speed data.
 Used primarily TDMA with 200 kHz carrier bandwidth.
 Early GSM supported circuit-switched data only.
• Transition to 3G :
 Official successor of GSM.
 Based on WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) technology.
Data rate:
 Up to 384 kbps (initial).
 Later evolved to 2 Mbps
 Services : Video calling, Mobile TV, Web browsing, email , etc..
• 3.5G (HSPA – High Speed Packet Access)
 Enhancement of UMTS/WCDMA (part of GSM family evolution).
 HSDPA (downlink) + HSUPA (uplink).
 Data rate: up to 14 Mbps (download) and 5.8 Mbps (upload).
 Services: mobile video streaming, social media apps, faster
downloads.
• 3.75G (HSPA+)
 Final major step of GSM evolution before 4G LTE.
 Data rates: up to 42 Mbps.
 Better efficiency with MIMO & advanced modulation.
 Architecture
1. User Equipment (UE)
Mobile devices (smartphones, tablets, data cards).
Contains:
Mobile Equipment (ME) – handset hardware.
USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) – stores subscriber info,
authentication, encryption keys.
2. UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
Handles radio communication between user and network.
 Architecture
• 3. Core Network (CN)
• Responsible for switching, routing, authentication, billing, and connectivity to external
networks.
• Divided into Circuit-Switched (CS) domain and Packet-Switched (PS) domain:
• Circuit-Switched Domain (for voice):
– MSC (Mobile Switching Centre): Call control & switching.
– GMSC (Gateway MSC): Connects to external PSTN/ISDN networks.
• Packet-Switched Domain (for data/internet):
– SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node): Manages packet data for mobiles in its area.
– GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): Interface to external packet data networks
(like the Internet).
• Databases:
– HLR (Home Location Register): Stores subscriber info (permanent).
– VLR (Visitor Location Register): Temporary info for roaming users.
– AuC (Authentication Center): Security, encryption keys.
– EIR (Equipment Identity Register): Stores valid/blacklisted device IDs.
 Conclusion
• 3G technology marked a major leap from 2G by providing
high-speed data, multimedia services, and global
connectivity. It enabled applications like video calling,
mobile internet, mobile TV, online gaming, and m-
commerce, transforming mobile phones into smart devices.
Although later replaced by faster 4G and 5G, 3G laid the
foundation for modern mobile broadband, bridging the gap
between basic voice/SMS services of 2G and the advanced,
high-speed digital world of today.
THANK YOU
 Key Enabling
Technologies and
Features of LTE

Subject : Wireless Communication Network

Ajay J G – 1DA22EC08
Jayanth K R – 1DA22EC055
Karthik S R – 1DA22EC060
Khushal Gowda C K – 1DA22EC064
Mahesh Prabhu – 1DA22EC0773
Mohan Kumar S R – 1DA22EC082
Introduction to LTE

LTE = Long Term Evolution → LTE is basically the

evolution of mobile communication beyond 3G and
HSPA (High Speed Packet Access).
3G could support web browsing and emails, but not
heavy multimedia applications like HD video streaming,
online gaming, and large file transfers.
As smartphones and the internet grew, networks needed
to handle much higher data demand
LTE Goals

High Data Rates: LTE can reach 100 Mbps (downlink)

and 50 Mbps (uplink) in early releases. Now can go upto
1 GSPS/
Low Latency: Latency = the delay before data starts
transferring.
High Spectral Efficiency : LTE uses advanced
modulation and multiplexing (OFDMA, SC-FDMA).
LTE Evolution

2G (GSM-Voice + SMS) → 3G (UMTS/HSPA-video calls,

mobile browsing, basic apps-HD video streaming, online
gaming, social media.) → 4G (LTE).
LTE forms the foundation for LTE-Advanced and 5G NR.
IP-based design → supports all services including voice
(VoIP).
LTE-Advanced : Enhanced version of LTE, Data speed:
up to 1 Gbps.
LTE vs 3G Comparison

3G (UMTS/HSPA) peak rate ≈ 14 Mbps → LTE up to 100

Mbps.
3G latency ≈ 100–200 ms → LTE <10 ms.
LTE uses OFDM, SC-FDMA, MIMO, flat IP architecture.
Improved user experience → HD video, VoIP, online
gaming.
KEY ENABLING
TECHNOLOGIES OF LTE
1. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
2. Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-
FDE) and SC-FDMA
3. Channel Dependent Multi-user Resource Scheduling
4. Multi antenna Techniques
5. IP- Based Flat Network Architecture
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing
Main modulation scheme in LTE downlink.
Divides channel into multiple orthogonal subcarriers.
Robust against multipath fading and ISI.
Low complexity using FFT/IFFT processing.
Advantages of OFDM

Elegant solution to multipath interference

Reduced computational complexity
Graceful degradation of performance under excess delay
Exploitation of frequency diversity
Enables efficient multi-access scheme
Facilitates use of MIMO
Efficient support of broadcast services
SC-FDE and SC-FDMA

SC-FDE: Equalization in frequency domain with low

complexity.
SC-FDMA: Multi-user version used in LTE uplink.
Main benefit: Lower Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
(PAPR).
Improves battery life of mobile devices.
SC-FDMA Advantages

Lower PAPR than OFDM (4–5 dB better).

