Science P5 Notes (From 2024)

Reproduction:
1. Humans reproduce when the sperm of a male fuses with the egg cell of
the female.
2. The fertilised egg goes through a process called cell division to get in the
womb. The blood vessels are our tubes to transport things like water,
digested food and nutrients to other parts of the body to release energy.
3. Reproductive parts of a female human are the vagina, womb (uterus
where a baby grows) and the ovaries
4. Reproductive parts of a guy are the testes, penis and sperm
5. The sperm and egg fuses
6. Each egg waits in the fallopian tube to be fertilised

Parts of a flower:

There is also the petal which attracts insects to the plants for pollination IF they
have brightly coloured petals. The petal is neither a male nor a female part, it’s
the outer part of the flower to attract insects.
Function of a flower’s part
a) Petal- Attracts insects to the flower
b) Anther- Produces pollen grains which contains male reproductive cell
 c) Filament- Supports the anther
d) Stigma- Receives the pollen grain which goes down to the ovary and
forms a tube, which allows a male reproductive cell to reach the female
reproductive cell to fertilise.
e) Style- Connects the stigma to the ovary
f) (Fruit)Ovary- contains ovules/ seeds
g) Ovules- contains egg cells and the ovules develop into a seed.
Process 1: Germination
A plant needs water, oxygen and warmth. (call it W.O.W)
Plant Reproduction Process #1: Pollination
Pollination is the process where pollen grains from an anther of a flower(pollen
grains are produced by the anther) is transferred to a stigma of another flower.
Plant Reproduction Process #2: Fertilisation
Following pollination, the pollen grains develop into a tube within the style.
The pollen grains travels down the tube, towards the ovary and ovules.
Fertilization is the process where the male sex cell in the pollen fuses with
the female sex cell in the ovary.
Upon fertilization, the ovary swells to become the fruit and ovules become
seed. As the fruit grows, the petals wither and drop off.
What happens after that?
Seed Dispersal
Seeds germinate into baby plants when conditions are right. To avoid
overcrowding and intense competition for essential resources like water,
sunlight, space, and minerals/nutrients, plants disperse their seeds far away
from the parent plant.
These dispersal methods, you cannot say explosive action in PSLE for
splitting. The model answer when they ask you how a plant which
splits/have seed pods which dries and opens up, say, Plant X or smth
disperses its seeds by splitting.
4 Processes of a plant(Not their life cycle just what happens)
1. Germination (W.O.W) Seed develops into a seedling. Roots develop first,
the shoots grow next, then, the first leaves develop
2. Pollination(By animal, wind or water)
3. Fertilisation
4. Seed Dispersal
5. Pollination takes place with the help of wind or animals. Special
characteristics of flowers play a key role in facilitating the transfer of
pollen.

Wind-pollinated flowers Animals-pollinated flowers

Stigm Feathery and hangs outside the Sticky to collect pollen from pollinators
a flower to catch floating pollens

Anth Hangs outside of the flower to Located inside the flowers, brushes against the
er release pollen grains easily the pollinators

Polle Light and small Sticky

n

Nect No nectar Has nectar

ar

Scent No scent Has scent

Our reproductive parts mature/develop into an adult. Adult plants has/bear

flowers while young plants does not. (some of the plants bear flowers, they
are called a flowering plant while the other type reproduces by spores)
Bee’s Roles:
1. Help to pollinate plants so that plants can reproduce
 2. When plants reproduce, we will always have food such as fruits and
vegetables like rice.
3. If all plants die, there will be floods as there are no roots to hold the
soil.
4. If all plants die, there will be no clothes(cotton) produced for people
to wear.

Water Cycle:

Water is important for the survival of living things on Earth. The water cycle
shows the continuous movement of water from the Earth to the sky and back
to the Earth. It involves water undergoing changes of state. The water cycle
takes place due to the heat energy from the Sun.
 Water from the ground and water from the sea evaporates into warmer
water vapour. Living things such as plants and animals release water
vapour into the atmosphere as well.
 The water vapour will rise into the sky where the surrounding
temperature is much lower. It will lose heat and condense to form water
droplets which gather to form clouds.
  When the water droplets in the clouds get too heavy, they fall back to
Earth as rain. This is also known as precipitation. Some of the water is
returned directly to the water bodies while some seeps into the ground.
 The water cycle repeats itself.
Processes In The Water Cycle
Evaporation
The water in the water bodies such as rivers, lakes and seas will gain heat from
the Sun and evaporate to form water vapour. Water from the ground will also
evaporate.
Without heat from the Sun, evaporation cannot take place. As a result, water
remains in the liquid state and will not become water vapour, thus, the water
cycle will not be able to occur.
Condensation
The warmer water vapour in the atmosphere rises into the sky where the
surrounding temperature is cooler. Warmer water vapour will then lose heat to
the cooler surroundings and condenses to form water droplets. These water
droplets will then gather to form clouds, which will fall as rain once the water
droplets get too heavy.
Without condensation, formation of clouds is no longer possible. Water vapour
will remain in the gaseous state in the atmosphere and liquid water will not be
able to return back to the Earth for the water cycle to continue.
Importance Of The Water Cycle
All living things need water to survive. The water cycle is essential for life as it
provides living things with a continuous supply of freshwater. Even though 70%
of our planet is covered with water, most of it is saltwater. Freshwater makes
up a mere 3% of all the water on Earth, and two-thirds of it is unavailable for us
to use (e.g. frozen glaciers).
When water evaporates from the saltwater in seas and oceans, impurities such
as salt are left behind in the water bodies when water vapour is formed. This
water vapour condenses into droplets of water which form clouds and return
back to Earth as freshwater when it rains.
Water is required by humans to carry out various processes in our organ
systems. For example, water is important to our digestive system as it is found
in digestive juices. Water is also important to the circulatory system as it makes
up 90% of our blood, which helps to transport substances such as oxygen and
digested food around our bodies.
Water is also important to plants. For example, seeds need water to germinate.
Water is also needed for the transport of substances in plants, and is needed
for plants to carry out photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight.
Processes of heat gain/loss:
1. Melting (Heat Gain) (Solid to Liquid)
The ice cube gained heat from ___________ and its temperature reaches
a fixed point of 0 degrees Celsius (melting point of Ice) where the ice
cube changed from a solid to a liquid state.
2. Boiling (Heat gain, water to steam (liquid to gas)
The water from _____-- gained heat from the heat source and the water’s
temperature reached a fixed point of a 100 degrees Celsius where the water
changed from a liquid to a gaseous state.
3. Evaporation (Heat Gain- Water to Gas, does not occur at a fixed
temperature unlike boiling, freezing and melting)
Water gains heat from the warmer surroundings and evaporates into
water vapour.
4. Condensation (lose heat- Gas to Liquid)
The water vapour/steam loses to the cooler surroundings and condenses
into water droplets, changing from a gaseous state to a liquid state.
5. Freezing (Lose Heat- Liquid to Solid)
Water loses heat to the cooler surroundings and freezes to become ice/
a solid.

3 Factors affecting the rate of evaporation

-Temperature
-Wind
-Exposed Surface Area
State what is temperature. (Psle question)
1. Temperature is a measurement of the hotness of an object or
person)

State what is boiling. (PSLE Question)

2. Boiling is the process where water gains heat from the heat source
and reaches a 100 degrees Celsius or a fixed temperature and boils
into gas or steam.

State what is condensation. (PSLE Question)

3. Condensation is the process where water vapour changes from the

gaseous form into liquid water

Parts of the respiratory system.

1. Nose
2. Windpipe
3. Lungs

Air
Inhaled air has more oxygen, less water vapour and less carbon dioxide
and the same amount of nitrogen.
Exhaled air has lesser oxygen, more water vapour and more carbon
dioxide
Circulatory System:
1. It transports digested food, oxygen and water in the blood vessels to
all parts of the body.
2. It also transports waste materials such as carbon dioxide away from
the body.

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS:

1. Cytoplasm is the white things inside the cell next to the
chloroplasts, the function of the cytoplasm is to contain some
parts of the cell.
2. Nucleus is the large ball which controls all activities in a cell and
contains genetic information that is passed from the parents to
their youngs.
3. Cell membrane is the inner cell/ the gate which allows substances
to enters in or out of the cell.
4. Cell wall- gives the plant a fixed shape and is the outer part of the
cell.
Animal Cells Differences between animal and plant cell
1. Nucleus 1. Plant cell contains chloroplasts to
2. Cytoplasm trap light to photosynthesise.
3. Cell membrane 2. Parts of the plants which are found
underground(root cell) usually don’t
contain chloroplasts.
3 Animal cells do not contain
Chloroplasts nor cell walls while
Plant cells do.