Retains robustness against multipath fading.
Efficient resource allocation in uplink.
Improves handset power efficiency.
Channel Dependent Multi-user
Scheduling
Dynamic allocation of time-frequency resources to users.
Based on instantaneous channel conditions.
Improves throughput and fairness among users.
Types of Scheduling in LTE

Frequency-selective scheduling → allocates best

subcarriers to increase the efficiency.
Time Domain scheduling → for fast-fading channels ,
resources are allocated in time slots instead of
frequency.
Combined scheduling →uses both time and frequency
Multi-Antenna Techniques
(MIMO)
MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output antenna system.
Key LTE enabler for higher capacity and reliability.
Uses multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver.
MIMO Modes

Transmit Diversity → improves coverage & reliability.

Spatial Multiplexing → parallel streams, higher
throughput.
Beamforming → directional transmission, better SNR.
Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) → multiple users share
resources.
IP-Based Flat Network
Architecture
All-IP based design → simplified network structure.
Few network elements: eNode-B, MME, SAE-GW.
Reduces latency and operational costs.
Supports all services including voice via VoIP.
Advantages of Flat
Architecture
Lower cost and faster deployment.
Reduced signaling overhead.
Efficient integration with internet and IMS services.
Foundation for LTE-Advanced and 5G.
Conclusion

LTE incorporates multiple enabling technologies:

• OFDM in downlink
• SC-FDMA in uplink
• Adaptive multi-user scheduling
• MIMO techniques
• Flat IP-based network
Together, these provide high data rates, low latency,
and efficient spectrum use.
Future Scope

LTE-Advanced: carrier aggregation, higher-order MIMO,

enhanced QoS.
5G New Radio builds on LTE with ultra-low latency and
massive IoT support.
LTE remains a key foundation for mobile broadband
evolution.
LTE Network Architecture
GROUP MEMBERS
1DA22EC031 CHANDU D S
1DA22EC036 DEEPITH G
1DA22EC043 HARISH R C
1DA22EC047 HEMANTH D
1DA22EC053 JAYANTH GOWDA K
1DA22EC081 MOHAMMED FYAZ H
LTE Network Architecture Overview
➢LTE focuses on radio network aspects but requires end-to-end
understanding.
➢3GPP Release 8 introduced the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) to
support LTE.
➢EPC is a high-capacity, all-IP, low-latency, flat architecture.
➢Supports interworking with legacy 2G GERAN and 3G
UTRAN networks via SGSN.
➢Reduces cost and enables real-time, media-rich services with
enhanced QoE.
EPC Functions

➢Access control – ensures authorized network entry.

➢Packet routing & transfer – end-to-end data delivery.
➢Mobility management – seamless movement across cells.
➢Security – encryption, authentication, lawful interception.
➢Radio resource & network management – efficient
usage of network capacity.
➢Supports QoS enforcement for applications and users.
Serving Gateway (SGW)

➢Acts as demarcation point between RAN and core network.

➢Maintains user-plane mobility and serves as mobility anchor.
➢Performs downlink packet buffering and initiates network-
triggered requests.
➢Handles lawful interception, packet routing, and
uplink/downlink packet marking.
➢Supports accounting and inter-operator charging
Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW)

➢Provides termination point toward external PDNs (Internet,

IMS, private networks).
➢Allocates IP addresses to users and enforces operator-defined
policies.
➢Performs packet filtering and deep packet inspection for
application detection.
➢Acts as session anchor for connectivity to external PDNs.
➢Supports charging and usage monitoring per subscriber.
 Mobility Management Entity (MME)

➢Handles signaling/control plane for network access.

➢Performs idle mode location tracking, paging, and handovers.
➢Authenticates subscribers with HSS and manages security
(ciphering & integrity).
➢Selects SGW/PGW and legacy gateways for inter-RAT handovers.
➢Supports lawful interception of signaling traffic.
➢Manages thousands of eNodeBs — no RNC required (unlike
2G/3G).
Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)

➢Combination of Policy Decision Function (PDF) and Charging

Rules Function (CRF).
➢Interfaces with PGW for QoS enforcement and charging policies.
➢Detects service flows and applies resource allocation rules.
➢Supports flow-based charging and application-aware QoS.
➢Mandatory for LTE; supports non-3GPP access like Wi-Fi.